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L  I  b  HA  FLY 

OF   THL 

U  N  1  VER5ITY 

or    1  LLl  NOIS 

£•2.0.5 
TH 

v.39-40 


.-^i,hi 


REMOTE/  STORAGE 


THE 


PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  STUDENTS  OF  THE 
COLLEGE  or  ENGINEEMNG    UKMRSIH  y ILLINOIS 


Novemb 


ovefflDer 


1926 


I       MEMBER        OK        THE        K  N  G  I  N  E  E  R  I  N  C,        COLLEGE       MAGAZINES       ASSOCIATED 

|fOUNDED  '  EIGHTEEN   HUNDRED  '  ANDEIGHTY.  FIVE; 
VOLrXXXIX  PRICE- 30CENTS-  NUMBER  I 


The  Sidewalks 
of  New  York 

HAVE  become  for  most  of  us 
that  very  short  space  be- 
tween goins^  up  and  going  down. 
W^e  do  not  travel  much  on  the 
surface  these  days.  If  our  minds 
were  a  reflection  of  our  trip 
through  a  modern  city,  we  should 
be  at  once  the  most  profound  and 
the  most  ethereal  race  in  the 
world. 

The  escalator  and  elevator  carry 
us  from  the  subway  to  the  sur- 
face, from  the  surface  to  the  ele- 
vated subway.  The  baggage  hoist 
lifts  our  trunks  from  level  to  level. 
We  enter  a  building  and  mount  to 
the  fiftieth  story.  Indeed,  we  have 
almost  abandoned  the  horizontal, 
and  the  force  of  gravity  seems 
just  a  bit  old  fashioned.  The 
Otis  Elevator  Company  has  placed 
at  our  disposal  an  entirely  new 
direction. 


The  Otis  Elevator  must  accept  a  great  deal  of  the  responsibility  for  the  crowd- 
ing of  New  York's  sidewalks  in  the  congested  district.  This  seems  fanciful  but 
nevertheless  it  is  true.  Newspapers  and  magazines  continually  deplore  the  in- 
creasingly over-crowded  condition  of  these  sidewalks,  due  to  the  ever-increasing 
height  of  buildings.  If  it  were  not  for  the  developments  in  the  elevator  industry 
made  by  the  Otis  Elevator  Company  as  a  pioneer,  it  would  not  have  been  pos- 
sible to  erect  buildings  of  the  stupendous  heights  which  are  now  in  vogue.  It  is 
the  high  speed  Gcarless  Elevator,  now  culminating  in  the  800  ft.  speed  auto- 
matic signal  control  elevator,  which  has  made  the  fiftieth  floor  almost  as  avail- 
able in  point  of  time  as  the  twentieth  floor,  and  that  has,  therefore,  made  it 
feasible  to  pile  office  on  office  high  into  the  air. 


OTIS 


ELEVATOR 


COMPANY 


OiEces  in  all  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 


Xarnnhrr.  1926                                                 TIIK  Ti:( 'II  X( »( JRA  I'll 
13 


The  TECHNOGRAPH 

UNIVERSITY   OF   ILLINOIS 
Member  of  the  Engineering  College  Magazines  Associated 

Volume  XXXIX  NOVEMBER,  1926  NUMBER   I 


Contents  for  November 
Cover 

./.    D.    Prouly 

LARGE  Dug  Well  Continues  to  be  Link  in  Springfield's 

WATERWORKS 5 

Lorenz  G.   Stcaub 

IMPRESSIONS   OF   MACHINE    SWITCHING   IN   CHICAGO  .7 

R.   E.   Morrison 

W.    C.    HUNTINGTON -     10 

E:   F.    Todd 

C.   C.   Williams ,10 

E.   F.   Todd 

CONTROL   OF    FLOW   ON   BEAR   RiVER  .11 

R.    D.    Wilson 

Illinois  Central  Electrification    12 

Harold   W.   Armstrong 

The  Relation  of  Rainfall  Intensity  to  Sewer  Design  1 3 

Paul  E.  Langdon 

Manufacture  of  Porcelain  Ware    .15 

E.   T.    Wheeler 

Recent  Developments  in  welding  17 

C.  E.  Swift 

Alumni  Notes  19 

Editorial    .  .  20 

College  Notes    .22 

Contemporary  Engineering  News  .  24 

Departmental  Notes  26 

Fraternity  activities  29 

Once-Overs    3  1 

Index  to  Advertisers  51 


Members  of  the   Engineering   College  Magazines  Associated 

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The   Pennsylvania  Triangle  Kansas    Engineer 
University  of  \'irginia  Journal  of  Engineering 

Published    quarterly    by   the    Illini    Publishing    Company.        Entered    as    second-class    matter    Octohe 
id.    1921,    at    the    postoffice    at    Urbana,    Illinois.      Office    213    Engineering    Hall,    Urbana,    Illinoi. 
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Till':  ■PI'.CIIX'X'.KM'II 


\on  iiihir.  19.U> 


The  Tbchnogp^pi 

Published  Quarterly  by  the  Students  of  the  College  of  Engineering — University  of  Illinois 


VOL.  XXXIX  URBANA.  November.  1926 


Large  Dug  Well  Continues  to  be  Link  in 

Springfield's  Waterworks 

Liii;i:xz  <i.  Siij.vri;.  c.  c.  ":.';! 
Of  liiinis  iiiitl  Mi-I>iiii  IK  I  Hiii/ini  I  liiii/  Ciiiii  1)11  II II 

111  lilt'  evolution  of  the  water  siijipiy  for  tlie  ("ily  Altlioiiuli  ])i(>(lnriiit:  wiiMt  was  foiisideied  ,i  \;\yj.c 

of  S])rinfjfielfl,  Illinois,  to  its  jtresent  stains  as  one  \  icid  at  the  start,  tlic  well  soon  failed  lo  incct  (•<iii 

of  the  most  complete  and  nj)  to-date  systems  in  llie  sumption  demands  and  in  ISSS  consti-nclion  on  infil 

coiinti-y,    several    interestinj;    transforniMtions    have  tration   naileries   was   liejiiin.     These  j;alleries   were 

talieii  idace  in  the  n.se  of  particular  iiiiils,    'i'he  most  centrally    coiinecled    to    the    well    and    by    lUIMI    the 

(tiitstanding'  of  these  chanjics   is  a   structure   which  leiii;tli    of    infiltration    i:allery    had    been    increased 

has    developed    into    the    low    duty    pniiiii    station.    ,i  until    there   was   a    len^tii   of  L'.T-'):!   feet.      I']\-en    then 

service    station    which    now    raises    ilie    water    from  the   system    was    iuadei|iia1e   to   meet  maximum    de 

the  level  at  its  source  to  the  new  water  sidteiiiiii;  and  maiids.     The  supi)ly  for  niaximnm  reiniirements  was 

iron  removal  jilant  recently  juit   into  operation.  aniiinented  liy  taUiiii;   water  from  the  river  lhi-oii;:li 

.M    the  time  the  pnhlic  water  supply  was  installed,  -^  direct  pii)e  connection  to  the  well,  the  well  .ictini; 

1S(;(;(;S,  the  primary  etmsideration  was  most  i)rol)-  :i><  ;i  sedimentation   tank  and  storai;.'  reservoir. 
ably   to   ]u-ovi(le   fire  jn'otection,   as   the    water    was  A    return    to    the   usi'  of   untreated,   turbid   river 

liumi)ed  from  the  Sangamon  Kiver  at  a  |ioinl  about  w.iter  naturaliy   brought    dissatisfaction  amonj;-  the 

two  miles  north  of  the  <'ity,  directly  into  the  City  users  after  the  exiierience  of  usiug  the  clearer  well 

mains.      Tiic    decidint;    factor    was    (|uantity    rather  and  fjallery  water.     As  a  consequence  numei'ous  tu- 

than   (|nality.      The    raw    ri\er    water,    li(iwe\-er.    was  bular  test    wells  were  sunk  south  of  the  river  in  the 

so  turbid  and  yeiierally  unsatisfactory  that   with  an  territory    surrouiidini;    the    dui;    well    and    i)Uliii)ini; 

increasing   desire  for  liettei-   water  a   lar;;c  dun   well  station,     ^^'ith  the  data  from  these  test  wells  and  the 

was  installeil  in  ISS4,  on  the  south  bank  ol'  the  ri\i'r  e\]ierience  wiiii  the  (levelo](ment  of  tubular  wells  for 

.■iiid  near  the  intake  which  had  been  pre\iously  built,  .-ictual    use.    it    was   considered    that    a    satisfactory 

It   is  well   to  remember  that   at   this  sla-e  of  de  ground  water  supply  cinild   be  devel()])e(l  at  reason- 

vel()])ment  of  the  science  of  water  suiijily  euiiiueer  =il'l<'   installatiou    and    oiieration   costs   to   meet   the 

iiiii-.  lar^ie  duf;  wells  were  freipiently  used  iis  means  demands  of  the  city  foi-  a  number  of  years.     Hence 

of  obtainin-;  -round  water  by  infiltration.  SikIi  lay-  '"'^v  >vell  -;roiips  were  added  from  time  to  time. 
ouls,  of  course.   ha\('  since  been   found   vciy   uncco  The  original  larue  dnu  well  assumed  the  duty  as 

nomical  and  uenerally  unsatisfactory,  and  now  such  a  storage  reservoir.     Discharge  lines  from  the  liibu- 

iiistallations     have     been     .-ilmosl    universally    aban  lar   wells,   which    numbered  :!:l  and    ranj;ed   in  depth 

doned.  from    forty  five    feet    lo   sixty    feet    and    in   diameter 

The   well   at    Siiriii^field    \v,-is   of   very   uood   con  from  ten  to  t  weiity  four  inches,  cm)ity  into  the  reser- 

siruction.      It    is   fifty    feet    in   ili,-inieter,   sixty    leet  voir.      Water    from    the    infill  lat  i(ui   galleries   flows 

ileep   and    is    lined    with    a    twenty  seven    inch    brick  to  the  reservoir  by  i.;rav  ily.     The  circular  reservoir 

w,-ill.     The  <-over   was  a    shinule   roof  supporti'd   by  has  :i   (■ap;iciiy  of  nboul    I  l.Tb't  j^allons  ]ier  foot   of 

steel  trusses.  lu'iulitli    and    since    the   boiiom    is   about    fifteen    feel 


r; 


'riii;  'i'i;<'ii\(»(ii;.\i'ii 


\i,rrmhrr.  1<)2<> 


\»•\|^\\  llic  m'lUiiHl  walci-  line.  I  licrc  aw  .ilioiit  1'2(»,(IIMI 
t;Mlli)iis  (ir  |i(issilil  V  iiiH>  (|ii,iil<T  niillimi  ^ullniis  ;i\  :i  il 
iililc  sl(ii;i^c  (■M|i:irily.  As  Ipcriirc,  sii  dnrin};  Iliis 
sl;ii;('  III'  (lc\  i'l(i|iiiii'iil  III  Ihi'  w  .1  liTW  ul'ks,  liij^li  siT\  irr 
|illlll|is  loiiU   sllrlinii   ill   llii'  wril  Mini   |illMl|iril   iiilii  Ilic 

city  mains. 

To   follow    liic  iliMiijics   in   plan   of  o|ici'a1ion   of 
S|iiinurit'lirs   water   system    it    must    lie   rememliered 


W^! 

^^^^^|j|^^_  ■;  ~_..     ^  g'^J^I 

Fig.  3     Giiuieiis  vun   BiniMiio  Ovki:  Dm  Wkm. 

that  there  iire  always  the  two  contiollinj;  items  in 
view,  that  is  to  obtain  water  of  sufficient  quantity 
and  at  the  same  time  a  water  of  satisfactory  quality. 
A  public  water  s>i])i)ly  to  be  considered  of  jiood  qual- 
ity must  be  clear,  clean,  and  safe  for  all  domestic 
jjurposes  and  in  addition  it  should  be  of  satisfactory 
mineral  quality  so  that  it  will  be  suitable  for  com- 
meieiai.  iiiduslrial  and  domestic  jjurposes. 

As  has  been  already  intimated,  when  the  public 
water  supply  was  installed  the  quality  was  of  sec- 
ondary importance  for  at  that  time  ])rivate  wells 
were    not    considered    an    iinsatisfai-toiv    oi'    incon 


\eiiieiit  soiii'ce  for  hoiiseliolil  uatei-  anil  the  |)ublic 
supply  was  wanted  for  fire  proteelion.  ilowi-ver, 
as  has  been  the  case  in  the  majority  of  cities,  with 
the  increasing  difficulty  of  maintaining  safe  water 
from  ]ii'i\-ate  wells  as  the  community  built  up,  there 
was  an  a]q)reciati()U  of  the  fact  that  it  is  cheaper 
ami  more  convenient  to  maintain  a  safe  public  water 
siip])ly  satisfactory  for  all  uses  tlian  to  maintain 
an  unsafe  i)ublic  sn|)]ily  and  many  jirivate  suj)plies. 

The  sanitary  ijiiaiity  of  the  water  from  the  wells 
was  always  considered  satisfactory  though  the  gal- 
lery water  is  sid)ject  to  |)ollution  during  high  stages 
of  the  river.  The  8angamon  Iliver  water  was  never 
considered  safe  because  it  receives  not  only  the  sur- 
face drainage  from  small  communities  and  farms  on 
the  drainage  area  but  sewage  and  drainage  from 
Decatur,  Taylorville  and  the  southeast  poi'tion  of 
Springfield.  In  recent  years  the  water  used  was 
heavily  chlorinated  to  take  care  of  contamination, 
especially  during  high  stages  of  the  river  and  when 
water  was  taken  dir-ectly  from  the  river. 

Water  from  the  wells  and  infiltration  gallery 
has  a  hardness  of  about  290  i)arts  per  million  and 
is  usually  very  clear  and  inviting  in  appearance 
though  the  gallery  water  becomes  somewhat  turbid 
during  high  stages  of  the  river.  The  river  water  is 
turbid  at  all  times  and  unsatisfactory  for  domestic 
])urposes  without  treatment. 

Based  ui)on  a  large  number  of  experiments  upon 
its  various  sources  of  water  the  city,  under  the 
guidance  of  Willis  J.  Spaulding,  Commissioner  of 
Public  Property,  undertook  to  build  a  purification 
plant  which  would  be  flexible  enough  to  provide 
satisfactory  treatment  of  the  water  from  all  soui-ces 
used.  The  Hni'iis  &  McDonnell  Engineering  ( "om- 
(Cnniinued  on  Paf/e  30) 


Fig.   2    Arch   Bridges   Si'axing   Clarifier   Basin 


\'orcmb<r.  1926 


THE  TEX'H\'Or;RAPH 


Impressions  of  Machine  Switching  in  Chicago 


it-    i—    ^i 


Madune  svitchii^  is  a  btaock  uf  antomatie  tek-- 
pfaoDT  wiiicii  has  been  derpkiped  in  the  part  fev 
Tearis.  Antomatic  lelephonr  is  divided  into  two  dif- 
ferent systems.  naiadT.  tke  antomatie  or  sitefi  br 
^ef  •  STstem.  and  tiie  maeMne  switrliii^  or  panel 
trpe.  An  example  of  the  former  is  oor  on  Cham- 
pa%n-Urhana  exchanges:  while  Clucago  is  pnttii^  in 
the  machine  switehii^  srstem.  The  i«a»>ns  for  diis 
differmce  is  doe  to  the  faet  that  the  antomatie  svs- 
tem  is  limited  in  its  size  and  the  nnmber  of  tele- 
phones it  can  handle,  while  on  the  other  hand,  the 
machine  switchii^  srstem  is  unlimited  in  sixe.  For 
small  dlies  and  office  bnfldings  snch  as  the  Tribune 
Tower  or  the  Wngler  BnOdii^  at  C%ica$:o.  the  step 
br  st^  STston  is  much  the  better  for  it  is  more 
eaalr  maintained.  There  is  not  as  much  af^taratus 
and  the  apparatus  is  less  complicated  than  the  ap- 
ftaratus  used  in  the  panel  type  machine  switching. 

An  understandi]^  of  the  difference  in  the  srs^ 
tons  mar  poiseiblT  be  obtained  bjr  tradi^  a  call 
thnH^  both  ET^tems  takiii^  <miIt  the  major  stqie 
for  the  sake  of  simpUciir.  When  the  recdrex'  is 
lifted  off  the  hook,  a  bmxii^  dial  tone  is  heard. 
This  indicates  that  the  apparatus  is  readj  to  func- 
tion. When  the  number  is  dialed,  it  will  be  noticed 
that  the  dial  returns  rather  ^owlj.  This  is  due  to 
the  faet  that  while  the  dial  is  letumii^  in  the  step 
br  st^  STston  the  ^decdons  are  beix^  made.  That 
is.  as  a  nnmber  is  dialed  the  sdeetion  it  determines, 
like  die  thousands,  hundreds,  tens,  or  unit  ^roup  of 
the  called  number,  must  be  made  before  the  next 
<li^t  can  be  dialed.  The  rotaij  selectors  in  this 
rrpe  of  srstem  are  easDj  cared  for.  Ther  each  have 
tbeir  dost-proof  cover  which  mav  be  eaidly  lemoved 
10  work  fan  the  sdector.  There  are  switchmen  mak- 
ing tests  all  of  the  time.  This  is  done  to  find 
defective  apparatus  before  it  causes  trouUe  for  the 
subscribers.  There  are  automatic  fuse  alarms  which 
li^t  a  onall  li^t  on  an  indicator  board  showii^ 
the  exact  location  of  the  bad  fuse. 

Hie  panel  trpe  or  madiine  swit^ii^  as  it  is 
known  is  ditferent  in  principle.  The  sdection  of  the 
different  digits  are  not  necessarv  before  the  next 
Dombo-  can  be  dialed.  Extemallv.  when  the  re- 
ceiver is  lifted  off  the  hook,  the  result  is  the  same 
for  a  buzrin^  dial  tone  is  heard  indicating  that  the 
apparatus  is  readv  for  work.  -\  diffiermt  proc«SJ: 
takes  place  in  this  system  for  instead  of  having  ro- 
tary selectors  for  each  line  when  it  first  enters  the 


appar&nis.,  it»  in  the  step  bv  step  sTsieaa.  the  panel 
trpe  has  line  finder  ftames  which  are  banks  of  ter- 
minals extending  from  the  fkws-  to  almost  the  ceil- 
ia^.  Hence  the  na^  pond  type.  In  this  line  finder- 
frame  Acre  are  ^xtr  terminals  in  multiple.  acr«i$» 
the  bank  for  each  line.  Xow  when  a  receivei'  is  tak- 
en fm^  Ae  hook,  an  idle  line  finder  selector,  which 
carries  tenches  on  it.  c«aBes  up  and  sdects  this  to-- 
minal  of  lAe  eallii^  panr.  Eadi  line  finder  seiertor 
has  a  rotaiy  sendn-  sdeetor  switch  wUch  now  ro- 
tates nntfl  an  idle  sendar  is  pid:ed.  When  thK 
has  been  done,  the  dial  tone  is  sent  back  to  the  call- 
ittg  fortr.  AU  this  wotk  mar  sound  kn^  and  in- 
volved, but  actnaUv  it  is  dc«e  almost  insiantaneoos- 
1t  and  except  during  an  extraordinarily-  busy  period 
there  is  no  waitii^  at  all  to  dial.  In  dialing,  it  win  >>«■ 
noticed  that  die  dial  leinras  more  rapidlj  than  in 
the  case  of  the  automatic  step  by  ^teg  srstem. 

This  is  {foi^ble  for  the  numbers  as  dialed  are 
tc;»metcd  in  lotair-  switches  in  the  snider.  On  the 
dial  are  both  letters  and  numbers.  The  letters  ate 
far  the  dialing  of  the  office  while  the  numbers  are 
the  numbers  oi  the  tdephones  in  that  office.  In  the 
City  of  Chicago  where  tbexe  are  a  large  number  of 
exchai^cs.  the  matter  of  office  selection  is  aiJved 
by  usu^  the  first  Aree  letters  in  the  <^Bee  name  for 
its  code  to  be  dialed.  As  an  illnstration  suppose 
the  called  party  is  State  3144^  the  dialing  would  then 
be  S-T-A-3-l-i-5.  The  sdection  of  the  called  line 
diG«s  not  start  immediately  as  shw  as  the  first  let- 
ter has  been  dialed  but  waits  until  die  office  code  is 
finidied  and  then  the  sender  starts  to  function.  This 
sender  is  the  mechanical  operator  conespondii^  to 
the  telephone  girl  in  manual  practice.  It  contioUs 
all  of  the  sdections  made  either  directly  or  indiien- 
ly.  It  is  a  veiy  c(«iplicated  piece  of  afi^iartus  with 
its  sixty  some  relays  and  rotary  switches  each  with 
a  d^nite  purpose.  It  is  so  complicated  that  it  takes 
a  loi^  time  to  understand  all  of  its  workii^:s.  This 
sender,  throi^  the  seitii^  of  the  office  regisier 
switcfaes  which  have  the  called  office  indicated  in 
them,  makes  with  its  rdays  the  office  sdection 
through  what  is  known  as  tiansiaiorsw  These  tdl 
where  the  lines  to  the  rarioas  offices  are  to  be 
found. 

T^e  pulse   machine   with    its  revolving   dmms 
sender  of  the  office,  district,  group,  and  final  selec- 
tion throi^  the  pulses  whiHi  are  contr>  " 
setting  of  the  register  switches  and  vt- 


TUE  TECilNoCKAIMI 


Xoniiilii  r.  l'.).>U 


Fic.    1.      Imcimim,    Timm;    "I'ai  i     Imkakii;"  PdsirinN   in    \  Mam  ai.  Oil  u  i; 


Pui.    2.     Tvi'KAi.    I.NsTAi.i.A'JHiN    OK    Maiiii.N]-:    S\vncin.N(;    Ai'i'AKAir; 
(Illuslmlioiis  for   lilts   aith-h-    hy    Conrlvsy    <,/    Illinois    BrII    7  .■/■•/.;,«,„■    Cwil-oiiy/ 


Xi>riiiil)ir.  I'.K'ii 


TiiF,  ti:ciin(mii;ai'ii 


st'iulfi-  of  the  (ifl'ifc.  (lisliict.  i;r(iii|i  and  final  sclcc 
lions  of  the  called  party.  After  the  districi  and  of 
fice  frame  are  selected,  an  idle  trunk  is  picked  to 
the  called  office  aud  not  until  now  does  the  settinj; 
of  the  switches  rej^isteriui;  the  called  telephone  nuni- 
her  start  the  api)artns  fioinji.  Henieniher  that  in  all 
of  the  forejioiiifi  the  selection  of  the  line  to  the  called 
(d'fice  is  started  as  soon  as  the  first  three  numbers 
which  represent  the  office  code  are  dialed.  This 
office  selection  ^oes  on  ihirini;  the  dialing  of  the 
rest  of  the  iinmher.  AMth  the  fonr  or  sometimes 
five  nnndx'rs  of  the  called  plionv,  the  sen<ler  and 
associated  pnlse  machine  selects  the  incomiiiii  and 
final  frame  and  finally  the  terminal  of  the  calleil 
jiai-ty.  A  call  of  this  natnre  takes  less  than  a  min- 
ute to  complete  so  it  may  lie  seen  that  the  a]i|iartns 
has  to  work  rathei-  (piickly  an<l  any  defective  a]i 
paratiis   will   hold   np   the  call. 

This  ty]ie  of  call  is  a  full  mechanical  call  oi' 
oiu'  from  one  machine  switchini;  office  to  another. 
In  a  call  fi-om  a  manual  to  a  machine  switchinji 
(dfice  or  vice  versa,  the  action  is  a  little  different. 
If  the  call  is  from  a  machine  switc-hinj;'  office  to  a 
manual  office,  the  call  is  made  in  the  ti.snal  way  and 
the  ajiparatus  werks  the  same  u]i  to  where  the  line 
is  selected  to  the  called  office.  This  called  office  is 
mainial  so  an  ojierator  must  complete  the  call.  She 
is  called  the  "l?"  ojierator  and  when  a  line  is  se- 
lected, .she  jtets  a  little  li^lit  on  the  board  before  her. 
She  i)resse.s  her  cord  key  aud  the  number  of  the 
called  ])arty  flashes  on  a  little  board  before  her. 
She  puts  this  call  uji  like  any  manual  call  using  the 
cord  of  the  line  over  which  the  call  came  to  plug  in 
the  called  number.  The  ringing  and  busy  signals 
are  controlled  automatically  as  in  the  manual  prac- 
tice. This  .setting  of  the  lights  in  the  small  di.splay 
bank  is  controlled  by  the  relays  in  the  sender  which 
sent  out  pulses  to  the  "l!"  operator.  If  the  entire 
jiulses  were  sent  out — say  if  the  called  jiarty  was 
'.l!t!(!) — it  would  take  (piile  a  time  so  instead  a  code 
is  sent  over  the  trunk  for  the  called  number.  This 
code  is  a  condiination  of  li;^ht  and  lieaxy  jiositive 
and  negative  jiulses. 

In  a  manual  to  machine  switching  call  the  ordei' 
is  reversed.  The  calling  )iarty  tells  the  •■.\"  operator 
what  nnmbei-  he  wants  and  the  operator  first  sek'cls 
a  Iruidc  to  the  called  office.  There  are  two  .systems 
of  trunking  in  ( 'hiea-n.  The  slraii;li(  forw.-ii'd  is 
slowly  taking  the  place  of  the  oliler  c.ill  circuit 
methoils.  In  the  foianei-  ihe  c;ill  is  m.ide  directly 
over  the  line  that  is  to  be  used  foi-  talking  later  on. 
The  si'lection  <if  a  idle  truid<  is  done  by  the  ,appar;i 
tus  at  the  ".S"  operator's  <'nd.  In  the  call  cii-cnit 
melhoil  the  ".K"  operator  has  a  separate  c;ill  ciicnil 
to   the  call   office  and  o\er  this  she  ^ivi-s   the  calli'il 


party's  number  and  icceives  a  trunk  assignment 
from  the  "15"  opei-.itor.  In  the  ca.se  of  straight  for- 
waid  trunking  the  "15"  opei-ator  gels  a  light  on  the 
calline    line  fiom   the  manual   office  which   she  sets 


I-^M>ii:  FiiAMi: 


on   a   key   board.     She  presses  hei-  start   key  and 
•  nundier  is  dialed   by   the  keyboanl   with    its  con- 
led  system  of  senders  and  othei-  a]ppar,itiis.     The 
(Clint  1)1  ucil  on  I'niie   'it) 


ri:<'ii.\()(;i;Ai'ii 


Xor( mill  r,  I'JJIi 


W.  C.  Huntington 


C.  C.  Williams 


K.  I'\  ToKi), 


'■2S 


]•:.  V.  Tom. 


•l'8 


ll  is  willi  ]iii(lf  lliill  Illinois  sliidciMs  wrlciUllr 
I'l'iifi'ssor  W.  ( '.  Ilmitilljitdii.  ulm  h:is  ((iiiic  Id  llli 
iKiis  friini  till'  I'liivi'i'sity  of  ('(iloiaild  in  assiimc  Ilir 
l)()sitidii  df  lu'.id  dl'  ilic  (]('|i:iiiiiicnl  ol'  cixil  (Mifiiiiccr- 
ill};,    wiiirli    was    left    \,h:iiiI    liy    llic    rcsisjiijif ion    of 

I'l'dfcssdi-  Wil 
I  i  :i  Ills.  All  lid|li;li 
Professor  11  11  III 
injlfdii  iii:iy  Ill- 
lie  rsd  ii;i  I  I  y  u  ii 
kiidw  n  on  llie  llli 
iidis  caiiiiMis,  it  is 
cerlain      llial      his 

ferdiii    is   Iidl, 

ridfessor  lluiit- 
iiiLitdii  was  born 
ill  Denver,  Colo- 
rado, in  1887,  and 
after  receiving  his 
elementary  educa- 
tion in  the  Colo- 
rado public  schools 
entered  the  Uni 
versity  of  Colo 
rado.  While  a  stu 
dent  he  distinguished  himself  both  in  activities  and 
in  scholarshii),  and  graduated  with  honors  in  1910, 
receiving  his  B.  S.  degree.  Continuing  his  work  he 
obtained  his  C.  E.  degree  in  1912,  and  his  'M.  S. 
degree  in  19i:>  from  the  same  institution.  Following 
his  graiiuation  he  taught  as  an  instructor  in  ci\il 
engineering  and  mechanics.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  he  married  Miss  Vera  Allison  who  received  her 
A.  B.  degree  at  the  University  of  Colorado  in  1912. 
Professor  Huntington's  rise  in  tlie  teaching  profes- 
sion has  been  steady.  In  i-apid  succession  he  was 
made  assistant  jirofessor,  full  jirofessor,  and  lastly, 
lie.id  of  the  department  of  civil  engineering  when 
Kcan  Kei<diiim  resigned  from  that  position  to  go 
Id  till'  lni\cisity  of  Pennsylvania.  This  position 
he  held  fi-dm  191!)  until  his  a])i)ointment  to  a  similar 
jidsiiidn  here  this  fall. 

While  at  the  Cniversity  df  Colorado  Professor 
lliiiitingtoii  had  ihe  disiiiuiion  of  organizing  the 
construction  deparlnieni  and  being  in  charge  of  the 
construction  of  all  ihe  buildings  erected  on  the 
Colorado  cnmiuis  dining  tlie  bisl  ten  years.  Most 
universities  contiad  lo  ha\e  iheir  building  done, 
even  though  they  them.selves  may  plan  it  ;  the  Ciii 
(Continued  on  Puijt-   )«* 


I'lofessdi-  r.  ('.  \\'illianis.  head  of  Ihe  deparlnieni 
df  civil  engineering  at  the  rnivcisiiy  li-din  I'.t22  Id 
1920,  has  resigned  his  pdsiiinn  in  order  to  liecdini' 
dean  of  the  College  ol'  A|iplied  Seien<-e  at  the  Ini 
versity  of  Iowa,  where  he  has  assiiined  office  this 
fall.  1 1  is  with  a  keen  .sense  of  loss  that  the  rni\er 
siiy  l)ids  good  by  io  L'rofessor  Williams,  as  he  is 
universally  recognized  as  a  leader  in  his  jiiofession. 
and  as  a  man  of  magnetic  personality. 

Professor  Williams  graduated  from  ihe  riiivci- 
sity  of  Illinois  with  final  honoi-s  in  1!M)7.  oliiainin.; 
his  B.  S.  degree.  After  a  summer  spent  in  the  em 
ploy  of  the  D.  L.  ,S;  \V.  railroad,  he  went  to  the 
University  of  Colorado  where  he  obtained  his  C.  Iv 
degree  in  1909.  He  started  his  work  as  a  teacher 
liere,  and  taught  until  1914  in  the  capacities  of  in 
structor,  assistant  professoi',  and  professor.  Follow 
iug  this  he  went  to  the  University  of  Kansas  where 
he  acted  as  a  professor  of  railway  engineering,  and 
later  as  a  professor  of  civil  engineering.  It  was 
during  this  jieriod  that  he  designed  the  prize-win 
ning  Kansas  Stadium.  In  1922  he  was  appointed 
head  of  the  department  of  civil  engineering  here, 
whieii  position  he  held  until  his  resignation  last 
spring.  Professor  Williams  is  married,  and  has  two 
daugliters,  who  were  born  dining  his  service  at  Illi- 
nois. 

Although  Professor  Williams  has  been  exceed- 
ingly active  in  the  teaching  profession,  he  has  often 
doffed  his  scholastic  toga  and  engaged  in  outside 
work.  His  professional  jiractice  has  included  struc- 
tural, munieijial,  and  hydraulic  engineering,  in  ad 
dition  to  railway  and  public  utility  work.  One  of 
his  most  noteworthy  accomplishments  is  found  in 
his  work  during  the  Avar  as  supervising  engineer  in 
charge  of  construction  of  a  $65,000,000  explosi\e 
plant  at  Xitro,  West  Virginia.  He  has  also  .served 
as  railway  expert  for  the  states  of  Nebraska,  Kan 
sas,  and  Michigan,  was  superintendent  of  construc- 
tion under  Crocker  and  Ketchum,  Construction  En- 
gineers, Denver,  Colorado,  in  1909,  and  has  been  a 
designer  for  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
and  the  Illinois  Central  railroads  at  various  times. 
He  was  also  consulting  engineer  and  ex()ert  on  rail- 
road rate  litigation  in  1917. 

Professor  Williams'   pen   has    not    been    inactive. 

He  is  the  author  of  se\i'ial  books,  among  which  are: 

"Design  of  Railway  Locition,"  "Di'sign  id'  Masonry 

and      Structures     and      h'oiindat  ions,"      ■'.Miiniciiial 

(Coiiliniinl  im  Paijc  ■U!) 


Xnreiiihcr.  19.211 


TiTK  Ti:ciiN()(!i;Ai'ir 


11 


Control  of  Flow  on  Bear  River 


i;.    1>.   \\'il.S(iN.   :i.   c.   "IM 


]ii-AV  i;i\cr  is  llic  iiiiist  iiiiii(irl:inl  liiliutaiv  (il 
(in-at  Sail  l^akc  haviiiu  a  iioriiial  axerajiie  flow 
tlil-ouiihoiit  the  yrar  of  not  less  than  1000  i-.f.s..  at 
its  moiitli.  The  river-  is  di-awii  iijion  cxtciisivply  for 
seasonal  irrii^alion  |iiir|]oses.  ami.  since  the  ii-i-itia 
tioii  has  first  rif^hts  in  nearly  all  cases,  that  circnin 
stance  lends  difficulty  to  the  ]>ioljlem  of  maintain 
in^  on  the  river  a  chain  of  hydro-electric  i)lants 
callable  of  ineetini;  a  prattically  invariable  power 
demand  thronghont  the  year.  The  normal  flow  of 
the  ri\er  is  extremely  variable,  and  the  irrij^ation 
demands  are  almcst  an  inverse  function  of  this  flow  . 
This  is,  of  cour.se,  the  usual  problem  in  river  control 
for  combined  irrijiation  and  power  purposes:  but  the 
accomjilishment  of  tliis  control  on  Bear  River  ])re 
seiits  some  uni(|ne  and  indi\idiial  features  which  are 
worthy  of  note. 

The  headwaters  of  Hear  River  lie  within  60  miles 
of  its  mouth,  in  the  valley  to  the  east  of  the  Wasatcli 
mountains.  The  stream  flows  north,  passing;-  by 
I'.ear  Lake  and  around  the  northern  end  of  the  Rear 
River  Range,  before  it  finds  access  to  tlie  basin  of 
the  giant  Lake  Bonneville,  ])re]iistoric  predecessor 
of  our  relatively  small  Great  8alt  Lake.  Bear  Lake, 
one  of  the  so-called  "bottomless"  lakes,  was  not  de 
signed  by  nature  either  to  feed  or  be  fed  by  Bear 
River  except  in  high  flood  seasons,  when  the  lake 
wotild  arise  in  its  pocket  and  flow  out  through  .Mud 
Lake  (or  North  Lake)  into  the  already  swollen 
river.  But  throtigh  the  efforts  of  several  organi/.a 
tions.  of  which  the  I'tah  Power  and  Light  Company 
deserves  chief  credit,  two  im])ortant  control  fealures 
liaxc  been  accoin]ilished.  First,  Bear  Lake  storage 
capacity  is  used  in  eonjiinction  with  the  various 
downstream  reservoirs  to  e(|ualize  the  normal  vari.i 
tions  of  i-unoff  within  the  year.  Second,  the  ri' 
scT've  storage  of  the  Lake  is  olilainable,  through  the 
operation  of  the  Lifton  pumping  sl.ition.  to  meet 
the  emergency  of  the  extremely  low  runoff  years. 
Thus  emergency,  though  occurring  not  oftener  than 
every  fourth  year,  woidd,  without  the  availability 
of  the  reserve  storage,  demand  the  maintenance  of 
liigh  cai)acit,v  emergency  steam  jilants  in  order  lo 
assure  the  constant  and  efficient  jiower  supjdied  by 
the  system  for  the  operation  of  a  very  large  ])er  ceni 
of  Utah's  mining  and  refining  industries.  These 
stream  units,  lying  idle  ainiosi  conslantly  because 
of  the  relatively  cheaper  cost  of  hydio  electric  powci- 
while  water  was  available,  would  represent  an  initi 


al  and  maintenance  cost   l.ii-  in  excess  of  the  sysiem 
ado]ited  and  herein  described. 

The  scheme  may  be  best  understood,  and  its  com 
parative  siin|)licity  realized,  by  reference  to  the  ma|i. 
which   is  not  drawn   to  s<'ale,  and   attempts   to  give 


IlMHKDi)  ^A.,,^ 

J        DIKE     ^  -rVsIBP^ 
/          mud(nj41h>iJSi.akl 

ART    [MM 
'  INLET  t^ 

)i 

X'W          ^^^   RI^R    '5T0RA 

\\MfSL     \',    \                         SC/ILC  -  f  IN    •  l5M!.>lBr. 

Jb  OYvSTCM 

Ukai:  Rim;i!  Disikh  i 

only  relative  locations  of  Ihe  \arions  features  of  the 
system. 

The  Tellnride  Tower  Comiiany,  owners  of  the 
old  (irace  ])lanl.  with  two  1'Mi)  11.  V.  horizontal 
units  operating  under  a  head  of  about  '•t'l'S  feet,  ob- 
tained a  limited  use  of  the  Lake  storage  for  seasonal 
control  by  the  construction  of  a  dike  which  is  a  low 
e.irthen  embankment  near  the  north  end  of  Mud 
Lake,  and  a  storage  inlet  channel  from  ,1  ])oint  sever- 
al miles  u])stream  from  the  ])resent  Stewart  Dam, 
to  the  east  of  Mud  Lake.  The  first  a])i)reciable  di- 
version to  sloiage  was  not  until  I'.lll.  .ind  this  stor- 
.ige  was  called  upon  that  same  year  for  operatioti 
of  the  (iia<c  planl.  Not  long  thereafter  the  Utah 
Tower  and  Light  < 'ompany  assumed  control  of  Bear 
Kivc?-  power  resources,  and  began  the  iierfecliiig  of 
(Continued  on  Page  So) 


11' 


'I'lii:  'ri:(ii\()<;i;.\iMT 


Koniiihrr,  192f> 


Illinois  Central  Electrification 


ll.\i;iii,ii   \\'.  Akmstkhni;  ".'A\ 


On  Atii,'iist  Till  III   lliis  year,  I'clcr  Sclilax  luiiicd  II!L',0()()  caiidlt'  |>i>\\cr  licaiii.  ami  cimsist  of  a  '(idldcii 

llic  coiiirollci-  tlial    stalled   llif   lirsl   clfclric  siiliur  ( How'  reflector  iM|iii|i|MMl  wiili  a   10(1  wall  li^lil  Inilli. 

Iiaii  train  in  ('liicaf;o,  to  he  followed  in  a  few  weeks  Tlie  operafiiifi  cab  is  xcry  siin|ile  in  ai)|)earaiice 

l)y  complete  electrically  oiierated   trains   in   all    the  since  a  lieneral  Electric  I'( 'KloA  controller  witii  an 

siiliiirlian  brandies,  of  llie  Illinois  ('(Mitral  K'ailroad.  airlnake  linndle  are  the  only  control  levers.     In  full 


An  average  cut 
in  riiuninj;  time 
of  17.5  ])er  <-eni 
was  made  with 
this  new  tyjie  of 
service.  .Much  of 
I  he    const  rue 
lion     work    and 
layout      of     the 
Illinois   Central 
eleclrif  icat  ion 
were     <lescriiied 
in      the      .March 
and    .May.    iiC-'". 
issue      of      the 
Tech  noo  ra  ph 
'I"  his      article 
Ihcrefore     wi 
attempt    to   des      | 
crihi'      some      of 
I  he  e(|  11  ip  men  I 
now     ill     service     (. 
on   this  project. 
.Ml  trains  are 
made  up  of  two 
car    iiiiits    con- 
sistiiii;  of  a  mo 
tor    car    and    a    • 
trailer.     Botli 
types      of      cars    I 
a  re     h  e  a  v  i  1  y    | 
liuilt    a  11  d    a  1      I 
tlioujih  comiiact 
a  re  u  n  u  s  ii  a  1 1  y 
larjj;e  for  sulnir     ' 
l):in  service.  The 
ti'ailers    were 


Upper  Left:   Re.^r  View  of  Cab;  Upper  Right:   Front  of  C.\n 
Bei.ow:    a   "Locomotive"   Re.\dy   to   Rix 


\icw  of  the  mo 
t  fir  ma  n  t  here 
aic  a  distant 
dial  for  the 
w  at  I  hour  meter 
and  all  of  the 
ni'cessary  a  i  r  - 
j;aiij;es.  T  h  e 
cars  are  run  on 
•"id  ton  trucks 
ma  de  hy  t  lie 
( 'ommonwea  1 1  li 
Steel  Com 
]i  a  n  y  .  T  h  e 
wheels  of  these 
trucks  are  di 
rectly  driven  liy 
■-'."iO  horse -power 
motors.  These 
motors  were 
chosen  so  that 
they  would  he 
of  sufficient 
size  to  ^-  i  v  e 
iiood  .service  on 
the  South  Chi- 
ca<;o  Line  which 
involves  the 
hardest  condi- 
tions to  be  met. 
Half  the  motor 
cars  are  eqiiiji- 
ped  with  West 
i  n  fi  h  o  u  s  e  A  - 
2  9  71  motors 
while  the  other 
half  employ  the 


huili  l.y  Ihc  Standard  Steel  Car  Coni]iaiiy,  while  the  (ieneral  FJectric  ZlL'."!!  lyjie.  The  air  compressor 
rullman  Car  and  .Manufacturiiif;  Corpiuation  was  which  furnishes  the  air  for  the  brakes  is  hiini;  he 
awarded  the  contract  for  furnisliinjj;  the  motor  cars,  neath  the  motor  car.  A  1500  to  32  volt  D.  C.  motor 
The  cars  were  delivered  to  the  Illinois  Central  shops  <;('iierator  is  fastened  beneath  each  trailer  car  and 
at  Burnside.  Here  the  electrical  equiiimcnt  was  in  charges  32  volt-300  ampere  hour  Edison  storage  bat- 
stalled  and  motor  car  and  trailer  were  joiued  in  the  teries.  These  batteries  supply  lightiug  to  the  cars 
semi-))ermanent  units  in  which  they  are  being  oper-  and  jiower  for  the  relay  systems.  There  is  a  small 
ated.     The  headlights  installed  on  these  units  give  a  (Continued  on  Pat/e  32) 


\orrmh('r,  192() 


TTTK  TK<'riNO(JRArH 


13 


The  Relation  of  Rainfall  Intensity  To 
Sewer  Design 


r.vii,  10.  L.\Ni;i)0.\".  c.  I'..  '-{) 


Every  progressive  city  or  town  must,  by  some 
uieaiis,  remove  the  excess  rain  water  wliicli  does  not 
c|iiickly  soak  into  the  grounti  or  evaporate.  This  is 
necessary  in  order  not  to  inconvenience  the  inhabi- 
tants seriously  by  ponding  on  the  streets  and  in 
yards  or  lots,  which  would  occur  if  adequate  dis 
l)().sal  were  not  j)i'ovided. 

When  towns  are  sparsely  jiopnialed  it  is  fre- 
([ueutly  satisfactory,  as  well  as  easier  and  cheaper, 
to  dig  ditches  along  the  sides  of  the  roads  and  carry 
this  surface  water  to  natural  water-courses  in  oi)en 
cliannels.  However,  as  towns  develop  and  the  den- 
sity of  ])opulatiou  increases,  some  other  means  of 
disposing  of  this  surface  water  becomes  necessary. 
Open  channels  might  serve  as  well  as  any  other 
means  but  they  are  unsightly  and  are  liable  to  cause 
l)ools  of  stagnant  water  which,  in  turn,  become 
breeding  places  for  mosquitoes  or  the  cause  of  seri- 
ous epidemics. 

The  most  logical  method  of  disixising  of  this 
watei-  is  to  provide  some  kind  of  underground  con- 
duit of  sufficient  size  to  carry  off  most  of  the  storm 
watei-  as  soon  as  it  falls,  and  not  allow  any  exces- 
sive ponding,  or  jiooliug  on  the  streets.  I'lider- 
ground  conduits  of  this  kind  are  expensive  and 
should  be  made  as  small  as  possible  and  still  carry 
off  the  storm  water.  The  question  of  the  capacity 
to  be  provided  in  these  drains  has  always  been  a 
serious  one  because  the  construction  cost  varies  with 
tiie  size  of  the  conduit.  Some  means  of  deterniinini; 
the  size  of  sncii  drains  is  necessary  so  that  tiic 
system  can  be  put  in  as  economically  as  possible 
and  still  render  efficient  service. 

Some  di'ains,  or  sewers,  may  be  of  the  type  dc 
signed  to  carry  only  storm  water;  that  is,  water 
which  falls  on  the  streets  or  on  the  roofs  of  honses 
and  is  carried  directly  into  the  drain.  In  snch 
drains  no  direct  connections  are  made  from  houses 
or  buildings  except  from  the  roofs.  Another  tyjK'  <ir 
drain  carrying  storm  water  is  one  in  which  the  con 
nections  are  the  same  as  above  but,  in  addition,  ih<' 
house  sewers  are  also  connected.  The  house  sewci-s 
include  basement  drainage  and  all  other  Iniilding 
sewer  connections. 

The  first  ty])e  is  commonly  known  as  the  sepa 
rate  sewer  system  and  must  lie  supplemented  by  an 
other  complete  system  of  sewers  carrying  only  house 
(Irainanc     The  sewers  carrving  house  drainage  lia\e 


a  comparatively  small  flow,  about  e(nial  to  the  (pian- 
tity  of  water  which  is  drawn  from  the  city  mains, 
l)lus  any  leakage  into  the  sewer  which  might  occur. 
The  storm  water  system  has  no  flow  at  all  during 
dry  periods  except  leakage  int(»  it.  During  stoi-ms, 
however,  these  drains  should  carry  off  tne  sloiin 
water  as  needed. 

The  second  type  of  storm  sewers  is  ordinarily 
called  the  combined  .system.  In  combined  sewers, 
which  usually  have  connections  from  the  basements 
of  hou.ses  and  other  buildings,  serious  damage  might 
result  in  these  buildings  if  the  sewer  became  over- 
loaded due  to  the  backing  up  of  storm  water  and 
flooding  of  basements.  It  is,  therefore,  quite  neces- 
sary to  know  the  size  to  make  these  drains  so  that 
they  will  carry  off  the  storm  water  as  it  collects. 

Each  of  the.se  systems  has  its  jijirticular  applica- 
tion for  various  conditions.  The  relative  merits  of 
the  two  systems  is  fretpiently  a  subject  of  lively  dis- 
cussion. The  clioice  of  the  system  to  be  used  in  any 
sjiecific  ca.se  depends  on  the  local  conditions. 

Based  on  the  service  which  these  two  systems 
must  give,  it  can  readily  be  seen  that  surcharging 
or  overtaxing  the  capacity  would  cause  much  great- 
er damage  in  the  combined  system  than  in  the  sepa- 
rate storm  system.  Balancing  the  frequency  of  sur- 
charge ,ind  the  financial  considerations,  general 
conclusions  indicate  that  combined  sewers  should 
lia\e  a  capacity  to  carry  otf  storm  water  without 
ovci'taxing  more  orieii  than  once  in  ten  years  on  the 
a\erage.  Sufficient  capacity  can  he  |Ji'o\ide(l  so 
that  the  sewers  would  ne\i'r  be  flooded,  but  this 
would  make  the  size  extremely  large  and  the  cost 
excessixe.  What  damage  is  done  once  in  ten  years, 
on  the  average  is  more  than  offset  by  the  sa\  ing  in 
the  cost  of  sewers  necessary  to  jirovide  greatei- 
cajiacity. 

Sejiai'ate  stoiin  sewers  are  not  connected  to 
liasenients,  and  tlooiling  in  these  di'ains  does  little 
damage  except  to  cause  some  pmiding  on  streets. 
Sepai-ate  storm  si'wcis  do  not  need  to  be  of  as  large 
a  cajiacity  as  condiined  sewers.  A  separate  system 
of  storm  water  and  sanitary  sewers,  to  be  of  equal 
sei\ice  to  I  lie  propeity  owners,  should  jirovide  ca- 
pacity in  the  slorin  drains  sufficient  to  cai'ry  off 
storm  water  and  not  lie  flooded  moi'c  often  than 
once  ill   three  years,  oi-  jiossihly  once  evei-y  yeai'. 

The  amount    of    walei'    which    must    be  carried    is 


u 


"i:<ii\<)(!i>'.\iMi 


Xfirriiihrr.  19?J) 


the  cssciit  i;il  fiiclnr  in  sewer  desi^iii.  .\l:iiiv  erii 
|iii-ic;il  fnrtiiiiNie  li:i\('  lieen  (le\  iseil  liii-  coniim  I  i  iii; 
Ihc  i|n;iiililiy  ul'  sloiiii  u;ilei-  liiil.  in  iccrnl  ye;iis, 
liifsc  li,-|\e  lieeii  i.'iriiely  :i  ii;i  nilcjiieil.  A  rciriiiillM  slill 
in  nse  in  one  of  nnr  l.ir.i;er  rilies  is  in  lln'  lnrni  ol' 
(^^("An  in  wliicli  <^»  is  llie  (|n;inlily  <it'  fluw  e\ 
|iresseii  in  enliie  leel  |iei-  second.  ('  is  a  ciinstant, 
A  is  liu'  area  in  acres  trilmtaiy  lo  liie  diain  al  1  lie 
]i()iiit  under  (|iiesti<»n,  and  n  is  an  e.xponeiil  iai  \ari 
alile  dependin';  on  llic  doi^i'ce  o[  develo]mietil  in  I  he 
coiiununity.  I'm-  e\aiii]de,  a  liiiilily  developed  com 
inunity  would  have  a  liij;her  \alne  (d'  n  than  a  dis 
trict  which  conlaiiu'd  many  vacant  lots  and  would 
in-ohahly  not  lie  huilt  uj)  for  years  to  come. 

Tlif  nu'thod  of  designing  storm  di'ains,  now  in 
connnon  usage,  is  the  so-called  rational  method.  This 
method  takes  into  account  the  area  tributary  to  the 
drain,  the  intensity  of  rainfall  over  a  certain  period 
of  time,  and  a  coefficient  of  runoff. 

The  formula  for  determining  the  (|uaiility  of  run- 
off takes  the  form  of  Q=CIA  in  which  Q  is  the  rate 
of  I'unoff  e.\])resscd  in  cubic  feet  ]ier  second,  C  is  the 
percentage  of  the  I'jiinfall  which  actually  reaches  the 
drain  and  is  commonly  termed  "tlie  coefficient  of 
runoff,"  1  is  the  intensity  of  rainfall  for  a  given 
period  of  time,  and  A  is  the  area  in  acres  tributary 
to  the  drain  ,it  the  |ioinl  in  (piestion.  The  factors 
in  this  formnia  ha\('  many  variations.  The  coeffi- 
cient of  innciff,  foi-  instance,  varies  as  the  time  of 
ihe  siorni  incicases,  due  to  the  decreasing  amount  of 
water  wliicli  soaks  into  the  ground,  thereby  causing 
a  gicater  percentage  to  flow  into  the  drains.  This 
coefficient  also  varies  with  the  development  of  tiie 
district.  In  this  discussion  it  will  not  be  possible 
to  go  into  all  the  details  of  the  use  of  this  formula. 
An  endeavor  will  be  made  to  give  merely  the  results 
of  investigations  relating  to  the  determination  of 
tlie  values  of  rainfall  intensities  in  various  localities. 

I'lioi'  to  about  1900  no  practical  automatic  rain 
gauge  was  available.  Before  this  time  measure- 
ments of  rainfall  were  made  by  an  observer  only  at 
intervals  during  storms  without  reference  or  deter- 
mination of  intensities.  About  1900  the  tipping 
bucket  gauge  was  i)erfected  and  came  into  use  at 
some  of  the  stations  of  the  United  States  Weather 
Uni-eau.  This  gauge  automatically  registers  the 
cumulative  rainfall  in  increments  of  one  hundredth 
of  an  inch  and  \\w  interval  of  time  between  succes- 
sive increments.  Hy  studying  these,  it  is  possible  to 
detei'niine  the  maximum  amounts  of  rainfall  which 
occur  for  any  gi\<-n  jieriod  of  time.  The  regular 
I'niled  Slates  Wealher  I'.uicau  stations  are  now 
e(|ni|iped  Willi  lliese  gauges.  The  gauge  located  at 
Chicago  lias  Ikmmi  in  continuous  ojjei'ation  since  1900. 

Many  smaller  cities  are  not  foi'tnnate  enough  to 
have   these  jjauiit's,   oi-   if   lliev   have   Ihe    i-ecofds  .are 


likely  lo  he  for  a  short  |)eriod  of  years.  In  sncli 
cilies  or  towns  ii  is  jnsi  as  necessary  lo  know  Ihe 
inlensilies  of  rainfall  as  il  is  in  the  largcT'  cilies, 
bill  fre<|iienlly  llie  records  ai-e  not  cmmi  a\ailalile. 
Uecording  gauges  have  been  in  ojieration  for  o\ei- 
twenty  years  in  many  cilies  throughout  the  country 
and  valuable  data  have  been  obtained.  In  order  to 
determine  rainfall  intensity  curves  for  any  small 
town  without  records,  the  data  collected  in  the  cities 
where  records  are  available  must  be  used  or  ap])lied 
wilh  ])roper  interpolation. 

.V  careful  study  was  recently  made  of  recoi-ds 
of  rainfall  from  1900  to  19l>:5  at  the  Chicago  Station 
of  Ihe  United  States  Weather  Bureau.  The  records 
of  all  storms  of  an  intensity  greater  than  that 
which  might  be  expected  eight  times  per  year  were 
taken  from  the  record  book  and  com])iled.  After 
studying  these  records  and  plotting  them,  curves 
were  drawn  showing  rainfall  intensities  which  miglit 
occur  for  any  given  frecjuency.  These  curves  are 
also  plotted  for  the  diiration  of  downpoui-.  showing 
intensity  and  frequency  in  years. 

Studies  of  similar  records  in  various  cities 
throughout  the  counti'y  have  also  been  made  and 
the  resulting  curves  are  of  a  similar  character. 
Through  the  courtesy  of  various  city  engineers  and 
others,  additional  data  have  been  gathered  from  a 
number  of  these  cities  and  liave  been  studied  with 
i-efei-ence  to  their  use  in  localities  where  such  i-ec 
oi'ds  are  not  available. 

With  this  in  mind,  curves  for  rainfall  intensities 
likely  to  be  exceeded  once  in  fifteen,  ten  and  three 
years  were  assembled.  I'or  the  same  jieriod  of  duia- 
tion  the  rainfall  intensities  were  j)lotted  on  a  map 
of  the  United  States  and  lines  of  eijual  intensity 
for  this  duration  and  frequency  were  drawn.  This 
was  done  for  storms  likely  to  occur  once  in  fifteen, 
ten,  and  three  years.  The  points  wei'e  plotted  for 
durations  up  to  sixty  minutes  at  ten  minute  inter- 
vals. The  data  which  have  been  compiled  so  far. 
cover  all  of  the  United  States  east  of  a  north  and 
south  line  through  the  center  of  Texas,  with  the 
exception  of  Florida. 

The  methods  of  conqiiling  these  data  from  vari- 
ous cities  are  not  uniform.  In  reading  the  charts 
as  they  are  taken  from  the  recording  gauge  there  are 
many  cases  in  which  there  is  some  room  for  doubt 
as  to  the  amounts  of  rainfall  for  the  given  period. 
This  permits  a  person.il  equation  to  enter  into  the 
compilation  of  the  d.ita  from  various  sources  and 
introduces  some  error  in  the  curves  received  from 
different  cities.  Some  curves  are  also  made  up  to 
indicate  storms  that  /////  be  exceeded  once  in  a 
jiei-iod  of  years  and  others  for  stoiins  that  irilJ  nai 
be  exceeded  in  the  same  jteiiod  of  ye.irs.  There  is 
(Cnntinucil  on  J'mje  S'l) 


Novcmbcry  I'JJii 


riiK  ti:ciin»)(;kai'ii 


1.1 


Manufacture  of  Porcelain  Ware 


H.  T.  Wheeler,  cer.,  '28 


Tliis  siiiiiiiu'i-  1  had  till'  upiiortiiiiity  to  inspect 
(lie  ])laiit  t)f  the  Kalamazoo  Saiiitaiv  Jlaiintacliiiinj; 
Coiiipany,  located  in  that  city  in  Michij;an.  I  found 
in  the  office  a  man  who  afterwards  turned  out  to 
he  the  stiperinteudeut,  and  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
i;o  throujjh  the  plant.  At  first  his  answer  was  a 
flat  refusal,  but  when  he  learned  that  I  came  from 
Illinois,  he  came  across  with  a  hearty  response  and 
took  me  out  into  the  plant.  The  superintendent  was 
ilr.  Gavin.  He  had  studied  here  at  the  University 
under  Professor  Parmelee,  having  graduated  in  191.''>. 
He  introduced  me  to  a  man  named  ^leade.  He  was 
about  forty,  and  obviously  one  who  had  woi-ked  u]i 
from  the  ranks.  In  fact  he  admitted  that  wliat  he 
knew  of  the  ceramic  industry  and  more  particularly 
of  the  manufacture  of  sanitary  wares  had  been 
gained,  not  from  a  systematic  study  in  a  Univer- 
sity', but  fi'om  his  experience  witli  this  company  and 
from  such  reading  as  he  had  been  able  to  do.  He 
was  most  willing  and  able  to  explain  the  processes 
and  was.  incidently,  very  high  in  his  praises  of  ^Ir. 
(!a\iii.  He  related  how  the  general  manager  of  the 
plant  had  picked  up  Gavin  in  a  Pennsylvania  pot- 
tery i)lant,  and  had  placed  him  there  in  Kalamazoo 
as  assistant  superintendent  only  to  have  him  re- 
place the  superintendent  inside  of  fourteen  months 
l)ecause  of  his  knowledge  of  ceramics  and  his  meth- 
ods of  administration. 

The  manufactured  products  are  restricted  to 
lavatories,  pedastals  and  complete  toilet  assemblies. 
The.se  are  the  glazed  white  wares  commonly  called 
sanitary  porcelain.  Let  us  follow  tlie  clay  from  the 
raw  state  thiough  the  various  processes  to  the  fin 
ished  product. 

Tennessee  Ball,  Knglish  Ball,  and  English  K.-m 
lin  are  ground  and  mixed  with  flint  and  feldsjiar. 
The  Englisli  Kail  is  a  gray  cla.v  which.  howe\ei-, 
burns  very  while.  The  English  China  and  Tennessee 
Kail  clays  wei-e  both  white  in  the  raw  slate.  The 
combinatiou  is  of  English  China,  flint,  fehlspar.  and 
either  l'>iiglish  or  Tennessee  liall  in  jji  oportiiuis 
known  to  the  luannfacture.  The  flint  and  feldspar 
icduce  the  jdasticity  and  give  body  to  the  slip.  The 
clays  furnish  tlie  ])lasticity.  Some  silica  is  addeii  to 
reduce  the  shrink:ige.  The  mixture  is  ])assed  into 
what  is  called  a  bludgeon  mill  where  it  is  mixed  by 
rotating  interlocking  paddles  which  ojierate  in  an 
oval,  covci-ed  tub.  and  under  the  disintegrating  in- 
riueiice  nf  an  increasing  amount  of  water  the  clays 
are    thoroughly    mixed    and   ground    into   a    slip    (if 


specific  gravity  varying  fioni  IL'I'.O  to  lL.'.")l).  1  asked 
]iarticularly  about  the  grinding  because  I  didn't  be- 
lieve that  it  could  be  completely  and  properly  done 
without  a  wet  i)ari  or  ball  mill  or  some  other  device, 
but  Mr.  Meade  said  that  this  was  the  sole  means  for 
grinding  and  mixing.  The  slip  is  gray  in  color  and 
about  the  consistency  of  a  thick  soup.  It  is  ke])t  in 
an  enormous  well  under  the  mixing  room  which 
holds  one  hundred  tons  of  slip  at  a  time.  The  cla.v 
itself  is  shi])ped  in  and  stored  in  bins  protected 
from  the  weathei'.  The  slip  is  ])i])ed  from  the  well 
through  an  overhead  system  to  and  throughout  llie 
casting  room. 

Plaster  molds  are  used  exclusively  in  casting. 
These  are  of  two  t.vpes,  solid  and  drain.  AA'here  the 
former  is  u.sed  the  mold  encloses  the  slip  on  both 
sides  and  determines  the  exact  thickness  of  the  clay 
wall.  In  the  latter  type  the  slip  is  run  in  and  al- 
lowed to  set  for  a  i)redeterniined  length  of  time, 
after  which  it  is  drained  off  (hence  the  name)  and 
the  thickness  of  the  clay  wall  left  in  the  mold  is 
determined  by  the  length  of  time  allowed  foi'  this 
setting. 

This  company  has  its  own  shops  fm-  the  making 
of  the  ]daster  molds  necessary,  ^^■ith  the  exce|ption 
of  the  drying  effected  over  night  theie  aie  no  means 
used  to  remove  the  absorbed  water  from  the  molds. 
.V  mold  is  supposed  to  last  twelve  or  thirteen  months, 
but  the  length  of  seivice  may  vai'y  according  to 
conditions  from  as  low  as  tiMi  to  as  high  as  cigh 
teen  months. 

The  molds  are  bound  togethei-  with  metal  stiijis 
and  are  provided  with  one  or  more  funnels  for  the 
i'ece|)tion  of  the  slip.  The  slip  is  fed  into  the  mold 
through  this  funnel  ;ind  the  air  in  the  mold  escapes 
through  holes  ])r()vided  for  that  puri)().se.  AVlien 
full  the  nudd  is  .set  aside  for  a  period  of  about  eigh- 
teen hours.  The  time  may  be  more  or  less  than 
that.  ,111(1  is  determined  by  ex]ierience.  In  most 
cases  ihe  caster  dei)ends  upon  his  own  judgement 
of  the  state  of  the  sli]i  to  know  Ihe  exact  time  at 
which  to  (liain  rather  th.in  upon  accurate  timing  of 
the  lengih  of  set.  He  determines  this  by  tippiiig 
the  mold  iiji  and  noting  the  consistency  of  the  sli]) 
as  it  rises  in  the  funnel.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
of  setting  the  mold  is  drained,  and  then  removed 
from  around  the  casting.  Each  casting  is  then 
finished.  This  process  includes  the  addition  of 
any  parts  whicli  it  was  not  possible  to  cast  and  a 
final  over-working  by  hand  with  water  and  a  sponge. 


](i 


I'll  I ;  'ri:(iiX(»(ii{Ai'H 


Xorciiihi  r.  Ht.'li 


'I'lic  iiiosi  ii'iiuiikalik'  liiiiiii  jiIkmk  iIic  wIkpIc  cjisl 
iiijj;  process  was  tiic  iiiaiiiier  in  wliit-li  the  slip  tlraiii- 
cd  off  to  leave  almost  kiiifecd^e  cleanness  in  \'- 
shaped  slots  and  lorncrs. 

After  reino\al  troni  Ilic  nmlds,  ihc  casiiiifis  arc 
l>laced  in  ])otters  wheels  and  finislied  liv  liand.  The 
workman  jjoes  over  the  entire  castinji  with  a  spdii^c 
and  inspects  all  the  joints  to  see  if  they  ha\c  licen 
])roperly  made  and  sealed.  They  arc  then  ]ilaccd  on 
movable  racks  an<l  run  into  the  driers.  There  arc 
two  of  these,  eacli  \\  ith  two  chandjei-s  abont  ten  feci 
wide,  eight  feet  hiuh.  and  twenty  five  feel  lout;. 
Jfoistnre  satnratcd  air  is  used  to  start  tjic  dryiiii; 
l)rocess.  If  dry  .lir  were  iin]iri'sscd  n|Min  the  ;^rccn 
pieces  the  i-csull  wonld  lie  a  rajiid  dryiiii;  of  Ilic 
onter  ])art  of  tlie  wall  as  coiniiarcd  to  Ihc  iniici-  pni- 
tions  less  accessible  to  tlie  air  cnirenls,  which  woiiM 
canse  a  certain  ciaikinfj  before  the  water  was  all 
removed.  I'ur  this  reason  water  vapor  was  intm 
duced  into  the  driers  along  with  the  licat.  and  by 
gradnally  reducing  the  humidity  and  maintainiiii; 
the  drying  temperature;  the  ware  loses  all  its  dry 
ing  water  without  ci-acking.  Thermo-static  control 
is  used  on  all  four  drying  chambers.  After  a  period 
of  drying  of  about  twenty  three  hours,  the  ware  is 
removed  from  the  driers  and  i)laced  in  saggers  i)re- 
paratory  to  the  biscuit  firing.  They  pass  a  second 
inspector  before  entering  the  kilns. 

The  total  shriidcage  from  green  ware  to  lnirne<l 
is  one  eiglith  of  an  inch  ](er  inch,  or  li'i^  per  cent 
on  the  green  basis. 

This  company  makes  its  own  saggers  from  a 
mi.vture  of  Tennes.see  Ball,  Alumina,  and  grog  made 
from  broken  saggers.  They  are  of  an  oblong  cyliii 
drical  shape  about  L'  feet  by  I'l  ^,  f^,^,^  |,y  o  feet  high, 
and  %  of  an  inch  thick.  They  are  |iressed  out  by  a 
sjiecial  die-press  machine  invented  in  the  com]iany"s 
sho|)s  and  fired  there  also. 

The  ware  is  placed  in  these  saggers  cemented 
together  with  green  sagger  clay  which  assenddy  is 
built  n]i  on  the  kiln  cars.  These  cars  are  of  all- 
metal  construction  with  a  toj)  platform  of  sagger 
bricks  ^d)out  three  inches  thick,  the  edges  of  wdiicli 
fit  into  grooves  along  the  side  of  the  kiln  thus  i)ro- 
tecting  the  cari-iage  of  the  car  from  injury  by  heat. 
A  cui'rent  of  cool  air  is  passed  along  under  the 
cars  as  they  jiass  Ihrongli  (he  kiln  for  the  s.-inn'  |)nr 
pose. 

There  were  in  use  three  oil  fired  continuous  tini 
Mcl  kilns  alionl  l.'iO  fed  long.  Two  of  these  have 
been  in  use  since  1!»1  I  and  sm-cessfnlly  with 
stood  the  attacks  of  a  fire  which  destroyed 
the  old  wooden  structure  about  fi\e  ye.irs 
ago.  Thei-e  is  in  use  a  complete  electro  tliermal 
mcasni-ing   and    recoi-dinu   svsteni    I  Ki-owns    lusts,  i. 


cenlci-ed  in  the  office  with  recor<iirig  devices  at  each 
kiln.  The  Ihird  was  installed  in  llie  enlarged  plant 
shortly  after  I  he  fire,  and  tlionuli  it  is  about  the 
same  size,  il   is  .-i   much  more  ino<lern  kiln. 

The  point  of  application  of  (he  niosi  intense  heal 
is  e.\a<-tly  in  the  cenler  of  llie  kiln,  and  extends  o\-cr 
a  space  of  alioul  Iwcniy  feet.  The  rate  of  ]irogress 
of  the  cai-s  through  Ihi'  kiln  \aries,  but  averages 
the  h'ligtli  of  a  car,  Mi  feet),  iier  liour.  Thermo 
couples  i)rotec1ed  by  a  ]iorcelain  ca.sement  measure 
the  tem]ieratni'es  and  lead  not  oidy  to  the  office 
lint  also  to  an  instiunieni  inonnte(l  on  the  side  of 
the  kiln  wliiih  can  he  made  to  indicate  by  turning 
•■I  selecti\('  swilcli  ihe  iein])erature  at  any  one  of 
the  I'egularly  spaced  points  along  the  kiln  at 
which  Ihe  theniii  cou|iles  are  located.  These  are  led 
into  the  kiln  (hi-ough  the  ci-own  and  on  either  side. 
The  foreman  directing  the  firing,  being  an  old  hand 
at  it,  still  insists  on  checking  his  tUermo-coui)lcs 
against  pyrometric  cones.  A  temi)erature  range 
from  400°  F.  to  2300°  P.  is  obtained. 

The  ware  after  the  biscuit  fire  is  white  and  hard 
enough  to  strike  sparks  from  steel,  and  is  aj)preci- 
ably  smaller  than  it  was  before.  From  the  kiln 
the  ware  is  passed  througli  a  cooling  '"oven"  without 
further  handling,  until  it  ceases  to  shrink  and  is  cool 
enough  to  be  handled.  It  is  then  removed  from  the 
<-ars  and  passed  to  expei-ts  who  dip  each  piece  in  a 
glaze  slip.  Care  must  be  taken  to  cover  the  entire 
])iece  witli  a  coating  of  equal  tliickness  and  without 
wrinkles.  Lead  is  used  in  the  glaze  to  give  it  opaci- 
ty and  some  cobalt  to  prevent  a  cream  color  and  in- 
snie  a  perfect  white. 

The  glaze-dipped  ware  is  dried  on  racks  and  the 
piece  is  again  finished,  the  glaze  being  removed  from 
all  places  on  which  it  was  not  wanted;  the  fitting 
holes  are  cleaned  out  and  the  piece  is  ready  for  the 
glaze  burn.  This  lasts  twenty  hours.  After  that 
the  piece  is  cooled,  ins]>ected  again,  and  is  ready  for 
the  fittings. 

An  overhead  suspended  monorail  conveyor  sys- 
tem is  used  throughout  for  the  trans])oitation  of  the 
ware  about  the  jdant,  except  through  the  kilns  and 
di'iers.  The  clay  is  shoveled  from  the  storage  liins 
into  the  bludgeon  mixers.  Ware  is  conveyed 
through  the  kilns  on  the  small  cais  1  have  described. 

My  general  im))ression  of  the  plant  was  most 
favorable.  There  seemed  to  be  a  minimum  of  men 
and  a  maximum  of  machinery,  with  more  system 
and  less  loafing  than  is  seen  around  many  heavy 
ware  plants.  Of  course  the  product  they  are  manu 
factoring  demands  much  more  care  in  its  making 
Ih.in  an  ordinai-y  building  brick,  and -it  must  also 
lie  noteil   tli.at    it   coinniands  a   liigher  iirice. 


Xuvriiihir,  l'J.l(j 


THE  TE(■ll^"()(il^M'll 


17 


Recent  Developments  In  Welding 


C.  E.  Swift,  me.,  '1'8 


Xcw  (li'Vi'li)|)iiu'iits  ill  wchliiij;  :iro  i-oiist;ilitl\ 
coiiiiiij;  to  li};ht  and  so  rapid  are  tliese  develojmieiils 
that  new  discoveries  are  ouly  the  ''latest"  for  a  very 
few  weeks.  The  latest  two  discoveries  of  major  ini 
l)ortance  are  the  acetylene  weldinjj;  of  locomotive 
frames  with  Toliin  bronze  and  the  electric  weldini;' 
of  cast  iron  with  alloys  of  co[)i)er,  nickel,  and  zinc. 

Locomotive  frames  are  as  a  rule,  steel  forj;ini;s 
(>!•  plates  4  or  5  inches  thick,  the  steel  lunini;  a  ten 
sile  strenj;;th  of  approximately  TO.OOii  poniHls  jicr 
sijuare  inch.  The  work  they  ha\c  to  do  is  pcrliajis 
the  most  .severe  to  which  any  licavy  steel  part  is 
subjected.  In  the  first  place  they  liave  to  hold  the 
thrust  and  ])nll  of  the  pistons,  and  that  is  very  con- 
siderable with  24  inch  pistons  and  22.")  i)onnd  steam 
])ressure.  Then  comes  the  shock  from  stopping;-  and 
starting  long  trains,  many  times  with  100  cars  load- 
ed from  40,000  to  120,000  pounds  each.  Especially 
the  starting,  for  the  "jerk"  the  locomotive  has  to 
give  such  a  train  to  get  \inderway  is  very  noticeable. 
So  in  time  ueai-Iy  all  the  frames  break  at  their  weak- 
est i)oint  or  where  it  just  liappens  that  that  particu- 
lar frame  receives  its  greatest  punishment.  But  break 
they  do,  and  they  are  doing  it  all  the  time  to  the  sor- 
row of  the  superintendents  of  motive  power,  the 
master  mechanics,  and  the  locomotive  foremen. 
Hitherto  it  has  meant  a  job  of  welding  with  dro]i- 
])ing  the  wlieels,  which  is  generally  necessary  in 
making  the  old  fashioned  weld  with  steel  rods  and 
an  oxy-acetvlene  torch.    The  breaks  generally  occur 


Fk.i  la;  1 

ill  till'  sccliiiiis  (if  the  rianics  1  Ijv  .")  iiiciies  or  .">  hy  7 
indies,  and  if  accessilile  are  "\"ed"  out  vertically  on 
each  side  as  noted  in  the  sketch  (Eig.  1).  Now  if  tiicy 
are  to  be  welded  witii  steel  rods  the  ends  ninsi  he 
jacked  apart  so  that  the  shi'inkiiig  of  the  weld  will 
bring  back  the  frame  to  the  original  length,  and  llicn 
the  two  welders  begin,  one  on  each  side  and  Iniild  n\< 


from  the  bottom.  If  they  arc  good  iiicii.  they  can  do 
the  job  in  six  contiinions  hours  of  welding,  or  al- 
together 12  man-hours,  and  in  doing  this  they  must 
wear  face  masks  because  the  heat  of  heavy  steel  weld- 
ing is  intense.  If  the  weld  is  made  electrically,  us 
ing  steel  rods  as  metal  electrodes,  the  work  usually 
requires  20  man-hours. 

A\'itliin  the  jiast  few  years,  and  in  most  cases 
within  the  past  few  months,  the  up-to-date  railroads 
are  using  Tobin  bronze  welding  for  this  work,  and 
ill  rare  instances  manganese  bronze.  The  Tobin  is 
generally  favored,  however,  because  of  its  ductility 
and  ability  to  take  twisting  and  bending  strains 
and  still  retain  its  great  strength.  Instead  of  the 
welding  of  a  locomotive  frame  taking  hours,  as  is 
the  case  when  it  is  done  autogenously  as  above  dcs 
cribed,  when  done  with  Tobin  bronze,  it  is  a  matter 
of  minutes.  It  is  re[)orted  that  on  Henry  Ford's 
railroad  at  Detroit,  locomotive  frames  have  been 
bronze  welded  in  3o  minutes,  and  on  the  Union  Pa- 
cific at  Portland  these  frames  have  been  welded  in 
5.1  minutes  and  in  less  than  two  hours  including  all 
lireparation.  This  is  an  astounding  comparison  as 
to  time  of  welding  with  steel  rods,  but  as  a  rule 
the  time  cards  are  there  to  bear  out  the  shop  sujiei' 
intendent's  statements. 

The  way  these  Tobin  bronze  locomotive  frame 
welds  hold  up  is  niiicli  of  a  puzzle  to  all  concerned 
becau.se  if  steel  bars  are  bronze  welded  and  then 
pulled,  the  welds  will  break  at  from  38,000  to  4r),000 
|)oiinds  per  .square  inch,  whereas  the  steel  welds  will 
pull  at  .")."),000  to  (iO.OOO  jiounds  jier  square  iiuli.  The 
only  explanation  which  sounds  reasonable  as  to  why 
these  Tobin  bronze  welds  hold  u]i  year  after  year  is 
the  ductility  of  the  bronze  in  the  weld,  which  stands 
twisting  and  bending  but  still  keejis  its  original 
strength;  also  there  is  no  line  of  cleavage  as  in  a 
steel  weld,  because  in  apjilying  the  bronze  the  steel 
is  raised  to  a  dull  red  heat  only.  This  is  wonder- 
fully in  favor  of  the  base  metal  near  the  weld  not 
breaking  later  on.  as  often  hai)pens  after  a  weld  of 
steel  with  steel  rods.  Then  again,  in  depositing  the 
Tobin  bronze  in  the  weld,  a  plate  of  boiler  steel  lA 
inch  thick  and  the  width  of  the  frame  is  usually  laid 
under  the  break  to  make  the  start  of  the  weld  easy 
and  the  bronze  deposits  on  both  sides  of  the  frame 
simultaneous.  Once  dejiosited,  the  inner  cone  of  the 
flame  cannot  jiossibly  reach  the  bronze  in  the  weld, 
but  the  heat  ai)plied  to  the  ends  of  the  steel  frame 
wlK're  "V'ed"  ont  is  absorbed  and  flows  through  the 


18 


iiii:  •n;(iiNti(iir\iMr 


iiihrr.  I  Hit, 


sled  1(1  llic  lir(in/.c  :ilnM(l.v  in  llic  weld  i;i\iiii;  llic 
finest  kind  of  IiimI  I  i  r;il  mh'IiI  In  llic  wdil  iiichil  ^iiiil 
holding;  tlic  sled  in  cdiiI.icI  wiili  llic  ludii/.c  in  liir 
Wfld  at  siicli  a  teiiiiicralurt'  lliai  Ihr  hron/.c  can  ri<iu 
into  the  spaces  between  the  civsi.ils  of  ilif  sled. 

Tliis  is  as  <;()()d  an  explantion  as  any  Dial  can  lie 
};iven  and  states  tlie  facts  f;(iveiiiiiii;   liie  inakini;  (if 


Fk;.  2     LticoMOTivK  Fha.me  Wki.I) 

a  ludii/.e  weld  on  a  locomotive  frame.  At  least  these 
inoii/,e  welds  on  locomotive  frames  keep  on  giving 
good  service  year  after  year  and  if  any  of  them  ever 
break  it  is  always  said  to  be  tlie  first  weld  some 
welder  made.  11  is.  lio\\e\ci-.  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable nses  of  wcldinn  and  e.xemjdifies  the  great 
est  julvance  and  llic  m-catest  saxing  in  the  art  of 
welding. 

The  second  inipoiiiinl  dc\  (•lii|ini(Mil  in  llic  weld- 
ing indnstry  was  the  disco\ery  of  the  jirocess  whei-e 
by  steel  and  cast  iron  could  be  satisfactorily  weldi'd 
by  the  electric  arc.  Arc  welded  steel  ]ilates  and 
beams  are  not  as  good  as  they  inighi  he  hccaiise  ihc 
weld  is  brittle  and  rnsts  (|iiickly.  .\nalyses  show 
this  is  because  of  o.xidation.  Acelylene  welds  are 
l)rotected  fi'oni  the  o.xygen  of  the  air  i)y  the  reaction 
of  the  burning  of  the  acetylene  by  ihe  oxygen  from 
the  tank  which  frees  hydrogen,  and  I  his  hydrogen  in 
turn  is  burned  by  the  oxygen  lioni  Ihe  air,  and  in 
this  is  the  protection  to  the  wi^ld.  I'roin  this  date 
the  General  Electric  Company's  engineers  conccixcd 
the  idea  of  doing  the  electric  arc  welding  also  in  nil 
atmosi)liere  of  hydiogcn  and  by  so  ijoing  get  siron;; 
soft  welds. 

The  industrial  world  makes  use  inincipally  of 
iron  and  steel,  copper  and  its  alloys,  and  aliiininiiiin  : 
so  these  are  what  we  have  In  wdd.  .Ml  of  theiii  can 
be  welded  inosi  satisfactorily  by  ihc  (i\y  acelylene 
process  e.\cepl  large  sheets  of  sled, — e.g.,  I;iljks. 
Then  the  shiinkage  of  inolli'n  sled  makes  grejil 
troniih?  and    there    is   much    warping   and    biickling. 


So  that  is  one  class  of  woik  in  which  electric  weld- 
ing seems  to  reign  supreme.  However,  with  time  lo 
make  a  careful  investigation,  methods  of  using  Tobin 
bronze  and  ollici-  co|)per  alloy  welding  rods  might 
be  determined  thai  would  gixc  a  better  joint  in  larg<' 
sheets  of  sled   ihnn   the  electrically  welded. 

lOlectric.illy  welded  steel  joints  have  always 
troubled  by  being  porous  and  bi-ittle  so  as  all  acely 
lene  welding  is  dune  in  .i  hydrogen  atmosphere,  Ihe 
lirsl  rianie  rcaclion  producing  hydrogen,  the  (Jener 
al  lOlcciric  engineers  woi-ked  out  a  hollow  electrode 
llirongli  whicli  hydrogen  is  forced.  This  kee])s  olT 
Ihc  oxygen  of  Ihc  air  (hat  surrounds  the  arc  and 
welds  are  made  that  are  soft  on  both  steel  and  cast 
iiiin,  it  is  claimed.  Heretofore  in  electrically  weld 
ing  cast  iron  the  ,irc  would  va])orize  the  free  car 
linn  which  would  combine  with  the  iron  of  the  dec 
I  rode  and  pi'odiice  a  high  carbon  steel  and  this  on 
reaching  the  comparatively  cold  cast  ii'on,  would 
become  very  hard.  There  has  been  no  successful 
electrical  welding  of  cast  iron  with  iron  or  sled 
electrodes  because  of  this  hard  metal  between  tlie 
weld  and  the  cast  iron.  Then  the  steel  in  shrink 
iug  pulls  loose  from  the  cast  iron  base  metal.  There 
fore,  unless  the  weld  areas  are  studded  with  steel 
studs  there  is  no  strength  in  the  use  of  steel  elec- 
trodes on  cast  iron,  unless  some  other  metal  than 
iron  or  steel  is  used  for  an  electrode.  Monel  metal 
(approximately  67  per  cent  nickel  and  30  per  cent 
copper  and  imi)urities)  has  been  largely  used  and 
with  success  provided  it  is  put  on  a  very  little  at  a 
liinc  and  hammered  with  the  ball  end  of  a  light  ball 
peen  hammer.  Ambrac  (approximately  7.1  jier  cent 
copl)er,  20  per  cent  nickel,  and  5  per  cent  zinc  i  also 
works  very  ^\•dl  in  some  shops  if  used  the  same  way 
hilt  not  in  all  shops,  as  complaint  is  made  of  the 
zinc  oxide  dust  being  included  in  the  weld.  Jloiid 
and  .\mbrac  give  a  weld  nmch  the  color  of  finished 
cast  iron  and  when  carefully  dei)Osited  can  be  nia 
chined,  but  after  the  first  layer,  there  is  a  tendency 
to  an  occasional  pin  hole.  This  is  true  of  all  nickel 
welds  and  castings.  The  .Mond  and  Auibrac  |ii'iic 
tiate  the  cast  iron  being  welded  very  remarkably, — 
i.e.,  they  surface  alloy  wonderfully  with  the  cast 
iron.  The  Bronzed-iron  electrodes  })enetrale  the 
cast  iron  being  welded  excellently  and  so  do  other 
rods  with  a  zinc  inclusion.  The  one  trouble  with 
these  electrodes  is  that  the  zinc  oxide  dust  may  fall 
on  the  weld  areas  in  advance  of  the  welding  and  the 
metal  dej)osited  will  then  not  ]>enetrate  the  cast 
iron  lint  ll<'  on  the  zinc  oxide  dnst.  This  might  be 
ii'inoxcd  with  com]>res.sed  .-lir  and  lliis  winild  alsM 
help  in  getting  the  funics  ol'  Ihc  zinc  oxide  away 
rriiin  the  ojierator. 

IJecailse  of  the  |ioriisily  in  a  co]ipcr  nickel  c\t-v 
Irode  weld  on  casi   jj-on  showing  up  in  the  I'lid  and 


X;r,  whrr.  t!)2(! 


THK  TKCIINOCItAl'II 


A  L  U  >1  N  I 

KOTHS 


i) 


a.  R.  Corke.  e.  e.,  '13,  has  been  put 
in  charge  of  one  of  the  standard  ma- 
chine switching  divisions  of  the  Wes- 
tern Electric's  works  in  Chicago.  He 
has  been  with  that  company  since  leav- 
ing the  University. 

R.  E.  Lindsey.  a.  e.,  '20.  is  with  Lord 
and  Holinger,  structural  engineers, 
Marquette  Building,  Chicago.  He  was 
formerly  in  charge  of  designing  at  the 
Texas  A.  &  M.  College.  His  Chicago 
address  is  1705  Jonquil  Street. 

Chauncey  B.  Schmeltzer.  c.  e..  '19, 
has  resigned  his  position  as  instructor 
of  civil  engineering  at  the  University 
and  has  formed  a  partnership  with 
.Ufred  M.  Danely  '04,  for  the  practice 
of  civil  engineering.  They  specialize 
in  drainage  and  municipal  work  and 
have  their  headquarters  in  Urbana. 

M.  J.  Glicken.  W.  M.  Pearson.  R.  A. 
Mattson.  and  G.  B.  Young,  all  archs., 
of  the  class  of  '24  passed  the  examina- 
tion for  the  degree  of  architect  given 
last  spring  by  the  professional  com- 
mittee for  architects  in  Illinois. 

T.  D.  Mylrea-,  c.  e.,  '09,  has  been  pro- 


moted from  assistant  professor  to  as- 
sociate professor  of  structural  engi- 
neering at  the  University. 

/,.  E.  Fisher,  m.  e.,  '9S.  is  now  vice- 
president  in  charge  of  operation  of  the 
North     American     Light     and     Power 
Company.  The 

H  North  American 
Light  and  Power 
Company  o  w  n  s 
seve  r  a  1  s  u  b  s  i  - 
diaries  including 
the  Illinois  Power 
and  Light  Com- 
pany which  oper- 
ates in  C  h  a  m  - 
paign-Urbaua.  and  other  central  west 
cities.  Mr.  Fisher,  of  course,  becomes 
automatically  vice-president  of  these 
also.  He  was  at  one  time  vice-presi- 
dent and  manager  of  the  old  Illinois 
Traction  System,  the  predecessor  of 
the  Illinois  Power  and  Light  Company. 
Mr.  Fisher's  responsibilities  may  be 
better  realized  if  we  recall  that  the 
North  American  Company  serves  sev- 
eral    hundred     communities     in     five 


states,  and  operates  the  Illinois  Trac- 
tion System  of  five  hundred  and  fifty 
miles.  He  is  the  inventor  of  what  is 
commonly  called  the  near-side  car. 

Roy  E.  Travis,  c.  e.,  '04,  is  kept  busy 
by  his  duties  as  assistant  engineer  and 
purchasing  agent  for  Dawes  Brothers. 
HI  West  Monroe  Street.  Chicago. 

F.  E.  Berger.  arch.,  '13,  and  Ralph  L. 
KeUey.  a.  e.,  '14,  are  architects  of  the 
new  University  State  Bank  building 
which  is  being  erected  at  Wright  and 
Green  Streets,  Champaign.  The  build- 
ing is  to  be  of  Bedford  stone  and  will 
be  two  stories  high  with  six  offices 
on  the  second  floor.  The  entrance 
will   be  on   Green   Street. 

■John  .1/.  Sponsler.  m.  e.,  '12,  is  now 
chief  engineer  for  the  coal  mines  of 
the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron,  and  Railway 
Company  at  Birmingham,  Alabama.  He 
is  married  and  has  one  child. 

Emery  S.  HalU  arch..  '95,  is  now  a 
member  of  the  newly  organized  firm 
of  Emery  Stanford  Hall.  Bisbee  and 
Rhenisch  ,architects  and  engineers,  175 
West  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago. 


•"ii-il  hiycrs.  sdiiic  welders  (lejposit  mie  hiyei-  of  Ihe 
Moiiel  <)!•  AinhiiR-  and  tlien  liuild  on  top  of  llial  w  illi 
iron  electrodes  and  then  thi.s  IjeiMj;  difficult  lo  ma 
cliine,  when  they  aiiju-oacii  the  sni-face.  inaUe  the 
suif.ice  with  Monel  or  .\inliiac.  Some  wcldeis  say 
Anilirac  woi'ks  better  tlian  Monel  :iihI  it  is  inncli 
less  costly.  .Monel  mnst  lie  coateil,  Iml  the  zinc  in 
elusion  in   .Vmlitac  seems   to  lie   the  e(|ni\aleill   of  the 

coatinj;  on   Monel. 

\\'hen  weldilifi  with  eo|i|ier  nickel  electrodes  it 
mnst  lie  reinenihered  that  ;ill  iron  and  steel  elec 
tfodes  are  neeative  Init  tli.it  co|i|ier  and  nickel  alloy 
electrodes  must  he  m.ide  the  positixe.  This  helps 
t;reatly  in  weldiu!.:  cast  iron  where  the  heat  iinist 
he  kept  down  liecanse  of  its  low  tensile  sli-enjith. 
because  just  one  half  as  much  heal  is  de\('lo]ied  at 
the  negative  as  there  is  .it  the  posili\c  ]iole.  It  is 
essential  to  successful  electrical  weldiiij;  that  there 
be  a  good  "gronnd."  In  other  woi-ds,  there  must  be 
a  good  return  to  the  machine.    Then  it  is  well  to  try 


(Continued    from    Previous   Page) 

nt   evei-y  electrode  on  a   piece  of  scrap  iron   laid  on 


the   base  metal   to  obtain  just    the   right   current    be 
fore  piiiceeding   with  the  making  of  the  weld. 

A  big  electiic  welding  job  was  done  recently  in 
the  finishing  of  a  •!()  in.  diameter,  l-'i  ft.  long,  10  ton 
papei-  roll  that  came  through  1  :>-  in.  uniler  sizi'  foi' 
an  aiea  of  '■'<  sip  ft.  of  its  surface,  it  w.is  built  uji 
electiically  over  an  area  using  a  co])iier-nickel-zinc 
electrode.  It  tonka  welder  a  day.  The  nickel  color- 
ed the  copjier  enough  so  it  looked  much  like  iron 
anil  the  ]ienetration  was  e\iellent,  .\fter  finishing 
Ihe  snrfaie  Ihe  roll  was  in  perfect  condition.  It 
wiiiild  lia\c  been  practically  imi)ossible  lo  h.i\e 
welded  this  roll  with  casi  iinn  rods  due  to  Ihe  high 
temperatures  involved  and  the  subsequent  e.\])and- 
ing  and  contracting  which  would  iiave  left  severe 
internal  strains  which  would  have  weakened,  if  not 
.ictnally  cracked  the  roll.  Tlierefore  to  get  an  elec- 
tiically made  weld  on  cast  iron  that  can  be  ma- 
chined, a  coiipei- nickel  alloy  electrode  mnst  be  used. 


Tin;  ti;cii\<)(;i:ai'ii 


Norcwhrr.  192(> 


Tin-:  TKCIIXodKAI'H   STAFF 
J.  O.  Ei'iifJRAVK  ''27 Editor     li.  H.  Laxdon  '28 Busincfis  MaiKU/rr 


C.   J.   Franks   '27   Associate  Editor 

H.  J.  Solomon  "27 Associate  Editor 

C.  E.  Swift  '28 Assistant  Editor 

F.  E.  Holmstrand  '28 _..  Assistant  Editor 

E.  F.  Todd   '2S   Assistant  Editor 

I.  W.  Schoeninger  '28 Assistant  Editor 


P.   H.   Tartak  '27 Associate  Business  Manager 

W.  T,  Durham  '28 Circulation  Manager 

C.  A.  Basedow  '27 National  Advertising  Manager 

W.   C.   Lahnian   '27 Local   Advertising  Manager 

R.  B.  Sawtell  '28  Copy  Manager 

J.  D.  Prouty  '27 Art  Editor 


ASSISTANTS 

K.  A.  Larsen  '29,  H.  E.  Rittenhouse  '29.  R.  Fife  '29.  M.  B.  Fierke  '29,  E.  R.  Dapogny  '29, 

C.  F.  Gebhardt  '28,  E.  W.  Pfeitfer  '28.  P.  E.  Archer  '30,  H.  W.  Armstrong  '30, 

R.  Morrison  '29,  R.  C.  Sparks  '28,  L.  E.  Langdon  '30,  G.  E.  Sorenson  '30, 

W.  C.  Hild  '30,  M.  Towne  '30.  D.  W.  Ormond  '30,  H.  Wolf  '30. 

Burke  '30. 

DEPARTMENTAL  REPRESENTATIVES 


0.  C.  Gairing  '28  Architecture 

R.    D.   Rudd   '27    Ceramics 

H.   G.   Dawson   '27   Chemical 

W.  G.  Flagg  '28  Civil 

G.  S.  Peterson  '27  Electrical 


J.  H.  Kirsch  '27 General 

E.  P.  Stark  '27  General  Engineering  Physics 

E.  F.  Bicknell  '27 Mechanical 

G.  A.  Peacock  '28   Mining 

R.   R.  Richart  '27  Railway 


The  Real  Co-Op  Is  Your  Bookstore 


There  are  quite  a  uumbei'  of  {)eople  iu  tlie  College  of  Engineering,  and  in  all  of  the 
other  schools,  too,  who  do  not  realize  the  truth  of  the  above  statement.  But  it  is  actually  true: 
the  store  is  owned  by  more  than  4,000  students,  each  one  having  just  one  dollar  invested  and 
each  one  sluiriug,  by  virtue  of  his  investment,  the  profits  of  the  store.  Tliis  investment  is 
known  as  membership  in  the  Engineer's  Co-operative  Society,  and  is  open  to  any  student, 
whether  he  be  in  the  engineering  school  or  not.  In  fact,  45  per  cent  of  the  members  are  iu 
colleges  other  than  engineering,  and  only  18  per  cent  of  the  textbook  business  is  done  by 
engineers.     Members  are  responsible  for  about  45  per  cent  of  the  entire  business  of  the  store. 

The  student's  part  in  the  organization  is  as  follows:  Any  student  or  faculty  member 
may  deposit  one  dollar,  whicli  enrolls  him  as  a  member  of  the  store.  For  every  purchase 
that  he  makes  he  is  given  a  receipt  which  he  signs  and  deposits  in  a  box  in  the  store.  These 
receipts  are-  assorted  periodically  and  each  member  is  given  credit  for  the  amount  he  has 
l)urchased  on  his  record  card.  The  total  purchases  are  computed  at  the  end  of  the  year  and 
dividends  are  paid,  based  on  the  total  volume  of  business  done  and  the  net  profit.  The  amount 
of  the  dividend  is  decided  upon  each  year  by  the  Board  of  Directors.  The  student  may  with- 
draw his  membership  at  any  time  he  .sees  fit,  but  if  it  is  taken  out  before  August  31  of  any 
year  he  has  automatically  given  up  his  claim  to  dividends  due  him  ou  purchases  for  that 
year.  An  excei)tion  to  this  part  of  the  constitution  is  made  in  the  case  of  seniors;  their 
dividends  and  membership  refund  is  given  them  just  before  graduation  in  June. 

The  policies  of  the  store  are  determined  i)y  a  Boai'd  of  Directors,  consisting  of  two 
membeis  from  eacli  of  the  campus  engineering  societies.     A  sophomore  is  elected  from  each 


Xorrnihrr.  1<)2(!  TTIK  TECnXOGRAPn  21 


society  each  year  and  holds  office  during  his  junior  and  senior  years.  There  is  also  a  faculty 
advisory  board  consisting;  of  Dean  H.  H.  Jordan,  Professor  A.  R.  Knij;lit,  and  Profcssoi'  W. 
jr.  Wilson,  all  of  the  faculty  of  the  College  of  Engineering.  All  matters  liidiiiilit  up  licfoi-c 
the  Board  ai'e  referred  to  the  faculty  board  for  approval. 

The  Society  was  organized  in  the  spring  of  1921,  and  a  store  which  cari'ied  engineer- 
ing supplies  was  started.  From  the  very  first  day  the  store  was  successful,  in  spite  of  se- 
vere criticism  that  such  an  organization  had  no  place  on  the  cam[)us  and  could  not  live.  After 
a  year  of  business  the  selling  space  was  more  tiian  doubled,  books  and  supplies  for  the  entire 
Universitj'  were  added,  and  after  five  years  the  store  has  grown  beyond  the  fondest  hope  of 
those  who  started  with  merely  an  idea.  A  full-time  manager  and  ten  student  assistants  are 
now  required  to  serve  the  patrons,  and  the  store  has  grown  to  the  position  of  one  of  the 
important  University  supply  stores. 

We  have  written  the  above  editorial  because  we  believe  that  there  are  a  large  ntimbei' 
of  engineers,  especially  freshmen,  who  are  missing  an  op])oi-tunity  not  only  to  save  Ihein- 
selves  money,  but  to  su])]ioi't  an  engineering  i>roject. 


Schaejer  Prize 

Once  again  at  this  time  of  tlie  year  Mr.  John  \.  Schaefer,  m.  e.,  'Sf),  offers  ])ri/,es  for 
the  two  best  papers  wi-itten  by  students  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  Tlie  jiajiers  must  be  in 
Dean  Ketchum's  office  by  Wednesday,  January  •">.  1!I2T.  ••lud  are  subject  to  several  conditions 
governing  the  competition. 

Any  essay  submitted  must  describe  some  engineering  project  on  wliich  the  writer  has 
been  personally  engaged  and  shall  be  illustrated  by  photographs  and  drawings  made  by  tlie 
writer.  Its  length  is  to  be  from  1,500  to  2,.")0()  words  and  mtist  he  written  by  ilie  wiiter 
liimself  either  in  longhand  or  on  the  typewriter.  Each  essay  should,  of  conise,  siiow  the 
name  and  address  of  the  writer.  A  copy  of  the  rules  and  conditions  of  this  coiu]ietitiou  may 
be  obtained  by  anyone  at  Room  ;->()4,  Engineering  Hall. 

This  contest,  besides  in\ol\ing  jirizes  of  .f2.j  and  fl.'),  gives  excellent  training  for  en 
gineers.  Engineers  must  be  able  to  write.  The  ability  to  write  does  not  mean  the  use  of 
long  words  and  flowery  style,  but  it  does  mean  the  knack  of  using  ordinary  words  in  clear 
concise  statements  and  the  strict  observance  of  the  ordinary  i-iiles  of  rhetoric,  ^^'llen  an 
engineer  has  acipiired  tlie  ability  to  write,  he  is  well  started  on  the  way  to  success. 


Freshmen 

Men  of  'oO,  yon  have  no  doubt  begun  to  realize  by  now  that  University  life  is  not  a 
continuous  round  of  entertainment.  To  make  acceptable  grades,  you  must  work,  and  work 
hard.  You  liave  made  a  long  jump  since  you  left  high  school  and  have  met  many  new  ])ropo- 
silions.  Most  of  yoti  have  already  felt  j'our  need  for  organized  study.  AVhether  you  are  to 
make  Tau  Bete  or  Pro  Bate  will  be  decided  by  the  study  habits  you  accpiire  during  your 
fre.shman  year.  Study  is  not  a  question  of  reading  a  book  for  a  definite  number  of  mimites. 
It  is  a  matter  of  concentrated  attention  and  the  ability  to  pick  out  the  most  imi)ortant 
l)oiiits.     JMen  of  "W,  "hit  your  books,"  yon  will  ne\ei'  regret  it. 


TiiK  Ti:<'nN<K;uAriT 


Xorntilxr.  V.)ll> 


COLLEGE 

NOTES     ^, 


Civil  Enoineers  Attend 
Road  Meeting 


The  results  and  future  experiments 
of  the  research  in  roads  which  is  be- 
ing conducted  by  the  department  of 
civil  engineering  under  a  co-operative 
agreement  with  the  Austin  Manufac- 
turing Co.,  of  Harvey  were  discussed 
in  a  meeting  in  the  office  of  the  Coun- 
ty Superintendent  of  Highways  ot 
Vermillion  County,  W.  S.  Dillon,  ni 
the   Danville  courthouse. 

The  experiments  have  been  carried 
out  on  two  roads.  One.  the  gravel 
road,  is  conducted  on  the  Bismark 
Road,  northeast  of  Danville.  Work  on 
an  earth  road  is  done  on  the  north 
Market  Street  Road  which  goes  out  of 
Champaign.  No  changes  in  the  plans 
for  fall  and  winter  research  on  these 
roads  were  announced. 

Two  research  fellowships  are  being 
maintained  in  the  department  of  civil 
engineering  under  the  terms  of  the 
agreement.  They  are  filled  by  men 
who  are  working  towards  a  Master 
of  Arts  degree  and  can  obtain  it  in 
two  vears  by  working  half  time  on  the 
University  research  and  half  time  on 
school  work.  A.  H.  Finlay  and  C.  F. 
Smith  are  the  graduate  research  as- 
sistants who  have  been  conducting 
the  experiments. 

The  parties  interested  in  this  work 
are  the  Indiana  Sand  and  Gravel  As- 
sociation, which  furnished  twenty-two 
cars  of  gravel  for  the  research;  the 
National  Lime  Association;  the  Sol- 
vay  Process  Company;  Newell  Town- 
ship; Vermillion  County,  and  Cham- 
paign County. 

The  meeting  at  Danville  was  attend- 
ed by  R.  F.  Fisher,  County  Superin- 
tendent of  Highways  of  Champaign 
County,  Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum  of  the 
College  ot  Engineering,  Prof.  W.  C. 
Huntington,  head  of  the  department 
of  civil  engineering.  Prof.  C.  C.  Wiley 
ot  the  department  of  civil  engineering, 
and  A.  H.  Finlay  and  C.  F.  Smith,  the 
graduate  research  assistants. 


mechanics  attended  the  fifty-sixth  an- 
nual convention  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers,  at  Philadel- 
phia Pa.  He  spoke  before  the  con- 
vention on  "One  Hundred  and  Fifty 
Years  of  Structural  Analysis."  Prof. 
Westergaard  based  his^  talk  on  the 
progress  made  since  1776. 


Wiley  Receives  Contest 
Rules 

Rules   and  regulations  for   a  super- 
highway contest,  conducted  by  the  Du- 
Page  County  and  Metropolitan  Super- 
Highway  Association,   have  been  sent 
to  Prof.  C.  C.  Wiley  of  the  department 
of  highway  engineering.     The  contest 
is   open   to    engineering   students   and 
landscape   architects,    $1,000   being   of- 
fered  to   the  writer   of  the  best  plan 
for  a  200  foot  concrete  super-highway 
meeting  the  requirements  of  Chicago's 
metropolitan    area.      Safety,    practica- 
bilitv.  beauty  of  design  and  economic 
construction  are  some  of  the  elements 
to  which  attention  should  be  particu- 
larly  drawn.     The   contest   closes   De- 
cember 15. 

A  cash  prize  of  $1,000  will  be  paid 
to  the   designer   of   the   winning   plan. 
The  second  prize  will  be  $300  and  the 
third  prize  $200.     More  definite  infor- 
mation   concerning    the    rules    ot    the 
contest   may    be    obtained    from    Prof. 
Wiley  in  his  office,  200  Highway  En- 
gineering  Building,   or   by   writing   to 
the    Metropolitan    Super-Highway    As- 
sociation. Room   503.   Burnham  Build- 
ing, 160  North  LaSalle  Street,  Chicago. 
The  association  sponsoring  the  con- 
test is  a  non-profit  organization  which 
has  been  incorporated  for  the  purpose 
of  the   development,   construction  anJ 
financing  of  super-highways  in  Kane, 
nuPage.  and  Cook  Counties. 


Hot  Water  Heating 

The   research   in   hot   water   heating 
to  determine  the  effect  of  present  day 
radiator  enclosures  and  covers  on  the 
steam    condensing    capacity    of    direct 
radiators    has   been    progressing   with 
some   very   valuable   results.     The  re- 
search is  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
A.  C.  Willard,  head  ot  the  department 
ot   mechanical   engineering,   and   Prof. 
A.  P.  Kratz  of  the  same  department. 
The    body    of    the    research    work   has 
been  done  by  M.  K.  Fahnestock.  also 
of  that  department.     The  work  is  be- 
ing done  under  auspices  of  the  Illinois 
Master  Plumbers'  Association,  the  Na- 
tional   Boiler   and   Radiator   Manufac- 
turers'   Association,    and    the    Univer- 
sity. 

The   work   is  aimed   particularly   at 
finding      the      most      efficient      type 
type    of    outlet    ot    the    enclosure    and 
at    finding   the   best   height   of   top   ot 
the  enclosure  above  the  radiator.     The 
tests  were  run  with  open  and  screened 
outlets   and   with   the   top   of   the   en- 
closure    at     three     different     heights 
above  the  radiator.     The  testing  pro- 
cedure tor  each  enclosure  was  identi- 
cal and  the  variation  in  the  steam  con- 
densing capacity   of   the   radiator  was 
due    directly    to    the    type    of   the   en- 
closure  outlet  or   position  of  the  top. 
and  the  height  of  the  top.     In  every 
case  it  was  found  that  the  enclosure 
reduced  the  steam  condensing  capacity 
of  the  radiator.     The  radiation  losses 
varied   considerable   for   different   set- 
ups, the  exact  figures  of  which  are  not 
to  be  published  yet.  under  the  terms  of 
the  co-operative  agreement. 

More  than  two-thirds  of  the  tests 
have  been  completed  and  progress  re- 
ports have  been  forwarded  to  the  sec- 
retaries ot  the  co-operating  organiza- 
tions. 


Prof.  H.  M.  Westergaard  of  the  de- 
partment   of    theoretical    and    applied 


Prof.  C.  W.  Parmelee  ot  the  depart- 
ment of  ceramic  engineering  has  been 
in  Pittsburgh  in  the  interests  of  re- 
fractories research.  From  Pittsburgh 
he  went  to  East  Liverpool,  0.,  tor  a 
conference  with  A.  V.  Bleinenger,  con- 
cerning the  interests  of  porcelain  re- 
search. 


Hydraulic  Laboratory 

The  hydraulic  laboratory  is  conduct- 
ing tests  on  faucets,  about  thirty  dif- 
ferent types  ot  faucets  being  used. 
Every  kind  from  the  quick  compres- 
sion variety  to  the  old  fashioned  ball 
washer  stvle  figure  in  the  experiment. 


Xori'iiihrr.  1U2G 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  volume  of  water  during  set  in- 
tervals is  taken  for  the  faucet  at  dif- 
ferent openings.  The  water  pressure 
is  varied  from  one-fourth  pound  to 
one  hunderd  pounds,  these  limits  in- 
cluding practically  every  pressure  oc- 
curing  in  city  mains.  In  addition  to 
measuring  flow  at  different  openings 
of  the  faucet,  the  flow  through  leaky 
faucets  is  being  measured  and  the  ac- 
companying costs   determined. 

The  experiments  are  being  conduct- 
ed by  A.  E.  Ferret  '25.  The  faucets 
used  have  been  furnished  by  Muller 
Co..  Decatur,  and  the  Wolverine  Brass 
Co.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 


Often  a  co-operative  agreement  is 
arranged  with  a  large  firm  to  conduct 
researches  on  problems  relating  to 
their  equipment.  This  year  two  men 
are  in  a  co-operative  agreement  with 
the  Austin  Manufacturing  Company, 
two  men  are  doing  research  work 
under  the  direction  of  W.  M.  Wilson, 
research  professor  of  structural  engi- 
neering, and  three  have  positions  in 
the  engineering  experiment  station. 


some  of  the  problems  that  must  bo 
carefully  looked  into  when  designing 
a  machine  for  the  mass  production  o' 
a  special  part. 


Willard  Speaks  on  River 
Tunnel 

Prof.  A.  C.  Willard.  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  mechanical  Engineering, 
went  to  Chicago  October  11,  to  speak 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Western  Society 
of  Engineers.  Prof.  Willard  spoke  on 
the  ventilation  of  the  Holland  Vehi- 
cular Tunnel  under  the  Hudson  River 
at  New  York  City,  which  is  now  in 
the  process  of  construction. 

The  tunnel,  which  is  the  first  under- 
water vehicular  tunnel  of  any  size  to 
be  constructed  in  this  country,  pre- 
sents a  problem  in  ventilation,  as  the 
poisonous  gases  from  the  automobile 
exhausts  must  be  removed.  Research 
on  this  problem  has  been  conducted 
by  Yale  University  and  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois. 

Prof.  Willard  has  been  connected 
with  the  work  for  nearly  six  years  and 
has  prepared  detailed  reports  of  his 
investigation.  His  lecture  which  was 
given  in  Chicago  was  on  these  reports, 
and    was    illustrated   by   slides. 

The  Holland  Tunnel  so  named  in 
honor  of  the  chief  engineer,  who  died 
a  year  ago,  is  two  miles  long,  ,3(1  feet 
in  diameter,  and  will  be  completed 
within  a  year  at  the  cost  of  .$51), 000,- 
000.  Ventilation  is  accomplished  by 
means  of  four  huge  air  stations  placed 
at  intervals  in  the  tunnel.  It  has  been 
under  construction  for  five  years. 

The  Western  Society  of  Engineers, 
under  whose  auspices  the  meeting  is 
held,  represents  all  the  engineer. ng 
organizations  of  the  middle  west. 


Seven  research  graduate  assistant- 
ships  have  been  granted  in  the  depart- 
ment of  civil  engineering  for  the  com- 
ing year.  The*-  are  granted  to  men 
who  have  received  the  bachelor  of  arts 
degree  and  wish  to  secure  the  master 
of  arts  degree  which  is  done  by  work- 
ing  one-half   time   in   the   department. 


Prof.  Jomison  Vawter  of  the  College 
of  Engineering,  and  member  of  the 
Railway  Commission  of  the  American 
Railway  Engineering  Association  is 
connected  with  the  research  work  be- 
ing carried  on  by  the  Armco,  Culvert 
and  Flume  Association  at  Farina. 


A.  S.  M.  E. 

The  student  branch  of  the  A.  S. 
M.  E.,  in  conjunction  with  Pi  Tau 
Sigma,  honorary  mechanical  engineer- 
ing society,  held  a  joint  meeting  in  the 
M.  E.  Laboratory  Friday  night,  Sep- 
tember 24th.  Although  a  heavy  rain- 
fall continued  throughout  the  evening, 
it  did  not  prevent  a  large  turnout  of 
the  faculty  and  student  members  of 
the  department. 

President  Zenner  of  the  student 
branch  acted  as  chairman,  and  in  a 
short  introductory  speech  gave  the 
aims  of  the  student  branch  of  the  A. 
S.   M.   E. 

Professor  Willard.  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  mechanical  engineering, 
spoke  of  the  desirable  qualities  of  a 
good  engineer.  He  also  pointed  out 
the  good  that  could  be  gained  by  join- 
ing the  student  branch  and  by  taking 
an   active  part   in   its  affairs. 

Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum,  dean  of  the 
college  of  engineering,  in  his  speech 
stressed  the  value  of  scholarships,  and 
also  gave  a  very  interesting  account 
of  what  the  mechanical  engineering 
consisted  of  some  thirty  odd  years  ago. 
At  this  meeting,  K.  D.  Knoblock. 
president  of  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  stated  the 
aims  and  purposes  of  Pi  Tau  Sigma, 
and  then  made  the  award  of  a  slide 
rule  to  M.  H.  Mitchell,  a  sophomore, 
who  received  the  highest  scholastic 
average  for  the  past  year  in  the  me- 
chanical engineering  department. 

Prof.  H.  F.  Moore  of  the  department 
of  theoretical  and  applied  mechanics 
gave  a  very  interesting  talk  on  "Ma- 
chines and  Ideals"  before  a  meeting 
of  the  student  branch  of  the  A.  S.  M. 
K.  Wednesday  afternoon,  October  20. 
G.  H.  Zenner,  president  of  the  student 
branch,  also  spoke  of  his  work  with 
the  Western  Electric  Company  the 
past   summer.      Mr.    Zenner    explained 


Sy, 


/nton 

The  beginning  of  the  radio  society's 
second  year  finds  it  well  established 
among  those  interested  in  the  art  of 
radio  communication.  Professor  Tyko- 
ciner  and  Captain  Parsons  have  enter- 
ed the  society  as  honorary  members, 
and  have  given  talks  at  some  of  the 
open  meetings.  These  open  meetings 
are  held  several  times  during  the  year, 
subjects  of  general  interest  furnish- 
ing the  material  for  the  discussions. 
Anyone  interested  in  progress  in  the 
radio  art  is  invited  to  these  open 
meetings. 

The  society  has  entered  into  a  Big- 
Ten  News  Service  with  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  and  other  con- 
ference schools,  the  object  being  that 
of  relaying  news  items  and  personal 
messages  between  the  various  schools. 
A  club  station  is  being  built  by  the 
members,  who  are  furnishing  the  ap- 
paratus, doing  the  construction  work, 
and  who  will  operate  the  station  when 
it  is  completed.  The  transmitter  will 
use  one  fifty-watt  tube,  the  power  be- 
ing supplied  by  rectification  of  the 
output  of  a  high-voltage  transformer, 
and  the  receiver  will  be  of  the  stan- 
dard amateur  type,  sometimes  known 
as  "haywire."  Anyone  interested  in 
operating  this  station,  and  who  has  a 
government  license  which  qualifies 
him  to  operate,  may  get  on  the  opera- 
tor's list  by  seeing  one  of  the  club  of- 
ficers. 


V.  S.  Day.  who  is  in  charge  of  the 
warm  air  heating  and  ventilating  re- 
search conducted  by  the  T'niversity  in 
conjunction  with  the  National  Warm 
Air  Heating  and  Ventilating  Associa- 
tion, announces  that  alterations  on  the 
present  heating  plant  at  the  research 
house  at  1108  West  Stoughton  Street, 
Urbana,  are  completed.  The  heating 
system  is  being  changed  so  that  there 
will  be  three  cold  air  ducts  instead 
of  the  usual  one.  Tests  will  be  con- 
ducted to  determine  the  advantages  or 
disadvantages  of  this  type  with  refer- 
ence to  fuel  economy  ami  humidity. 
All  cold  air  returns  will  he  from  tlir 
interior,  as  the  system  is  a  re<'irculat- 
ing  type. 

It  is  also  announced  that  .1.  S.  Que- 
reau.  University  of  Texas.  '2fi,  who  was 
recently  appointed  as  half  time  assist- 
ant in  the  department  of  mechanical 
engineering,  has  been  assigned  to  this 
warm  air  heatiitg  research. 


rm:  tiociinockai'ii 


Xun  iiihii:  I!12(! 


Contemporary  Engineering  News 


A    Study    of    Thin 
Brick   Pavements 

There  has  been  growing  steadily 
among  engineers  a  belief  that  brick 
less  than  four  inches  in  thickness  may 
be  used  to  advantage  in  oontrucuting 
l)rick  pavements,  The  apparently  suc- 
cessful use  of  such  brick  in  different 
sections  of  the  country  has  given  sup- 
port to  this  contention.  Such  a  re- 
duction in  size  would  result  in  con- 
siderable saving  of  material  and  the 
question  arises  as  to  the  least  thick- 
ness which  is  practical  from  the  view- 
point of  service,  manufacture,  and 
cost. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  the 
question  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads 
has  undertaken  to  conduct  such  an  in- 
vestigation in  the  course  of  which  it 
made  a  field  study  of  the  service  be- 
havior of  brick  pavement  in  which 
brick  less  than  four  inches  thick  have 
been  used,  and  concurrently  an  ac- 
celerated traffic  test,  at  Arlington,  Vir- 
ginia, on  sections  of  pavement  built 
of  brick  of  different  thicknesses  and 
a  series  of  laboratory  tests  on  the 
brick  used  to  determine  their  quality. 
Brick  manufacturers  were  also  ques- 
tioned to  determine  the  attitude  of  the 
industry  toward  the  use  of  the  thinner 
brick  and  to  ascertain  if  their  manu- 
facture presents  any  particular  diffi- 
culties. 

The  accelerated  traffic  tests  carried 
(in  at  Arlington,  Virginia,  were  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  data  on  the 
relative  resistance  to  heavy  traffic, 
and  all  other  variable  factors  were 
eliminated  as  far  as  possible.  A  fea- 
ture of  the  test  was  the  use  of  both 
sand  and  cement  sand  bedding. 

For  the  brick  test  a  circular  con- 
crete base,  540  feet  in  circumference 
and  13  feet  wide  was  divided  into  ten 
sections.  Five  sections  containing 
brick  4,  3%,  3,  2V^,  and  2  inches  thick 
respectively  were  bedded  in  the  sand 
and  the  other  five  used  a  cement-sand 
bed  of  the  proportion  1:4.  Each  sec- 
tion was  about  45  feet  long  and  the 
difference  in  depth  of  each  section 
due  to  the  thickness  of  the  brick  was 
graded  off  in  ten  foot  sections. 

After  the  brick  were  laid,  the  pave- 
ment was  rolled  with  a  3  ton  tandem 
roller  and  bricks  which  appeared  damp 
were  dried  with  a  portable  kerosene 
lamp.  The  joints  were  filled  with  a 
squegee  coat  of  asphalt  which  was 
then  covered  with  a  light  coat  of  sand 


and  rolled  uiue  again.  The  variuu.s 
sections  were  marked  with  white  ra- 
dial lines  and  longitudinal  lines 
drawn  so  that  the  truck  wheels  might 
be  confined  to  a  path  30  inches  wide. 

Thegeneral  plan  was  to  apply  3  ton, 
.5  ton,  and  TVi  ton  motor  truck  loads 
a  definite  number  of  times  on  each 
test  section  and  to  observe  the  results. 
The  first  phase  consisted  of  the  ap- 
plication of  these  loads  with  trucks 
equipped  with  solid  rubber  tires  in 
good  condition.  In  the  second  phase 
the  rear  wheels  were  equipped  with 
heavy  non-skid  chains.  In  each  phase 
the  truck  made  40,000  trips,  10,000 
with  each  of  the  3  and  5  ton  and  20,- 
000  with  the  7%  ton  load. 

The  track  had  been  superelevated 
to  accommodate  a  speed  of  9  miles 
per  hour.  With  the  solid  rubber  tires, 
the  speed  was  increased  to  12  miles 
per  hour  which  increased  the  pressure 
transmitted  by  the  outside  wheel. 

From  the  results  of  the  accelerated 
traffic  tests  the  following  conclusions 
were  drawn: 

(1)  That  21/2  inch  brick  of  the 
quality  used  in  the  Arlington  test, 
when  properly  supported,  will  prove 
satisfactory  for  pavements  carrying 
the  heavier  types  of  traffic. 

(2)  That  brick  of  2  inch  thick- 
ness, when  properly  supported  and  of 
the  quality  used  in  tlie  tests,  will  be 
adequate  for  lighter  traffic  pavements 

(3)  That  a  bedding  of  plain  sand 
is  more  effective  than  a  cement-sand 
bedding  course,  the  breakage  being  re- 
duced  over   one-half. 

(4)  That  cobbling  of  the  brick  is 
greatly  increased  as  the  spacing  be- 
tween  the  brick   is  increased. 

(5)  That  the  breakage  of  the  2>/2 
inch  brick  is  less  than  the  breakage 
of  the   other   bricks. 

(6)  That  the  greatest  amount  of 
breakage  occured  during  the  applica- 
tion of  the  TVs  ton  load  with  plain 
solid   tires. 

The  physical  tests  indicate  that  the 
brick  used  were  of  about  the  aver- 
age quality,  although  some  difference 
appeared  to  exist  in  the  quality  of  the 
different  bricks.  Rated  according  to 
their  moduli  of  rupture  and  crushing 
strength,  the  test  results  indicated 
the  order  in  quality  of  the  different 
sizes  to  be  as  follows:  2V2inch  (best) 
3V4  inch;  4  inch;  3  inch;  2  inch 
(poorest). 

The    manufacture    of    the    brick    as 


thin  us  2'/2  inches  is  accomplished 
without  particular  difficulty.  Some 
from  warping  was  said  to  have  occured 
when  brick  of  this  thickness  was  first 
manufactured.  Later  changes  have 
remedied  this  situation  and  the  manu- 
facturers were  found  to  be  favorable 
to  the  production  of  the  2%  inch  type. 
A  steady  growth  in  the  use  of  brick 
less  than  3  inches  in  thickness  was 
shown  by  the  field  survey.  Numerous 
communities  were  found  which  have 
adopted  the  thinner  brick  for  use  on 
some  or  all  of  their  streets.  Although 
the  earlier  work  may  be  classed  as  ex- 
perimental, as  indicated  by  the  small 
quantities  put  down  and  by  the  type 
of  street  selected  for  paving,  subse- 
quent paving  with  thin  brick  in  larg- 
er quantities  and  on  streets  carrying 
heavier  traffic  may  well  be  taken  as 
an  expression  of  the  satisfaction  of  the 
community  with  pavements  of  this 
type. 


Why    There    Are    So    Few    Lady 
Engineers. 

The  University  of  Texas  reports  that 
for  the  first  time  in  20  years  a  wom- 
an has  been  granted  permission  to 
enroll  in  the  civil  engineering  depart- 
ment. There  are  two  reasons  for  this. 
First,  the  clothing  worn  by  the  wom- 
en, and  second,  the  bashfulness  of  the 
instructors.  As  an  explanation  of  this 
the  following  story  is  told.  In  1903 
two  girls  were  enrolled  in  the  depart- 
ment. They  took  a  hiking  trip  with 
the  instruments,  but  somehow  the  in- 
struments would  not  work  correctly 
when  the  girls  were  near  them.  The 
instructor  said  he  had  often  heard  of 
girls  having  magnetism,  but  surely 
not  enough  to  affect  the  compass 
needle.  Further  investigation  caused 
the  instructor  blushingly,  to  Inform 
the  girls  that  their  corset  stays  were 
causing  the  trouble. 

The  girls  in  1926  don't  have  any  ef- 
fect on  the  compass  needle. 

— The  Cornell  Ciril  Eiitjincer. 


A    Huge   Suspension    Bridge. 

According  to  statements  niadi^  witli- 
in  the  past  lew  days  by  Mr.  S.  N.  Rice, 
a  member  ol  the  New  York  Port  Au- 
thority, two  large  suspension  bridges 
are  to  be  erected  by  the  Authority  at 
a  total  cost  of  70,000,000  dollars  for 
the  purpose  of  cross-river  traffic  at 
New  York.  One  of  the  bridges,  to  cost 
18,000,000    dollars,    will    connect    New 


November,  19^(i 


THE  TECHXOGKAI'H 


Jersey  and  Staten  Island  and  will  be 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  long.  The  sec- 
ond will  cross  the  Hudson  River  at  a 
point  where  it  is  three  miles  wide.  It 
will  cost  about  50,000,000  dollars  and 
will  be  300  feet  high  in  order  to  permit 
large  steamers  to  pass  beneath  it.  The 
smaller  bridge  will,  Mr.  Rice  states,  be 
begun  immediately  and  will  be  finisn- 
ed  in  about  three  years.  The  large 
bridge  will  apparently  not  be  com- 
menced for  some  time,  but  once  begun, 
it  will  be  completed  in  from  four  to 
five  years.  It  will  be  the  longest  sus- 
pension bridge  in  the  world.  How 
many  spans  it  will  have,  has  not  been 
stated.  The  celebrated  Brooklyn 
suspension  bridge  has  a  central 
suspended  span  of  1595  feet,  and  the 
two  end  suspended  spans  of  930  feet 
each.  The  Williamsburg  bridge,  also 
across  the  East  River  at  New  York  has 
a  span  of  1600  feet  and  a  total  length 
of  7,200  feet.  Both  of  these  existing 
bridges  have  a  head  clearance  of  135 
feet  for  the  passage  of  ships.  The  300 
feet  mentioned  by  Mr.  Rice  in  con- 
nection with  the  new  bridge  is  pre- 
sumably the  maximum  height  of  the 
bridge  structure  above  the  water. 
That  this  project  is  enormous  can  bg 
seen  alone  from  the  dimensions,  and 
will  reperesent,  when  finished,  one  of 
America's  wonders. 

— The  Engineer. 


American  Air  Lines. 

At  present  there  is  only  one  express 
line  in  the  United  States  which  is 
operated  on  a  definite  schedule.  This 
line  is  operated  by  Henry  Ford  be- 
tween Dearborn,  Michigan  and  Chi- 
cago, Illinois,  and  carries  freight  on  a 
schedule  of  one  trip  per  day.  Sever- 
al lines  in  the  East  have  been  started 
hut  they  were  not  operated  by  a  com- 
pany which  was  able  to  get  under  way. 
There  are  no  passenger  air  lines  oper- 
ated on  definite  schedules  between 
any  of  the  American  cities,  but  there 
are  several  companies  that  advertise 
their  readiness  to  make  trips  at  any 
time  people  wish  to  travel  by  air.  and 
give  fixed  rates.  The  greater  part  of 
passenger  carrying  has  been  short 
trips  for  pleasure  seekers.  At  first 
the  gypsy  flier  (men  who  go  from 
town  to  town  and  carry  passengers  I 
did  most  of  this  kind  of  work.  The 
day  for  the  gypsy  flier  has  almost 
gone.  Now  all  commercial  companies 
operate  a  flying  service  in  connection 
with  their  sales  department  and  sup- 
ply organizations. 

An  example  of  this  type  of  company 
is  the  Johnson  Airplane  and  Supply 
Company   of   Dayton,   Ohio.     This   or- 


ganization was  formed  in  1920.  They 
manufacture  parts  and  carry  the  most 
complete  line  of  supplies  of  any  com- 
pany in  the  United  States.  The  com- 
pany maintains  two  expert  pilots  and 
eight  ships.  They  carry  passengers  to 
any  part  of  the  United  States  for  50 
cents  per  mile  or  30  cents  per  mile 
round  trip. 

— Virginia  Tech.  Engineer. 


Engineers   To   Solve   Traffic   Problems 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  As- 
sembly of  the  American  Engineering 
Council  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Street  and  Highway  Safety,  headed  by 
\V.  B.  Powell  of  Buffalo,  New  York, 
was  adopted. 

"There  is  too  much  guesswork  just 
now,"  it  was  asserted,  "about  the 
cause  of  accidents;  too  much  opinion 
indulged  in  and  not  enough  facts.  The 
responsible  officers  in  different  cities 
should  be  shown  the  necessity  for 
keeping  accurate  records  of  where  ac- 
cidents occur  and  the  causes." 

"It  will  be  found  by  keeping  of  such 
records  that  certain  districts  are  no- 
torious for  their  accidents,  perhaps 
due  to  lighting  conditions,  or  other 
factors,  and  the  study  of  such  will  re- 
veal reasons  for  the  accidents  and 
bring  about  alterations,  thereby  re- 
ducing them. 

"Sometimes  it  will  be  found  that 
accidents  do  not  occur  in  congested 
districts  at  all.  but  occur  at  outside 
points;  perhaps  a  tree  is  in  the  way 
of  clear  vision;  perhaps  many  causes 
may  lead  to  the  final  result:  but  the 
important  item  is  that  the  study  of 
accidents  with  their  proper  recording 
will  lead  to  their  complete  elimination. 

"Considerable  attention  has  been 
paid  to  passenger  boulevards.  Just  as 
much  attention  should  be  paid  to  the 
freight  boulevards.  There  are  certain 
streets  in  cities  that  are  given  largely 
to  freight  traffic;  such  streets  are,  as 
a  rule,  close  to  markets  and  to  freight 
yards. 

"Special  boulevards  should  be  de- 
signed through  these  districts  and  in 
these  districts  in  order  to  facilitate 
the  handling  of  large  volumes  of 
freight  by  motor  truck.  This  particu- 
lar phase  of  transportation  has  in- 
creased, and  the  cities  should  do  what 
they  can  to  expedite  truck  movement. 

"The  so-called  'safety  zone'  is,  as  a 
rule,  comparatively  inadequate.  Pas- 
sengers entering  or  leaving  street  cars 
are  often  protected  merely  by  white 
painted  lines  on  the  surface,  with  per- 
haps the  cheapest  form  of  marking  at 
the  end.  There  is  absolutely  no  safety 
provided  for  the  pedestrian  who  may 


be  in  danger  from  automobile  drivers 
who  do  not  see  the  safety  zone,  and 
there  are  many  such  drivers. 

"In  every  community  in  the  United 
States  the  problem  of  traffic  regula- 
tion is  acute  in  some  form.  The  prob- 
lem continues  with  increasing  speed 
and  seriousness.  The  engineering  pro- 
fession will  undertake  to  meet  its  re- 
sponsibility in  this  situation." 

— A.  E.  C.  Bulletin. 


Do  Tell. 

Of  the  students  who  graduate  from 
engineering  colleges  here  in  this  coun- 
try, only  one  man  in  five  follows  work 
in  his  chosen  study.  A  student  need  not 
worry  about  his  first  job  since  there 
are  tremendous  opportunities  offered 
in  almost  any  profession.  Yesterday, 
Chemical  Engineering,  with  its  syn- 
thetic processes  seemed  to  be  the  field 
of  greatest  opportunities,  while  today 
aviation  leads.  We  now  stand  on  the 
threshold  of  Aeronautical  Engineering. 

Before,  or  upon  going  into  the  engi- 
neering profession,  the  young  man 
should  join  one  of  the  engineering 
societies.  To  serve  on  a  committee  of 
one  of  these  societies  elevates  one  in 
his  profession  and  places  upon  him  a 
badge  of  confidence  for  further  serv- 
ice. 

An  eastern  university  has  kept  rec- 
ords of  alumni  of  its  engineering  col- 
lege and  presents  the  following  for- 
mula for  an  engineers  salary: 

i  =  l,500+300y. 
Where    "y"    is    the    number    of    years 
after  graduation. 

— Ohio  State  Engineer. 


New   Micrometer  Feeding   Device. 

A  great  amount  of  time  is  lost  when 
setting  a  cutting  tool  for  finished  cuts, 
since  it  is  impossible  to  judge  .002  in. 
or  .003  in.  with  the  eye.  and  since  it 
is  too  tedious  to  figure  the  amount  on 
a  cross-feed  dial.  To  eliminate  this 
trouble,  a  micrometer  feeding  device 
has  been  designed. 

This  attachment  may  be  operated  by 
hand  or  electricity  so  that  one  can 
predetermine  the  amount  the  tool  will 
advance  into  the  work  for  each  stroke 
of  the  plunger.  It  is  comprised  of  a 
solonoid  winding,  in  which  a  core  is 
movable  through  a  regulated  distance, 
the  core  being  provided  with  a  dog. 
engageable  with  ratchet  teeth  cut  in 
the  cross-feed  wheel.  Thus  the  wheel 
may  advance  a  predetermined  distance 
by  passing  a  current  through  the 
winding.  A  spring  is  provided  to  re- 
turn the  plunger  when  the  current  is 
stopped  so  that  the  wheel  may  be  ad- 
(Continued  on  Page  32) 


'nil-:  'riiciiNdoKAi'ii 


■iiihrr.  I'.IHi 


(ir 


DEPARTMENTAl. 

NOTES 


^[^ 


Architectural 

A  new  feature  in  the  (iepaitiiicnt 
is  the  designing  of  the  Honieooming 
tiocorations.  The  organized  houses  on 
the  campus  have  received  help  from 
the  architects,  architectural  engineers, 
and  the  landscape  architects.  The  re- 
sults show  that  more  organization 
and  design  were  in  the  decorations  this 
year  than  ever  before.  Four  silver 
loving  cups  were  awarded  to  the 
men  of  the  department  whose  houses 
won  in  the  Judgement  of  decoration. 
Two  cups  went  to  the  designers  of  the 
decorations  for  the  men's  organiza- 
tions, and  two  to  those  for  the  wo- 
men's organizations. 

New  Instkictoks 

The  department  of  architecture  has 
been  fortunate  in  securing  the  service 
of  Daniel  D.  McGervey  who  has  been 
appointed  an  associate  in  architecture. 
He  graduated  from  Carnegie  Institute 
of  Technology  in  June  1923  with  a  B. 
A.  degree.  Since  his  graduation,  he 
has  been  employed  as  a  draftsman  by 
L.  H.  Button,  an  architect  in  Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania;  by  Kiehnel  and 
P^lliott,  architects  in  Miami,  Florida, 
and  since  May  1926,  he  has  been  with 
H.  Hornbostel,  of  Pittsburgh. 

Ralph  H.  Kloppenburg,  arch.,  '26, 
has  been  appointed  assistant  in  archi- 
tecture. Since  graduation  he  has  been 
employed  in  the  office  of  the  Super- 
vising Architect.  During  his  summer 
vacation  period,  he  was  employed  by 
Temple  and  Burrows  and  by  the  firm 
of  Clawson  Kruse  and  Klein  of  Daven- 
port, Iowa.  He  has  charge  of  all  of 
the  junior  sections  in  architectural 
engineering. 

An  assistant  in  architecture  who  has 

shown  initiative  has  been  rewarded  "oy 

an    appointment.      Philmore   Jacobson 

is  now  an  instructor  in  architecture. 

AitciHTEcrru.M.  Society 

The  Architectural  Society  had  some 
very  interesting  talks  at  their  smoker 
September  30th.  Professor  Ncwcomb 
welcomed  the  freshmen  and  told  them 
how  the  department  of  architecture 
was  all  one  big  family.  Professor  Pro- 
vine  showed  how  a  man's  college  edu- 


cation was  like  a  reservoir  which  for 
four  years  stores  up  energy  and  which 
at  the  end  of  that  time  overflows  and 
gives  out  new  ideas  which  advance 
the  world's  work. 

Oilman  peresented  Fitchner  with  the 
Scarab  medal  for  his  design  of  a  vil- 
lage library.  The  Architectural  So- 
ciety is  planning  to  have  six  speakers 
this  semester.  These  men  are  nation- 
ally known  and  have  had  a  wide  ex- 
perience. Three  of  them  are  archi- 
tects, two  are  architectural  engineers, 
and  one  is  a  landscape  architect. 


Mechanical 

New  IxsTiiucToit.s 

The  following  four  men  have  been 
added  to  the  department  this  semes- 
ter: 

Carl  E.  Schubert  has  assumed  the 
duties  of  assistant  superintendent  of 
the  foundry  laboratory.  Mr.  Schubert 
graduated  from  the  University  of 
Notre  Dame  in  1921,  and  before  com- 
ing to  the  University,  he  was  assistant 
chief  chemist  of  Pullman  Car  Corpo- 
ration,  at   Michigan   City,   Indiana. 

L.  W.  Thayer  has  been  appointed 
associate  in  foundry  practice.  Mr. 
Thayer  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1922,  and  before  as- 
suming his  duties  here  he  was  gener- 
al foreman  of  the  brass  foundry  of 
the  Cadillac  Motor  Car  Co.,  at  De- 
troit. 

Earnest  Lancashire  from  Pinebluff, 
Arkansas,  has  been  employed  as  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  heat 
treating  laboratory. 

Chester    Edward    Derrough    was   ad- 
ded   to   the   M.    E.    Department   as   as- 
sistant in  the  machine  laboratory. 
New    Efii'ii'ME.NT 

-■^  vertical  shell  and  tube  ammonia 
condenser,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
determine  the  rate  of  the  transfer  of 
heat  from  liquid  ammonia  to  water, 
has  been  erected  in  the  mechanical 
engineering  laboratory  under  the  su- 
pervision of  Professor  H,  J.  Macintire. 
associate  in  refrigeration.  Professor 
A.  P.  Kratz,  and  R.  E.  Gould,  both  of 
the  department  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering. 


This  is  the  third  type  of  condenser 
to  be  investigated  under  the  projet  t 
of  refrigeration  research  work  now  be- 
ing conducted   at   the  University. 

During  the  past  year  the  forge  lab- 
oratory has  been  very  fortunate  in  the 
way  of  getting  new  equipment.  A 
model  "D"  recording  sclerescope  and 
a  Rockwell  "hardness"  tester  equipcd 
with  a  diamond  core  test  point,  liavo 
been  purchased  and  are  to  be  used 
in  measurin;<  the  hardness  of  metal' 
A  Luna  Electric  Etching  and  Di> 
magnetizing  instrument  using  110 
volts,  A.  C,  60  cycle,  has  also  l)ccn 
added  to  the  equipment  of  this  depart- 
ment. 

Several  new  appliances  have  been 
installed  during  the  past  year  in  the 
foundry.  Chiefly  among  these  is  a 
Jolt  modern  welding  machine,  which 
is  used  in  the  making  of  molds. 

The  amount  of  equipment  in  the 
machine  shop  has  also  been  increased. 
A  solid  body  beared  scroll,  a  higli 
speed  universal  shaping  saw,  6  inch 
diameter  with  A.  C.  motor,  a  tool 
grinder,  and  a  number  of  other  small 
mechanic's  tools  have  been  bought  for 
this  department  to  be  used  for  in- 
structional  purposes. 


Chemical 

Due  to  resignations  and  retirements 
several  changes  have  been  made  in 
the  staff  of  the  Chemistry  School. 
Prof.  W.  A.  Noyes,  director  of  the 
Chemistry  School,  was  retired,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Prof.  Roger  Adams,  head 
of  the  organic  division.  Prof.  Noyes 
will  continue  his  researches  although 
relieved  of  all  executive  duties.  Prof. 
S.  W.  Parr  was  also  retired  and  is 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Keyes  of  the  United 
States  Industrial  Alcohol  Co.  Prof. 
Parr  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  in- 
dustrial division  for  many  years,  and 
has  made  many  valuable  contributions 
to  coal  chemistry  during  that  time. 
Prof.  Beal  resigned  his  position  as 
head  of  the  analytical  division  to  be- 
come an  assistant  director  of  the  Mel- 
lon Institute  of  Pittsburgh.  Dr.  S.  A. 
Braley  was  appointed  temporary  head 
of  the  analytical  division. 


X'irriiihrr,  1<)2G 


Till']  TECIIXOCJKAI'IT 


At  the  first  meeting  of  the  year  of 
the  local  division  of  the  American 
Chemical  Society.  Prof.  Keyes,  head  of 
the  industrial  division,  gave  a  very 
instructive  address  on  "Chemical  Pat- 
ents." It  is  imperative  that  everv 
chemist  know  at  least  the  fundament- 
als of  patent  law  in  order  to  protect 
his  interests.  Dr.  Keyes  outlined  the 
procedure  for  obtaining  a  patent  which 
would  really  be  a  protection  and  a 
good  instead  of  compound  of  vague 
ideas  that  were  impractical.  He  also 
discussed  the  various  motives  in  ob- 
taining patents  and  patent  trusts. 
Many  universities  obtain  patents  on 
the  researches  of  their  professors  in 
order  to  protect  the  public  from  fake 
products  and  imitations.  As  an  ex- 
ample the  University  of  Toronto  hold 
several  patents  on  the  new  cure  for 
diabetes,  insulin,  in  order  to  protect 
the  consumer  from  harmful  fakes. 


General 

Yes  boys  it's  true!  The  rumor  that 
has  been  current  around  the  engineer- 
ing school  of  the  general  engineering 
society  securing  national  affiliations  is 
about  to  come  true.  During  the  past 
year,  the  G.  E.  Society  has  been  noth- 
ing more  than  a  name,  due  both  to  the 
inefficiency  of  its  officers  and  the  in- 
difference and  lack  of  co-operation  on 
the  part  of  the  general  engineers  as  a 
whole. 

C.  M.  Kreider  '27,  president  of  the 
society,  has  been  in  a  number  of  con"- 
ferences  lately  with  Mr.  George  C. 
Dent  of  the  Society  of  Industrial  En- 
gineers, and  reports  that  things  look 
very  favorable.  He  says  that  within 
the  next  month  we  will  see  the  old 
G.  E.  Society  buried  and  in  its  stead 
a  student  branch  of  the  S.  I.  E.  Dent 
is  particularly  anxious  to  establish  a 
branch  at  Illinois  because  of  the  fact 
that  the  G.  E.  curricula  is  exactly 
what  they  set  as  a  standard  for  their 
industrial  engineers  education.  The 
society  is  fifteen  years  old.  has  the 
largest  financial  resources  of  any  such 
organization,  and  claims  as  its  mem- 
bers executives  in  over  one  hundred 
different  manufacturing  lines.  Her- 
bert Hoover,  a  nationally  known  fig- 
ure, and  Ray  M.  Hudson  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  have  both  urged 
Secretary  Dent  in  the  past  year  to  ex- 
pand and  establish  student  chapters 
at  the  various  universities.  Illinois 
seems  to  be  the  logical  place  to  start 
this,  so  let's  everybody  back  the  mea- 
sure as  heartily  as  possible.  Watch 
the  mini  and  the  Technograph  bulle- 
tin board  for  further  developments. 


Ceramics 

After  a  good  vacation  everyone 
started  the  year  off  with  a  bang.  Prof. 
Parmelee  and  the  other  members  of 
the  staff  were  all  ready  to  help  keep  us 
busy  for  another  year. 

During  our  absence  L.  D.  (Duke'l 
Fetterolf  '26,  was  added  to  the  Porce- 
lain Research  staff  to  fill  the  vacancy 
left  by  E.  Phil  Wright  '24,  who  is  now 
with  the  Homer  Laughlin  China  Co., 
at  East  Liverpool,  Ohio.  T.  W.  Tol- 
walker  '26  was  also  added  to  the  re- 
search staff.  He  is  working  on  a 
drying  problem  under  Prof.  Hursh. 
S.  B.  A,  C.  S. 

The  Student  Branch  of  American 
Ceramic  Society  held  a  smoker  Octo- 
ber 7  in  the  Union  Building.  Presi- 
dent Thompson  presided  at  the  meet- 
ing. An  entertainment  committee  was 
appointed  to  lay  plans  for  this  yea?, 
'nie  committee  consists  of  W.  N. 
Noble.  C.  W.  Planje,  and  E.  T.  Wheeler. 

Prof.  Parmelee  gave  a  very  inter- 
esting talk  on  the  "Student  Branch 
and  Its  Functions." 

A.MERK'AN    CeK.\MIC    SOCIETY 

Plans  are  being  made  for  a  meeting 
of  the  Chicago,  Ohio  and  St.  Louis  di- 
visions of  the  American  Ceramic  So- 
ciety which  will  be  held  in  our  depart- 
ment on  November  19th  and  20th.  This 
is  indeed  an  honor  to  entertain  these 
groups  and  will  require  the  co-opera- 
tion of  every  man  connected  with  the 
department  in  order  to  make  this  a 
success. 

During  the  past  few  months  some 
very  interesting  technical  papers  writ- 
ten by  members  of  our  department 
have  been  published  in  the  Journal  of 
American  Ceramic  Society.  They  are: 
"An  Investigation  of  Checker  Brick 
for  Carburettors,"  by  Prof.  Parmelee 
and  Dr.  Westman:  "The  Murcury  Bal- 
ance," an  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
bulk  volume  of  brick,  by  Dr.  West 
man;  "A  Comparison  of  Uniformity  of 
Strength  and  Texture  of  Fire  Brick 
Made  by  Different  Processes,"  by  Dr. 
Westman  and  Mr.  Pteifter. 
Notes 

Prof.  Parmelee  attended  a  meeting 
concerning  Refractories  Research  at 
Philadelphia  between  October  20lh  and 
23rd.  He  also  interviewed  Dr.  A.  V. 
Bleininger  of  the  Homer  Laughlin 
China  Co..  at  East  Liverpool,  Ohio, 
concerning  Porcelain  Research. 

Prof.  Hursh  attended  a  ceramics 
niciliiig  on   October  23rd,  in  Ohio. 

11.  (;.  Wolfram  '23,  has  accepted  a 
position  as  director  of  research  at  the 
Porcelain  Enamel  and  Manufacturing 
Co,,    Baltimore,    Maryland.      He    was 


formerly  employed  by  the  Bureau  of 
Standards    at    Washington.    D.    C. 

J.  W.  Wright  '17,  has  taken  a  po- 
sition in  the  sale  of  special  clays  at 
the  La  Clede  Christy  Clay  Products 
Co.,  at  1674  Railway  Exchange  Builtf- 
ing,  St.   Louis,   Missouri. 

R.  R.  Danielson  has  accepted  a  po- 
sition with  the  Metal  and  Thermit 
Corporation,    New   York   City. 

O.  L.  Hammond  ex  '27,  is  now  em- 
ployed in  the  Sanitary  Ware  Depart- 
ment of  the  Mueller  Company,  De- 
catur.  Illinois. 


Civil 

P.\CULTY 

The  Civil  Engineering  Department 
is  indeed  fortunate  in  having  Prof.  W. 
C.  Huntington,  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Colorado,  at  it's  head,  suc- 
ceeding Prof.  C.  C.  Williams. 
Research 

The  results  and  future  experiments 
of  the  research  in  roads,  which  is  be- 
ing conducted  by  the  Civil  Engineer- 
ing Department  under  a  co-operative 
agreement  with  the  Austin  Manufac- 
turing Co.,  of  Harvey,  will  be  discus- 
sed within  a  few  days  at  a  meeting  of 
the  interested  parties.  Two  research 
fellowships,  filled  by  men  working  to- 
ward a  Master  of  Arts  degree,  are  be- 
ing maintained  under  the  agreement. 

Prof.  C.  C.  Wiley  and  A.  H.  Finlay 
of  this  department  recently  inspecteu 
the  gravelled  stretch  of  the  Bismark 
Road  near  Danville  which  is  under- 
going experiments.  Another  stretch 
of  road  under  observation  is  on  the 
North  Market  Street  Road  north  of 
Champaign.  Rain  has  been  hindering 
the  progress  of  the  experiments  to 
some  extent,  but  with  the  more  recent 
clear  weather,  the  work  has  advanced 
considerably. 

New    E(;iii'me.n  t 

A  new  type  of  spirit  level  may  now 
be  seen  out  at  the  Surveying  Building. 
Imported  from  Switzerland,  this  nev 
little  instrument  may  threaten  the 
popularity  of  many  American  makes 
through  it's  advantages  over  the  lat- 
ter. The  total  length  of  the  telescope 
is  slightly  over  10  inches.  This  de- 
crease in  size  alone  is  an  advantage 
not  to  be  overlooked.  The  greatest 
improvement  of  the  level  is  the  com- 
plete enclosing  of  the  telescope  tube. 
.All  focusing  takes  place  on  the  inside 
and  neither  the  eyepiece  or  the  ob- 
jective need  be  adjusted.  This  con- 
struction makes  for  a  more  durable 
instrument,  since  it  is  more  solid,  and 
no  (lust  or  dirt  can  enter.  An  addi- 
tional feature  of  the  level  is  the  mi- 


2S 


TIIIO  TlOCHNOGRAl'n 


November,  1921) 


crometer  screw  which  pciniils  small 
horizontal  movements.  Prof.  Uaynor 
will  give  this  level  a  rigid  tryout  as 
soon  as  time  permits,  to  compare  it 
with  the  Wye  and  dumpy  types  now 
generally  in  use. 

A.  S.  C.  E. 
The  first  open  meeting  this  semes- 
ter of  the  student  chapter  of  the  A.  S. 
C.  E.,  was  held  October  14th.  in  Room 
221  Kngineering  Hall.  Edgar  S.  Neth- 
ercutt.  Secretary  of  the  Western  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers,  gave  a  talk 
on  "The  Value  of  Engineering  Socie- 
ties." The  meetings  will  be  held  the 
second  and  fourth  Thursdays  of  eacH 
month  at  4  p.  m.,  in  221  Engineering 
Hall.  These  meetings  are  open  to  all", 
and  anyone  interested  in  hearing  a 
good  talk  on  a  good  engineering  sub- 
ject  is  cordially  invited  to  attend. 


Railway 

NkW     E((I   ll'.ME.NP 

What  is  considered  to  be  the  most 
complete  electrical  equipment  in  the 
United  States  for  instructional  work 
in  Railway  Electrical  Engineering  is 
contained  in  the  Electrical  Laboratory 
according  to  Prof.  J.  K.  Tuthill.  of 
the  department  of  railway  electrical 
engineering. 

A  2,300  volt  alternating  current 
underground  cable  runs  from  the 
switchboard  in  the  Power  Plant  to  a 
bank  of  outdoor  transformers  located 
north  of  the  laboratory  building.  The 
transformers  reduce  the  2,300  volt  cur- 
rent to  230  volts  for  operating  a  40 
kilowatt  motor  generator  set  which 
supplies  600  volts  direct  current.  This 
is  the  kind  of  current  that  is  used  for 
the  great  majority  of  street  railway 
systems  in  the  country. 

A  switchboard  is  provided  by  means 
of  which  the  600  volt  current  is  con- 
nected to  a  railway  motor  test  set. 
This  set  consists  of  an  automatic 
motor  controller,  that  keeps  the  cur- 
rent supplied  to  the  motors  within  cer- 
tain limits. 

The  controller  is  the  same  type  as  is 
used  on  the  motor  cars  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Terminal  Electrification.  The 
motors  used  are  two  25  horsepower 
units  and  are  the  same  type  as  are 
used  to  run  the  usual  one-man  safety 
cars  that  operate  on  nearly  all  street 
railway  systems  in  the  United  Stat'rs. 

The  motors  are  geared  to  a  shaft 
on  which  two  solid  iron  flywheels  are 
mounted.  The  wheels  have  the  same 
weight  and  inertia  as  a  safety  car, 
namely   16,000   pounds,  so  the  motors 


in  l)riMging  the  wheels  up  to  speed,  do 
the  same  work  that  is  done  by  the 
motors  under  a  safety  car  during  the 
accelerating  or  starting  period. 

Specially  constructed  Prony  brakes 
are  used  to  put  a  load  on  the  motors 
after  the  desired  speed  is  reached.  A 
large  number  of  experiments  are  per- 
formed with  the  aid  of  this  equip- 
ment by  students  registered  in  rail- 
way electrical  engineering  to  demon- 
strate classroom  theory  courses. 

The  single  phase  railway  motor 
comes  in  for  its  share  of  attention.  A 
14  horsepower  single  phase  series 
motor  having  characteristics  similar 
to  the  driving  motors  which  operate 
cars  and  locomotives  on  the  New  York, 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad 
electrification  out  of  New  York  City 
is  part  of  this  laboratory  equipment. 

This  motor  operates  on  either  direct 
current  or  25  cycle  alternating  cur- 
rent. The  motor  generator  set  men- 
tioned above  also  furnished  the  cur- 
rent of  proper  voltage  for  operating 
this  motor. 

The  above  appartus  is  located  in  an 
addition  built  on  to  the  Brake  Shoe 
Laboratory.  It  has  been  developed  in 
conformity  with  a  demand  for  instruc- 
tion in  railway  engineering,  and  pro- 
vides facilities  not  to  be  equalled  in 
any  university  of  the  country,  Prof. 
Tuthill  says. 

The  Railway  Club  for  the  coming 
year  is  under  the  direction  of  H.  G. 
Moore,  President,  and  F.  J.  Fullmer, 
secretary  and  treasurer. 


Electrical 

The  E.  E.  Society  held  its  first 
meeting  of  the  year  September  24th  in 
the  E.  E,  Laboratory.  Interesting 
talks  were  given  by  Dean  Ketchum 
and  Professors  Paine  and  Brooks.  It 
is  the  custom  of  the  E.  E.  Society  to 
award  a  Standard  Electrical  Engineers 
Handbook  to  the  sophomore  student 
in  the  department  of  electrical  engi- 
neering who  has  made  the  highest 
average  during  his  freshman  year. 
This  year  the  handbook  was  awarded 
to  William  Williams  who  made  an 
average  of  4.909.  After  the  talks, 
everyone  retired  to  the  Design  Room 
where  a  good  supply  of  doughnuts 
and  cider  was  consumed. 

INSI'ECTION    Titir 

The  seniors  together  with  advisors 
of  the  E.  E.  Department  are  going  on 
the  annual  inspection  trip  November 
3rd  to  November  6th.     This  trip  will 


include  visits  to  the  following  places 
of  interest  in  Milwaukee,  Chicago  and 
the  suburbs,  The  Hydro-Electric  plant 
at  Lockport,  the  Crawford  Avenue 
Station  of  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Company,  Western  Electric,  Allis 
Chalmers  Manufacturing  Company, 
Lakeside  Station  of  the  Milwaukee 
Electric  Railway  and  Light  Company, 
Westinghouse  Lamp  Company,  Illinois 
Steel  Company,  Smith  Manufacturing 
Company,  and  a  substation  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central. 

Research 

Work  has  been  started  by  Mr.  K. 
D.  Kell  on  investigating  to  prove 
whether  a  practical  solution  of  televi- 
sion is  possible.  Mr.  Kell  is  going  to 
write  his  thesis  for  his  master's  de- 
gree on  this  subject  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Professor  Tykociner. 

A  new  1100  volt  storage  battery  has 
been  secured  for  use  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  research. 


General  Engineering 
Physics 

Under  the  plan  of  Professor  A.  P. 
Carmen,  all  seniors  in  General  Engi- 
neering Physics  are  required  to  do 
thesis  work,  his  idea  being  to  en- 
courage original  research  work.  No 
senior  inspection  trip  is  made  by  this 
department  this  year.  In  a  paper  pre- 
sented at  the  first  Physics  colloquium 
of  the  year.  Professor  Carmen  indicat- 
ed the  need  of  a  large  number  of  men 
being  engaged  in  scientific  research, 
in  order  that  science  may  progress 
rapidly. 

Dr.  Watson,  with  the  assistance  of 
two  engineering  physicists,  is  at  pres- 
ent engaged  in  determining  the  ab- 
sorbtion  co-efficients  for  various  sub- 
stances. The  apparatus  he  uses  was 
demonstrated  by  him  in  a  recent  phys- 
ics Colloquium,  and  contains  among 
other  things,  an  eccentric  tone  varia- 
tor  which  is  caused  to  rotate  about 
an  axis,  so  that  all  portions  of  the 
room  in  which  the  test  is  conducted 
ai'e  devoid  of  dead  spots.  Since  light 
and  sound  reflect  in  a  similar  manner, 
a  light  source  can  be  substituted  for 
a  sound  source.  An  ingenious  device 
making  use  of  this  principle  is  em- 
bodied in  studying  the  acoustics  of 
auditoriums.  A  light  is  used  to  rep- 
resent the  speaker  and  by  means  of  a 
mirror  attached  to  the  end  of  a  flexi- 
ble rod,  the  reflection  form  any  point 
in  the  auditorium  is  shown  by  plac- 
ing the  mirror  at  that  point. 


\ovriiihcr,  19.2l> 


THE  THCIINOCKAI'II 


Fraternity  Activities 


Eta  kappa  Nu 

At  the  last  regular  business  meet- 
ing, the  program  for  this  semester  was 
discussed  and  arrangements  were 
made  for  the  pledging  ot  new  mem- 
bers. 

Harold  Soliday  was  selected  to  re- 
present Alpha  Chapter  at  the  national 
convention  which  will  be  held  in  Col- 
umbia. Missouri  during  the  first  week 
in  November. 

The  officers  for  the  present  semester 
are: 

J.  O.  Ephgrave    27 Pri'sident 

J.   Jirousek   '27    Tice-President 

C.  G.  Ketel  '27  ..  Recording  Secretaiy 

J.  Baudino  '27 . Treasurer 

H.   E.   Keneipp  '27   

Corresponding  Secretary 

R.  Morrison  '27 

._  Aassociate  Editor  of  the  Bridge 
G.  S.  Peterson  '27  __  Sergeant-atArms 

On  October  23rd.  a  luncheon  was 
held  at  the  Southern  Tea  Room  in 
honor  of  the  new  pledges. 


Chi  Epsilon 

Chi  Epsilon.  honorary  civil  engineer- 
ing fraternity,  has  chosen  the  follow- 
ing men  as  officers  for  this  semester : 
President.  D.  H.  Pletta;  Vice-President. 
H.  W.  McCoy;  Treasurer  and  Secre- 
tary, H.  W.  Lochner;  Corresponding 
Secretary,  W  .S.  Cook. 

Chi  Epsilon  was  founded  here  at 
the  University  in  1922.  It  is  a  nation- 
al fraternity  and  now  has  six  chapters. 
A  national  conclave  of  all  of  its  chap- 
ters is  to  be  held  here  the  week-end 
of  October  30th. 

R.  A.  Niles,  vice  president  elect  for 
this  semester,  did  not  return  to  school 
this  fall  because  of  the  Illness  of  his 
father.  H.  W.  McCoy  was  elected  to 
fill  the  vacancy. 

In  order  to  form  a  stronger  bond  be- 
tween the  alumni  of  this  chapter  and 
its  active  members,  a  questionnaire 
letter  is  being  sent  out  to  each  alum- 
nus for  him  to  fill  out  and  return. 


Theta  Tau 

Theta  Tau  opened  its  activities  sooi' 
after  the  semester  started  with  its 
usual  program  of  dinner  meetings.  A 
very  large  percentage  of  the  aitivo 
men  are  back  in  school  ready  to  hit 
the  ball  again.  The  officers  for  the 
remainder  of  the  office  holding  year 
are  exactly  the  same  as  at   the  close 


of  school  in  June,  namely;  H.  ?.l. 
Madsen  '27,  Regent.  G.  B.  Supple  '27, 
Vice  Regent,  H.  R.  Helvenston  '27. 
Scribe,  and  H.  W.  McCoy  '27,  Treasur- 
er. 

The  policy  which  is  carried  out  by 
Theta  Tau  in  its  active  chapters,  is 
essentially  that  policy  which  would  be 
expected  of  the  only  strictly  p'-ous- 
sional  engineering  fraternity  of  na- 
tional renown.  Theta  Tau  is  in  on-e 
sense  an  honorary  fraternity:  in  tliat 
its  men  are  very  carefully  selected 
from  the  entire  body  of  engineering 
students.  This  is  not  meant  to  con- 
vey the  impression  that  Theta  Tau  re- 
sembles other  honoraries  in  scholaslic 
attainment  requirements,  for  although 
scholarship  is  one  of  the  principU' 
considerations,  "the  MAN"  is  what  we 
want,  for  Theta  Tau  is  the  profession- 
al fraternity  of  engineering. 

The  outlook  for  the  year  is  very 
bright  with  such  a  chapter  as  returned 
to  school  this  fall  and  also  from  a  con- 
sideration of  the  pledges  taken  '.  c- 
cently.  The  rushing  smoker  held  on 
October  13th,  at  the  Acacia  house,  was 
unusually  successful  and  resulting 
from  it  are  the  pledges  which  we  wish 
to  announce: 
P.  E.  Seepe  '28  D.  R.  Yyon  '28 

F.  W.  Gartner  '28      H.  L.  Winter  '28 

G.  S.   Heylin  '27        C.  A.  Basedow  '27 
J.  F.  .lackson  '28       D.  E.  Peterson  '2^ 
W.  J.  Green  '27  K.  L.  Mertz  '27 
W.  L.  Shattuck  '28  H.  F.  Irving  '28 
D.  D.  Cooke  '28    .       D.  O.  Baker  '28 

Later  this  fall,  soon  after  the  foot- 
ball season.  Theta  Tau  will  hold  its 
fall  pledge  dance.  The  regular  social 
and  business  meetings  will  continue 
every  second  and  fourth  Thursdays. 


Gargoyle 

Gargoyle,  honorary  architectural  en- 
gineering fraternity,  was  founded  at 
Cornell  University.  Ithaca.  New  York, 
in  1902.  The  local  chapter  was  estab- 
lished here  in  January  1917.  This  so- 
ciety selects  its  membership  from  men 
of  high  scholastic  attainments  in  the 
architectural  department. 

The  following  men  are  officers  tor 
this  semester:  J.  J.  Rowland.  Presi- 
dent: G.  M.  Butzow,  Vice-President': 
L.  Mandell.  Secretary:  and  J.  E.  Sweet. 
Treasurer. 

At  present  arrangements  are  being 
made  for  pledging,  and  the  names  of 
the  new  men  will  be  announced  soon. 


Tau  Beta  Pi 

Tau  Beta  Pi  is  the  largest  and  oldest 
honorary  engineering  fraternity,  with 
fifty  active  chapters  and  a  total  mem- 
bership exceeding  14,000.  It  was  or- 
ganized to  recognize  and  reward  engi- 
neering students  whose  distinguished 
scholarship  and  exemplary  character 
have  conferred  honor  on  their  Alma 
Mater.  Tau  Beta  Pi  also  confers  its 
honor  upon  the  alumnus  whose  at- 
tainments have  won  him  distinction. 
Whoever  wears  The  Bent  of  Tau  Beta 
Pi  is  one  who  merits  reward  for  his 
achievements. 

The  Illinois  Alpha  chapter  is  con- 
servative in  its  policy  of  rewarding 
undergraduates  with  membership.  It 
seeks  only  those  who  are  especially 
worthy  of  consideration,  both  for  the 
scholarship  and  for  character.  In  this 
respect  Illinois  Alpha  is  adhering 
closely  to  the  ideals  on  which  the  or- 
ganization was  founded. 

The  officers  of  the  local  chapter  are: 
President.  J.  E.  Bandino  '27,  Vice- 
President.  H.  R.  Helvenston  '27,  Re- 
cording Secretary,  G.  H.  Zenner  '27, 
Corresponding  Secretary,  D.  H.  Pletta 
'27,  and  Treasurer,  H.  E.  Schlenz  '27. 


Phi  Alpha  Lambda 

Phi  Alpha  Lambda,  honorary  gen- 
eral engineering  fraternity,  is  now 
entering  on  its  fourth  year  at  Illinois 
and  prospects  are  for  a  very  success- 
ful year.  As  has  been  the  custom  in 
the  past,  two  or  three  smokers  will  be 
given  for  the  general  engineers  who 
stand  among  the  highest  in  their  re- 
spective classes,  and  from  among 
these  men  the  deserving  few  will  be 
chosen. 

Already  Phi  Alpha  Lambda  has  had 
among  its  members  some  of  the  most 
prominent  men  in  the  engineering 
school,  and  in  the  very  near  future 
hope  to  be  able  to  announce  the  pledg- 
ing ot  a  few  more. 

All  of  the  seniors  who  graduated  in 
June  have  secured  very  good  jobs. 
Grant  Beverly,  who  represented  the 
general  engineers  on  the  student  coun- 
cil last  year,  is  doing  heating  and  ven- 
tilating work  with  the  American  Radi- 
ator Company.  Brownlee  is  in  train- 
ing for  the  United  States  air  school 
in  Texas,  and  in  all,  the  boys  are 
spread  over  twelve  states. 

The  fraternity  wants  to  take  this 
(Continued  on  Page  38) 


TOE  TF.CITXodliAl'II 


Xnn  iiihir.  lO.'H 


Large  Dug  Well  Continues  to  be  Link  in 
Springfield's  Waterworks 


(Continued  from  Pikji'  Hi 


piiiiv  III'  K.insiis  ('ily  were  iclaincil  ;is  ( '(iiisulliiii; 
jiiid  Dcsijiiiiii;;  lhi};iiuH'is.  Till'  new  pljiiit  ((insists 
111'  l.iiiic  (•(i;ij;iil;itiim  tanks,  clai-ifiers,  sedimentation 
liasins.  carlxination  ciiamhcrs,  filter  Imildiii^'.  clienii- 
cal  stonifie  Iniildint;.  clear  well,  and  necessar.v  nie 
clianical   ('(|iii]inicnl.      In    V'vj..    I    is  a    view   sliiiwinji 


'V^^^^'Wi^      -^•■^-^^Jsi^^^^'^ 

S^^'^-  ^    '  - "  ^. 

^i.  ^--  i«c?fca«i»»:i.--  - "  ■ 

V\<.      ■;      C  ii;iii  i:>    ()\KI{    Dvc.    AVki  1 

the  sedinientatidn  basins  and  (■(ii-ii(iiiati(in  chainliers 
in  the  forefj^round  and  the  new  buildini^s,  arches  and 
wash  water  tank  in  the  background.  A  cdniiilete 
description  of  the  new  plant  was  published  in  the 
TtclniDfiniph  for  May,  191.'."). 

Arch  si  iMictures  i  Fiji.  -  1  f'lr  sujipori  inj;  the  ciari 
fier  eipiipnient  pre.seiit  a  nni(|ue  inovation  addiiij: 
much  to  the  ajipearance  of  the  iiianl.  The  usual 
snititort  for  mechanical  eipiipment  in  other  claiificr 
installations  has  been  the  simjile  jiarallel  chord 
truss  biidiic  of  the  I'ratt  ty]H'.  Generally  a  wood 
house  has  been  built  in  the  center  of  Ihc  Inidnc  to 
slu'ltcr  the  driviuL;  nicchauisni. 

Willi  dc\ cliiliuienl  ol'  the  new  water  sot'teuinji' 
and  iron  removal  jilant  the  lai-jic  well  with  re\  isions 
and  additions  ajjain  ]ilays  an  imjiortaut  role  in  ihc 
modern  system  of  which  S]ii-ini;field  now  boasts. 
\Vhen  the  desif;n  of  the  ]iuiification  system  was  lak 
inj;  form  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner,  the  way  of 
bl'infiini;  water  mosl  economically  into  the  |ilaul 
was   yet    |iroblcmatic.      The    well    was    still    in    \'eiy 


L;<iiid  cdiiiliiion  ihouiili  in  use  o\er  forty  years.  It  was 
desire(l  nol  in  discai'd  this  si  iiicl  uic,  and  In  be  sure. 
the  old  well  a;;aiu  became  an  e.\celle]il  couiiecliuu 
link  in  the  City's  most  recent  and  modern  municiiial 
undertakinji.  The  well  now  forms  the  nmdeous  of 
the  low  service  ])ump  station. 

The  old  roof  trusses  were  dismantled  and  laised 
a]iiiroximately  twenty  feet,  the  side  walls  of  the 
well  beinj;  raised  this  amount  thereby  adding  a  one 
stor.v  superstructure.  The  trusses  were  covered 
with  a  new  roof  built  along  more  modern  lines.  Two 
built-up  i)late  f;irders  (Vv^. .'?)  formiui;  a  bridge  were 
designed  to  span  the  distance  over  the  well  and  to 
sujijiort  eight  vertical  centrifugal  pumps  four  of 
which  have  been  installed  and  take  suction  from  the 
well  through  individual  \ertical  ]iipes  having  a  dia 
meter  of  1.1  inches.  Water  is  discliarged  into  114 
inch  pipe  lines  which  direct  the  sup]ily  to  the  treat- 
ment ]ilant.. 

Above  the  bridge  and  supported  by  columns  rest- 
ing on  the  girders  is  a  travelling  crane  used  for 
dismantling  the  ]iumps  and  moving  heavy  eipiip- 
ment. 

A  reserve  su])ply  of  water  which  was  once  fur- 
nished b,v  dug  well  is  now  maintained  by  a  new  two 
million  gallon  capacity  reinforced  concrete  reser- 
\oir.  The  .structure  is  shown  under  construction  in 
the  ceuter  and  right,  in  Fig.  .5,  which  also  shows  two 
circular  concrete  coagulation  tanks,  the  wash  water 
tank  and  a  jKirtion  of  the  sedimentation  tank.s  at  the 
e.Ytreme  left.  The  new  reservoir  is  an  underground 
structure  having  a  cover  of  eight  feet  of  earth  over 
the  roof.  It  is  designed  to  withstand  large  hydro- 
static ]ii-essures  of  the  ground  water  which  occur 
during  flood  jieriods  when  the  Sangamon-Kiver  over- 
flows its  banks. 

l-'iltercd  water  flows  by  gi-avily  iiilo  Ihe  modern 
clear  well  rcserxnii'  and  is  drawn  from  it  by  high 
duty  |ium]is  and  forced  into  the  city  mains. 

Thus,  while  the  city  has  outgrown  and  anti- 
quated its  old  waterwoiks  system  the  old  structures 
have  been  modernized  to  make  remarkably  satisfac- 
l(ii-y  links  in  the  new  ]ilan. 


Xorrtnhrr.  19.2(1 


THE  TEOHNOGRAPH 


31 


A  Pointed  Remark 

Stude  (in  top  decker  l — "Owl  some- 
thing is  sticking  me.  " 

Stude  (in  lower) — "You  must  have 
Iain  down  on  the  spur  of  the  moment." 
— Violet  Ray. 


More  T&AM 


We  know  an  E.  E.  whose  girl  is 
so  tall  that  he  has  to  stand  on  his  toes 
to  kiss  her,  but  when  he  gets  there  he 
gets  a  big  kick  out  of  it  because  he's 
a  little  short.  — Violet  Ray. 


Hey.  waddaya  tink  dis  is?  We're 
a  engineer  by  profession,  not  a  joke- 
monger.     Laff.  dum  ye.  laff. 

— Violet  Ray. 


T&AM  25 

"What  is  it.  do  you  suppose,  that 
keeps  the  moon  from  falling?"  asked 
Georgine. 

"I  think  it  must  be  the  beams,"  re- 
plied  George  softly. 

— The  Kansas  Engineer. 


"It  takes  me  a  long  time  to  shave." 
said  the  man  from  Arkansas,  "because 
1  have  to  change  blades  in  my  safety 
razer  so  often."  — Violet  Ray. 


Short  Sentences 

"How  long  you  in  jail  fo'.  Mose?" 

"Two  weeks." 

"What  am  de  cha'ge?" 

"No  cha'ge.  everything  am  free." 

"Ah  mean,  what  has  you  done  did?" 

"Don  shot  mah  wife." 

"Yo  all  done  killed  yo  wife  and  only 
in  jail  fo'  two  weeks?" 

"Dat's  all — den  Ah  gets  hung." 

— California  Engineer. 

Frosh — "Why  is  it  that  women  learn 
to  swim  more  quickly  than  men?" 

Soph — "Easy,  boy,  easy.    Who  wants 
to  teach  a  man  to  swim?" 

— Caliiorniu  Engineer. 


How   is  mineral  wool  taken  from 
hydraulic  ram?  — Violet  Ray. 


Voluminous 

"May  I  print  a  kiss  upon  your  lips?" 
I  asked. 

She  nodded  her  sweet  permission. 

So   we   went   to   press   and    I    rather 
guess, 

We  printed  a   large   edition. 

— Kansas   Engineer. 


Singing  Teacher — "Y'ou  have  a  won- 
derful voice,  won't  you  let  me  culti- 
vate it?" 

Ag.  Student — "No,  sir.  You  or  no- 
body else  is  going  to  be  raking  around 
inside  my  throat."       — The  Transit. 


I  waited  patiently  and  expectantly. 
My  pulses  were  beating  like  tiny  trip 
hammers.  Surely  she  would  not  re- 
fuse me.  My  line  had  been  working 
fine  before  this.  It  could  not  fail  me 
this  time.  I  could  not  see  her,  yet  I 
knew  she  must  be  there.  Fifteen  min- 
utes of  silence.  Would  she  never — at 
last — "Number  please?" — Violet  Ray. 


"It    sure    has    been 
said  the  juryman. 


trying   day.' 
-Violet  Ray. 


Do  you  know  Poe's  Raven? 

No.  is  he?  — Violet  Ray. 


Fraternity  Brother — "Do  your  broth- 
ers go  strong  on  practicing  this  here 
fraternalism?" 

Another  Ditto — "Yeh.  but  my  room 
mate  falls  down  flat  when  it  comes  to 
practicing  rheumatism." 

— Violet  Ray. 


Can't  Fool  Hoss  Flies 

Two  colored  gentlemen  were  engag- 
ed in  conversation  when  one  of  them 
ueeame  very  much  annoyed  by  the 
persistent  attention  of  a  large  fly. 

"Sam.  whut   kin'  a  fly  am  dis?" 

"Dat  am  a  hoss  fly." 

"Whut  am  a  hoss  fly?" 

"A  hoss  fly  am  a  fly  w^hut  buzzes 
'round    cows    'n   bosses   'n   jackasses." 

"You  ain't  makin'  out  to  call  me  no 
jackass?" 

"No.  I  ain't  makin'  out  to  call  you 
no  jackass,  but  you  can't  fool  them 
hossflies." 


She — "Do  j'ou  think  there  are  di- 
vorces in  heaven?" 

He — "  I  don't  think  so.  You  can't 
get  a  divorse  without  a  lawyer,  can 
you?" 


A  passenger  boarded  the  train  at 
Lyons,  entered  a  sleeper  and  tipped 
the  porter  liberally  to  put  him  out  of 
the  train  at  Dijon.  "I'm  a  very  heavy 
sleeper."  he  said,  "and  you  must  take 
no  notice  of  my  protests.  Seize  me 
and   put   me  out   on  the  platform." 

He  slept.  He  woke  as  the  train 
steamed  into  Paris.  In  a  raging  fury 
he  went  to  the  porter  and  expressed 
some  emphatic  opinions  in  a  varied 
vocabulary. 

"Ah."  said  the  porter  calmly,  "you 
have  a  bit  of  a  temper,  but  yo'  am 
nuthin'  compared  with  de  chap  I  put 
off  de  train  at  Dijon!" 


"Are  you  a  trained  nurse?" 

"Yes." 

"Well,  let's  see  some  of  your  tricks.' 


Prof.  Reedy — "Now.  class,  we  have 
finished  oxygen  and  tomorrow  we  will 
take  arsenic." 


S2 


TiiK  Ti:('n\<>(;K*.\iMi 


\orciiihcr,  ]!)2li 


Illinois  Central  Electrification 


fCmitiiiuril  I  nun   J'liijr   I!) 


iiuitDr  placed  iiiKk'r  cacli  door  for  ilic  |mi-]i()S('  of 
o|>('iiitij;  and  closiii';  it.  It  has  been  found  tliat  tlicsc 
motors  ai-c  more  i'('lial)le  than  the  old  ]int'iuiiatic 
systi'nis. 

TliL' clccliical  ]>o\\('r  used  liy  llic  I  lliiiois  ( 'eiitral 
is  supplied  by  the  I'uhlic  Service  ("ompany  of  North- 
eiai  Illinois  and  the  Conimon wealth  lOdison  Coin 
jiany  and  is  delivered  throufjh  fi\('  sjiecial  snhsta 
lions  located  at  couveuient  points  aloiifi  tlii'  track. 
'I'licrc  are  also  two  lie  houses.  These  structures  are 
located  at  Si.xteenth  Street,  Si.\ty-vSeventh  Street, 
Keiisitifiton,  lirookdale,  Ilarvey  and  Olympia  Fields. 
The  substations  are  equipped  with  two  3,000  K.  \A'. 
rotary  converters  which  operate  in  conjunction  with 
a  ;>,00()  K,  W.  mercury  arc  rectifier..  These  recti 
fiers  are  the  larj^est  that  have  ever  been  installed  in 
(he  I'nited  States.  The  tie  houses  containing  high 
sjieed  circuit  breakers  are  used  for  the  purpose  of 
sectionalizing  the  i>ower  supply  and  are  controlled 
from  tlie  siipfi-\  isors  office  at  Kandol[)li  Sti'eet.  Tlie 


substations  supply  1, .")()()  volt  1).  ( '.  for  motive  power 
and  4,200  to  2,;500  volt,  three  phase  «0  cycle  A.  ('. 
for  th((  signals,  station  and  miscellaneous  service. 
In  order  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  the  Lake 
I'roiit  Ordinance  whicli  was  described  in  tlie  issue 
of  last  November,  many  extensive  changes  had  to  be 
made  along  the  right  of  way.  Si.\ty-one  per  cent  of 
the  main  line  between  Randolph  Street  and  Matte 
son  had  to  be  reconstructed,  while  twenty-three  new 
stations  were  built  and  three  through  passenger  sta- 
tions were  mo\ed.  Other  items  included  the  con 
sirnction  of  the  big  hump  yard  at  Harvey,  whicli 
was  named  in  honor  of  Ex-I'resident  Markham,  the 
gradual  removal  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  Street  en 
gine  terminal,  and  the  erection  in  the  near  future 
of  a  new  passenger  dejiot  at  Roo.sevelt  Road.  The 
electrification  of  the  freight  service  will  begin  with 
in  a  short  time  and  if  certain  conditions  are  fulfilled 
by  the  other  roads  using  the  passenger  station  .it 
Roosevelt  Road,  the  complete  Chicago  Terminal  ]>i 
vision  will  be  run  bv  electricitv  in  1940. 


ASBIlilliiiia....    ,, 


Pig.  2     Tvric.M,  Two  Cab  Unit,  Used  on  Ciiic.\ci<) 
SuBUKBAN  Service 

(Cuts  obtained  for  above  article  through  courtesy  of  Iltiiiois  Central  Magazine) 


Contemporary  Engineering  Notes 


vanced  through  as  many  .stages  as  de- 
sired, thereby  imparting  a  proportion- 
ate amount  of  movement  to  the  tool. 

The  amount  of  the  feed  of  the  tool 
is  determined  by  the  number  of  suc- 
cessive actuations  of  the  plunger;  and 
the  amount  of  feed  is  registered  on 
the  recorder.  Thus,  assuming  that  the 
cross-feed  screw  has  a  lead  of  .1  In. 
and  the  cross-feed  wheel  has  100  teeth, 
if  the  stop  of  the  plunger  is  set  for 
one  tooth,  for  each  energization  of  the 
coil,    the    tool    will    advance    into    the 


(Continued  from  Page  :i.J) 

work  .001  in.  and  the  diameter  .002  in. 
or  if  the  stop  is  set  for  two  teeth,  each 
stroke  of  the  plunger  will  advance  the 
tool  .002  in.  and  reduce  the  diameter 
.004   in. 

It  may  readily  be  seen  that  after 
the  operator  has  taken  the  roughing 
cut  on  the  worV  and  used  the  hana 
micrometer,  he  finds  that  the  work 
is  .008,  .010,  or  .Olfi  in.  oversize.  He 
will  then  press  the  button  switch  the 
necessary  number  of  times  to  take  the 
desired    depth    of    finishing    out.      In 


this  manner  the  tool  may  be  fed  very 
accurately  and  rapidly  any  desired 
amount. 

For  duplicates  a  guard  may  be  clamp- 
ed over  the  portion  of  the  teeth  on  the 
cross-feed  at  any  desired  position,  so 
that,  as  the  tool  comes  to  the  correct 
position,  the  guard  will  prevent  the 
dog  from  engaging  in  the  teeth  of  the 
wheel,  thereby  insuring  every  piece  of 
work  to  be  of  the  same  diameter  for 
that   particular   setting. 

— Colorado  Enyhirer. 


Xofernhcr,  192G 


THE  TErnxrxjRAPH 


33 


but  why  choose  your 

Hfe-work  that  way? 

YOU'D  laugh  at  a  man  who  couldn't 
make  up  his  mind  which  colors  to  back. 
But  isn't  that  about  the  way  a  good  many 
men  start  out  on  their  careers  ? 

All  through  college  the  most  important 
study  a  man  can  select  is  himself  —  to  Hnd 
out  by  self-analysis  and  experience  what  is 
his  particular  aptitude  and  what  work  he 
should  get  into  after  college. 

It's  a  good  rule  to  talk  this  over  with  the 
faculty  and  with  men  out  in  industry  to  get 
all  the  guidance  you  can  in  "finding  your- 
self" —  because  your  whole  happiness  and 
effectiveness  in  your  career  is  at  stake. 

^estem  Electric  Co, 

Makers  of  the  Nation's  Telephones 


V 


Number  63  of  a  Series 


f 


'I'm;  Ti:cii\()(ii{.\iMr 


Xoiciiilxr.  1920 


The 

Corner  Drug 

Store 

'irccii   ;in(l    SiMli    Slice 

•ts 

|{.   i:.  Sl'AMd.NC 

Ihnnr 

P?cscripti(nis  CUircjtilly 

Filled 

ERNIE'S 


'A  Real  Good  Place  to  Eat' 


ForxTAix  sKinici': 

Tiji   (Jiir — • 

SOI. in   MALI'S 
III.ACK    row 

Djll  )l     (ill    llillllt 


.'01'  S.  .Mai'iikws  l'Il'  S.  .Matiikw: 


riic  Relation  of  Rainfall  Intcnsit\ 

(/■uiitiiiiKil    froth    I'iKV    I'll 

|iicili:ilily    SOI liffiM'ciicc   ill    the   net    results   lierc, 

:ils(i.  'I'hcsc  cuivcs  have  been  taken,  in  eacli  case,  fo 
lie  lor  the  |icri<Kl  sta1('(1  aii<l  tiie  data  Jiave  been  as- 
sciiilili'il  oil  lli,M  lj;isis.  It  is  not  ex |iiM-tc(l  that  tlicsc 
ciiixcs  and  cliarls  can  he  considered  alisolntel.v  cor 
red.  It  is  [irolialilc  llnil  rnrlher  inl'orinatioii  would 
cliangc  the  charts  to  ;i  consideialde  extent.  How 
ever,  on  the  basis  of  a\ailalile  inl'orniaIi<iii  these 
charts  i;ive  at  least  a  working;  liasis,  and  |iro\  ide  a 
method  of  deteriiiinini;  |irolj,ilile  conditions  for  any 
locality. 

It  iiiifiht  he  iiilerestiiii;  to  follow  through  the 
use  of  these  particular  charts  for  a  j;i\eii  ajiiilica 
tioii.  I'or  example,  the  ("ity  of  Rockford,  Illinois,  on 
■  I II lie  i:!,  I!t2(l,  snffei'ed  considci-ably  from  an  execs 
si\('  storm  which  caused  considerable  floodini;. 
Curves  can  he  jdotted  for  the  ("ity  of  Kockfoi'd.  If 
the  data  for  this  ])articular  storm  iu  Kockford  are 
plotted  on  the  same  chart,  it  i.s  found  that  for  a 
duration  of  five  minutes  the  storm  had  a  frecjueiuy 
of  once  in  three  years:  for  ten  minutes  just  about 
three  years;  for  fifteen  minutes  approximately  eij^ht 
years;  and  for  thirty  minutes  approximately  seven 
years.  However,  if  the  storm  is  j)lotted  for  a  dnra 
tion  of  ninety  minutes  it  is  found  that  it  is  a  fre 
quency  of  about  once  iu  one  hundred  and  fifty  years. 
That  is  to  say,  a  storm  of  such  intensity,  and  of 
ninety  minute  duration  would  not  occur  more  often 
than  once  in  one  hundred  and  fifty  years.  This  in 
dicates  that  this  particular  storm,  after  a  duration 
of  thirty  minutes,  was  of  unusual  intensity.  "Whether 
this  particular  frequency  of  once  iu  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  is  correct  or  not  is  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture, but  within  the  limits  of  observation  it  aji 
jiears  to  be  reasonably  near  the  truth. 

This  example  of  the  application  of  these  charts 
indicates  Iiow  they  may  be  used  both  for  the  deter- 
mination of  intensities  to  be  used  for  desi^uinj;'  new 
drains  and  the  checking  up  of  intensities  of  storms 
wliicli  cause  floods,  or  ]>ondinji.  in  the  streets. 


You  Are  Invited 

To  Look  ( >vi:ii  Orit  Xkw  1'\\i.i.  Styles  in  < 'i.ormxc 

AMI  h"ri;Msiii.\(is  at  Oik 

Xf.w   Lor.nioN  :   71.')   SorTM   Witn.irr  Sri!K.i:r 

A.    H.    GOODRICH 


HitADIKV    .\UiAllK 


1 ncoruoraled I 


I'lIoXF.  L'11'4 


Xoi-ciiihir.  IDKi 


THE  TEGHNOGRAI'n 


Control  of  Flow  on  Bear  River 

(Continued  from   I'ayr  10) 
the   flow    control    iiud   coustriictiou   of   a   cluiiii    of 
plants  that  will,  when  complete,  make  use  of  05 
per  cent  of  the  total  fall  of  1720  feet  between  Bear 
Lake  and  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  old  inlet  canal  was  found  to  have  such  ex- 
cessive grade  that  the  maximum  desired  input  flow 
could  not  be  carried  without  troublesome  erosion. 
Kather  than  enlarge  this  canal,  the  Kainbow  Inlet 
Ganal  was  constructed  from  a  point  several  miles 
downstream,  to  the  JIud  Lake  area.  This  canal  has 
a  capacity  of  .").")()0  c.f.s..  which  is  sufficient  to  di 

vert  the  ciilirc  flow  of  the  river  ;it  the  usual  fi 1 

season.  A  low  timber  crib  diversion  dam  with  oxer 
flow  sjiillwiiv  was  first  employed  at  Kainbow  inlet, 
but  tliis  structure  was  later  replaced  by  the  concrete 
and  gate-e(iuipj>ed  Stewart  Dam. 

At  Dike,  new  control  gates  were  installed,  and 
the  canal  to  m  junction  with  Bear  River  was  ini 
proved.  This  marked  the  accomplishment  of  the  first 
of  the  two  important  control  features,  since  the 
Rainbow  canal  conveyed  the  stoi'age  flow  diverted 
from  Bear  River  at  Stewart  Dam  to  the  swamp  area 
known  as  Mud  Lake,  and  by  gravity  the  water  conbl 
flow  to  Bear  Lake  proper  through  the  causeway. 
But  this  system  obtained  tlie  use  of  only  a  small 
depth  of  storage  over  the  combined  areas  of  the 
lakes;  the  reserve  storage  of  Bear  Lake  proper  was 
available  only  through  the  Lifton  pumping  i)lant. 
From  the  causeway  a  channel  was  dredged  north 
a  distance  of  six  miles  through  the  Mud  Lake  region 
to  Dike  to  insure  outlet  flow  during  low  stage  peri- 
ods of  Jlud'  Lake.  The  causeway  is  a  low  wave- 
deposited  bar  of  sand  and  mini,  but  in  this  forma- 
tion it  was  necessary  to  sink  the  pile  and  mat  foun- 
dations for  the  ])laut.  This  was  accomplished 
through  the  sinking  of  an  oi)en  caisson,  the  largest 
of  its  kind  at  that  time.  The  foundation  is  of  such 
depth  that  it  exceeds  the  superstructure  in  volume, 
and  certainly  in  cost.  Five  vertical  tyi)e  centrifugal 
pumps  are  installed  in  this  plant,  each  having  a  ca- 
pacity of  ;{()()  c.f.s..  or  iy-l.t)()0.000  gallons  per  day. 
These  pumps,  iiulividually,  were  not  exceeded  in  ca- 
])acity  by  any  (itliiMs  in  use  until  very  recently. 
By  o])erating  tlicni  at  full  cajiacity,  the  entire  chain 
iif  plants  on  Bear  River  may  be  kept  in  ojjeration 
uithinit  assistance  from  the  natural  flow  of  the 
ri\<'r.  The  storage  inlet  through  tlu^  causeway  is 
closed,  and  the  water  is  pumped  uyt  into  Mud  Lake 
and  allowed  to  flow  hy  i;i-avity  tliroiigli  Dike  and 
llie  outlet  <-anal  to  llie  ri\ci'.  The  elexalioii  of  IJeai- 
L.ike  |)ro](er  is  lowered  thereby,  and  must  remain  so 
until  the  storage  season  liei;ins.  l""'ni'therniore,  \aii 
ous  ordinances  restrain  the  |io\\er  eoniiiany  fi-oni 
storing  bevond  a  inaxinuiin  elevation,  and  from  low 


r  h 


Jl  e  n 


Engineers- 


Here  is  a 

Store  which 
Is  equipped 
And  pleased 
To  supply 
Your  every 
Want. 

Jos.  Kuhn  &  Co. 
Is  not  a 
"Specialty" 
Store. — 

We  are  equally 
Prepared  to 
Meet  your 
Every-day 
Wearing  Apparel 
Requirements, 
As  well  as 
Your  week-end 
Needs. 

And  in  addition 
To  courteous 
Attention  and 
Prompt  service, 
You'll  find 
Some  real 
Values 
At 

Jos.  Kuhn  &  Co< 

now  \  raw  \  (11  I  Ml'  \i(,  \ 


Till':  TIOrilNOCKAl'll 


\<,n  iiiIk  r.  t'J.Ili 


The  "Entrance  Requirements' 
of  a  Jenkins  Valve 

Before  a  valve  has  the  right  to  the 
Jenkins  "Diamond"  mark,  rigid  en- 
trance requirements  must  be  passed. 

For  one  thing,  the  metals  used  must 
undergo  searching  analyses  by  com- 
petent metallurgists  both  before  and 
after  casting. 

Then  again,  the  finished  valve  before 
it  leaves  the  Jenkins  factory,  must 
give  a  satisfactory  account  of  itself  in 
a  test  which  allows  a  wide  margin 
of  safety. 

There  are  genuine  Jenkins  Valves  in 
bronze  and  iron,  in  standard,  medium 
and  extra  heavy  patterns.  There  are 
types  for  practically  valve 

requirement. 


Send  for  Booklets    ^1r 


r  of  Jenkins  Valves  for 
of  kuittling  in  which 
may  be  interested 


JENKINS  BROS. 
80  White  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
524  Atlantic  Ave..  .  Boston,  Mass. 
133  No.  Seventh  St.    .  .  Plilla.,  Pa, 
646  WasiilngtonBlvd,  Chicago,  111. 


Always  marked  with  tKe"Diamon3 

enkinsValves 

f  SINCE  1664 


criii};;  Jiear  Lake  |ir()]it'r  below  a  certain  iiiiiiiiiiiiiii. 
However,  these  limitations  are  siicli  llial  a  lolal 
storaj;e  caiiacity  of  1, .">()(), 000  acre  feci  is  now  a\ail 
alile.  'i'liis  (|uaii(ily  uiiuld  lie  siit'ticiciil  to  ()|]ci-alr 
the  ciiaiii  of  i)laiits  on  llie  livcr  for  alioiit  a  year 
and  a  lialf,  whicli  is  a  loiifjer  i>erio(l  of  draught  than 
may  he  reasonably  expected  in  the  Hear  Kiver  hasin. 
With  efficient  and  economical  use  of  the  water  as  it 
courses  toward  (Jreat  Salt  Lake  (wliieh  is  a  jiT'ohleni 
closely  related  to  that  of  storage)  the  Utah  Power 
and  Light  ComiJany  can  assnre  its  ])atrons  of  con 
tinuons  and  economical  service  at  all  times;  and  this 
is  an  assni'ance  tliat  a  large  ))i'r  cent  of  the  ]iowei- 
companies,  whether  dependent  on  the  mines  anil 
miners,  or  on  rainfall,  are  nnahle  to  give. 


C.  G.  Williams 

(Continued  from  Page  1(1) 

Water  Snpi)lies  of  Colorado,"  and  "A'alnatioiis  and 
Rates,"  which  book  he  revised  last  snmmer.  He  has 
written  articles  for  "Engineering  News  Record." 
"Engineering  and  Contracting,"  and  "Railway  Age." 

Professor  Williams  is  a  member  of  the  leading 
American  engineering  societies,  including  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  the  American 
Railway  Engineering  Association.  He  is  also  on 
the  roll  of  Tau  Beta  Pi  and  Sigma  Xi. 

Althongh  the  Illinois  engineering  campns  will 
miss  the  influence  of  Professor  Williams,  we  shall 
expect  to  see  him  exert  the  same  driving  force  in  his 
new  work  as  dean  of  the  College  of  Applied  Science 
at  the  University  of  Iowa  that  so  characterized  his 
work  here. 


She 
women?" 

He — "A  stagnation,  1 


Staaaerinji  Thought 

nalion     be     \vitliout 


What      would 


You  can 't  have  cars  to  add 
to  your  personality 

BIT  vol'  CAN'  HAVE  A 

Hoover  Haircut 

Doii'i   Fiini(t~~-Thi-  Slto/t  fur  \l(  ii" 
\\n.\\<v.  llrii.iiiNi; 


\or<  iiihir.  102(> 


Tin:  TKcnxocRAPn 

0^ 


./^J 


KEKS      OF      POWDEIVS      SINCE      iSO^ 


M  A 


A  mtthvi  of  tTMnspmint,  ^a  Pont 
txfUtnti  icbm  rh, 


Experience — 

In  no  industr}'  is  experience  in  manufacture 
more  essential  than  in  the  production  of 
explosives.  Physical  control  of  the  product 
is  paramount. 

Du  Pont  has  made  explosives  continuously 
for  IZ3  years — originating  or  developing 
nearly  every  great  forward  step  in  explo- 
sives manufacture  in  this  country. 

Ability  derived  from  long  experience  has 
enabled  du  Pont  to  serve  industrial  needs 
and  even  to  anticipate  those  needs  by  origi- 
nating ne^v  methods,  new  processes  and 
new  products. 

The  most  efficient  methods  of  employing 
modern  explosives  may  be  found  in  the 
"Blasters'  Handbook," — a  practical  and 
authoritative  work  now  being  used  by  in- 
structors and  students  in  many  of  the  lead- 
ing technical  institutions  throughout  the 
country.  It  will  be  sent  free  upon  request. 


E.  I.  DU  PONT  DE  NEMOURS  &  CO. 

IN'CORPORATED 

Explosives  DcpjTtmmt 

WILMINGTON,  DELAWARE 


10,3  YEAKS  OF  LEADEPvSHIP  IN  THE   SEPxVICE  OF  INDUSTRY 


38 


Tin:  TECllMHiKAl'II 


\  lire  III  Ixr.  I'Jih 


Fraternity  Notes 

(Continued  from  Paye  2ii) 
chance  of  expressing  itself  as  being 
highly  in  favor  of  the  proposed  na- 
tional affiliation  of  the  G.  E.  Society, 
and  would  like  to  see  every  G.  E.  talk 
this  up.  It's  a  problem  which  has 
been  greatly  discussed  and  has  had 
little  or  no  effect  in  the  past,  due 
probably  to  a  lot  of  dead  wood  among 
its  officers.  This  year  we  feel  it  will 
be  different  and  we  are  going  to  give 
the   proposition  a  lioarty  backing. 


Keramos 

The  fir.st  regular  meeting  of  Alpha 
chapter  of  Keramos  Fraternity  was 
held  in  the  Ceramics  Building  on  Oc- 
tober 11th.  Plans  were  laid  for  an 
extensive  program  during  the  coming 
year,  and  various  standing  comniittecfi 
were  appointed.  Professor  Parmelee, 
head  of  the  Department  of  Ceramics, 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  frat- 
ernity made  a  short  address.  Associ- 
ate Professor  Hursh  also  gave  a  short 
interesting    talk,    concerning    tlie    wel- 


fare of  the  fraternity. 

A  communication  from  the  Beta 
Chapter  of  the  fraternity  located  at 
Ohio  State  University,  showed  that  the 
brothers  at  Ohio  were  also  planning  a 
big  and  successful  year. 

The  officers  fur  the  Illinois  Alpha 
Chapter  of  Keramos  for  the  year  l'J2G- 
27  are  as  follows. 

X.  O.  Alex  Kleerup  '27,  President. 
William  N.  Noble  '27,  Vice-President. 
C.  W.  Planje  '27,  Sec'y  and  Treas. 


BAILEY  &  HIMES 

The  Student  Siitlv  Store 

Kueffel  and  Esser  Slide  Rules 

i>[i;tz(:i:n— K.  &  e.— riciitek  .v:  i'ost 

INSTRUMENTS 


■Clnirk-   Itailri/ 


Slirlhi/   in  I 


WIRE 


automobile  and  airplane  wires, 
electrical  wiresjsubmarinecables, 
bridge-building  cables,  wire  rope, 
telegraph  and  telephone  wire,  ra- 
dio wire,  round  wire,  flat  wire, 
star-shaped  and  all  different  kinds  of  shapes  of  wire,  sheet  wire,  piano 
wire,  pipe  organ  wire,  wire  hoops,  barbed  wire,  woven  wire  fences, 
wire  gates,  wire  fence  posts,  trolley  wire  and  rail  bonds,  poultry  net- 
ting, wire  springs,  concrete  reinforcing  wire  mesh,  nails,  staples,  tacks, 
spikes,  bale  ties,  steel  wire  strips,  wire-rope  aerial  tramways.  Illus- 
trated story  of  how  steel  and  wire  is  made,  also  illustrated  books 
describing  uses  of  all  the  above  wires  sent  free. 

AMERICAN  STEEL  &  WIRE 


Sales  Offices 


COMPANY 


ChicaKO        New  York        Boston        Cleveland        Worcester        Philadelphia        Pittsburgh        Buffalo        Detroit        Cincinna 
Wilkes.Barre      St.  Louis      Kansas  City      St.  Paul      Oklahoma  City     Eirmingham     Memphis      Dallas     Atlanta      Denver 
Export  Representative:  U.  S,  Steel  Products  Co.,  New  York 
Pacific  Coast  Representative:  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Company,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Seattle 


i        Baltimore 
Salt  Lake  City 


yorriiihcr.  lOiti 


THE  TEcnxoriRAPn 


39 


Some  years  ago,  when  little  boys  used  to  yell 
"Get  a  horse"  at  the  hesitant  and  asthmatic 
vehicle  which  was  the  ancestor  of  the  modern 
automobile,  the  term  ditch-digger  identified 
the  man  who  had  to  perform  the  hardest  labor 
imaginable.  Squads  of  these  workmen  would 
be  in  the  street  with  their  crowbars  and 
hammers,  and  there  was  always  the  sound  of 
metal  ringing  on  metal  as  the  ponderous  ham- 
mers descended.  The  passers-by  would  wonder 
that  no  hand  was  crushed  in  the  process. 

That  was  before  the  development  of  the 
Paving  Breaker.  Work  that  fifteen  men  took 
a  day  to  perform  is  now  accomplished  by  one 
man.  Compressed  Air  has  supplanted  the 
uncertain  human  muscle,  and  the  ditch-digger 
is  no  longer  the  man  but  the  machine. 

In  this  instance,  as  in  a  hundred  others, 
Ingersoll-Rand  Company  has  enlisted  the  aid  of 
Compressed  Air  in  the  elimination  of  wasted 
time  and  effort. 

INGERSOLL-RAND  COMPANY 
11  Broadway  •  •  New  York  City 

Offices  in  principal  cities  the  world  oner 


IngecsoU-Rand 


'I'm;  TF.cirxociv'Ai'n 


Xori'iiihrr.  }92(i 


Steel  Sheets  that  Resist  Rust! 

The  destructive  enemy  of  sheet  metal  is  rust. 
It  is  successfully  combated  by  the  use  of  pro- 
tective coatings,  or  by  scientific  alloying  to  re- 
sist corrosion.  Well  made  steel  alloyed  with 
Coppergivesmaximum  endurance.  Insist  upon 

KEYSTONE 

Rust-Resisting 
Copper  Steel 

Sheets 

Black  and  Galvanized 


W.  G.  Huntington 

(Continued  from  Pat/e  Id) 
versify  of  ("olorado,  however,  licside.s  doiii);  tlie  plan- 
niiif;,  niaiiifaiiis  ifs  own  constniction  force  and 
crocts  all  of  its  own  huildiii^s.  Duriug  the  period 
in  which  I'rofessoi'  lliintinjiton  had  charge,  which 
was  from  his  oi'gaiiizatioii  of  the  coustructioii  de- 
])artnient  to  liis  resignation  last  spring,  .f 2,000,000 
was  exi)ended  for  this  |))irpose.  Beside  siii)ervisiug 
the  expenditure  of  this  amount,  he  liad  charge  of  all 
the  structural  design. 

At  times  I'rofessor  Ihinlington  has  entered  work 
outside  of  his  regular  teaching.  lie  has  been  en- 
gaged as  a  l)ridge  designer  for  the  Kurlington  rail- 
road, and  also  designer  for  Crocker-Ketchum,  Con- 
sulting Engineers,  Denver.  He  has  also  done  con- 
.siderable  outside  work  on  structural  design.  Before 
he  left  Bonlder,  Colorado,  he  was  largely  responsi- 
ble for  the  erection  of  a  community  hospital.  At 
present  he  is  jireparing  a  volume  entitled  "Building 
Construction"  which  he  hopes  to  complete  next  sum- 
mer, and  also  has  a  book  on  statically  indeterminate 
structures  well  under  way.  He  has  done  consider- 
able work  on  Dean  Ketchum's  books,  particularly 
his  ''Structural  Engineer's  Handbook." 

Sigma  Tan,  Sigma  Xi,  The  American  Society  of 
Civil  I'^nyineers.  and  the  Societv  foi-  the  I'l-omotion 


American  Slieet  anJ  Tin  Plate  Company 


CiD 


Chicago 

Pacific  Coast  Repreie 

Export  RcprcBentativ 


General  Offices:  Frick  Building.  Pittsburgh,  Pa, 
District  Sales  Offices- 
iti  Denver  Detroit      New  Orle 

Philadelphia        PitlabnriJh        St.  Louis 


:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co.,  San  Franciaco 
LoiAnUeleB       Portland         Seattle 
a:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co.,  New  York  City 


polity  

Keystone  Copper  Steel  gives  superior  service  for  roof- 
ing, siding,  gutters,  spouting,  culverts,  flumes,  tanks,  and    I 
all  uses  to  which  sheet  metal  is  adapted— above  or  below 
theground.  OurbookletFflc/5  tells  you  why.  Wemanu-  I 
facture  American  Bessemer,  American  Open  Hearth,   | 
and  Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets  and  Tin  Plates. 

Black  Sheets  for  all  purposes 
Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets 
Apollo  Best  Bloom  Galvanized  Sheets 
Apollo-Keystone  Galvanized  Sheets 
Culvert,  Flume,  and  Tank  Stock 
Formed  Roofing  and  Siding  Products 
Automobile  Sheets,  Electrical  Sheets 
Deep  Dravi'ing  and  Stamping  Stock 
Tin  and  Terne  Plates,  Black  Plate,  Etc. 

Our  Sheet  and  Tin  Mill  Products  represent  the  highest  standards  of  quality,  and 
■re  particularly  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  mining,  engineering,  and  general 
CODBtrucIion  fields.  Sold  by  leading  metal  merchants.  Write  nearest  District  Office. 


Now  As  To  Student 
Needy  Supplies 


OIK   (lOODS  ARE   ALL 
STANDARD 


We   know   yon   like  friendly,  specialized 
sei\i(('.     'Dial   is  oiii-  ]iiace  ! 

It  helps  you  in  clioosiiig  what  yon  really 
need  for  voiir  ilailv  ciillf^e  use. 


U.  ofl. 
Supply  Store 

cool'— ox  Tin:  s(^r.\Ri: 


\orrmhrr.  1926 


THE  TECHXOGTJArn 


41 


i>f  Eii^nneeriuj;  Education  all  iiKliule  the  uew  de- 
|iai-liiu'iital  head  aiuoiijf  their  menibership.  He  was 
.idniitti'd  t(i  Tan  Beta  I'i  dnritit;  his  jiinioi'  year  in 
rniversity,  and  had  tlie  lioncii'  of  liciuj;  the  hiuh 
jnuior  ill  his  class. 

It  is  certain  tliat  a  short  time  will  find  Pro- 
fessor Huntington's  personality  and  ideas  invigo- 
ratiuji  the  engineering  campus  at  Illinois,  just  as 
they  did   the  Coloi-ado  cam]Mls. 


Impressions  of  Machine  Switching 
in  Chicago 

(Continued  from  Page  9) 
selection  is  the  same  as  in  any  machine  switching 
api)aratus  call.    This  type  of  "B"  position  is  {'ailed 
the  cordless  "B"  position. 

If  a  party  has  trouble  in  dialing  for  any  reason 
there  is  an  operator  to  helji  iiim,  called  the  "zero" 
operator.  Her  name  is  derived  from  the  fact  that  in 
(.rder  to  get  her  it  is  only  necessary  to  dial  "zero" 
on  the  phone  and  she  answers.  This  is  a  special 
"A"  position  and  has  its  associated  senders  and 
other  apparatus  to  complete  a  call.  This  ojjerator 
tries  to  get  the  called  party  and  reports  if  theic 
is  any  trouble. 

In  any  office  of  this  sort,  there  must  l)e  means  of 
keeping  the  appai'atus  in  good  working  order. 
Trouble  shooters  and  repair  men  must  be  on  the  look 
out  for  trouble  and  must  keep  the  apparatus  in  good 

fContimc'rl  on    Xert   Pape) 


To  You  Engineers: 

There  ccitaiuly  is  a  fountain  ]ien  particu- 
larly suited  to  youi'  neeils,  and  of  cDuisf  a 
lot   of  you  fellows  liMve  found   it  out. 

\\'licther  it  is  in  yimr  classes  ;ind  lectures 
— whi'thei'  it  is  in  the  field  dni-ing  the  sum- 
mer or  after  graduation  you  need  the  l)ig. 
husky  KiDKR  ^LvstkuPkn  which  has  no  mov- 
ing, trouble-making  jiarts  to  get  out  (d"  order. 

l{emember,  too,  it  holds  rivic  ti.mf.s  as 
much  ink  and  that  you  can  ci.k.w  it  vofit- 
sKi.K  with  a  little  cold  water. 


(ill'    |-;.\S-1-   <il!i:KN    Sl'UKKT 

I 'n.\.Mi'.vi(;N-  Illinois 


^^ 


^Vcn 


M.UA'X^i^jA^'Ai^M'^J*'  f^'' 


m-^ 


^ 

-r^ 


Only  the  finest 


tools  can  win  the 
good  mechanic's  confidence 

IT  takes  a  long  time  to  win  the  good  me- 
chanic's confidence  in  tools.  It  takes  a  long 
record  of  dependability  and  hard,steady  service  to 
maintain  their  confidence' after  it  is  won.  Brown 
&  SharpeTools  have  held  the  confidence  of  good 
mechanics  all  over  the  world  for  more  than  three 
generations. 

Many  men  have  praised  the  fine  finish  and  the 
balance  or  "feel"  of  Brown  &  Sharpe  Tools.  All 
will  swear  by  their  constant  unerring  accuracy. 
As  a  group,  mechanical  men  find  the  complete 
line  dependable, — handy  tools  for-  better  and 
faster  work. 

Whatever  branch  of  engineering  work  you 
choose,  a  knowledge  of  Brown  &  Sharpe  Tools 
will  be  of  value.  A  request  will 
bring  the  No. 
30  Small  Tool 
Catalog  which, 

in  addition  to  ^t|iK«™^  ■  v'  nw 
listing  2  3  00  ^S^^-hMUM 
tools  and  1500 
cutters,  con- 
tains a  liberal 
supply  of  tool 
information. 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  CO. 

PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


'iMii'  ■ri:<'iiN(Mii;Ai' 


Xorniihrr.  I!)>l, 


RAILWAY  EXCHANGE 

ST.  LOUIS 
Matiran,  Russell  &  Crowell,  A  rchitects 

Every  Window  Above  Ground  Floor 
Js  Wire  Glass 

Permanence — Minimum  Mainrenance 

Fire  and  Breakage  Prorecrion 

were  importanr  factors 

considered 

MISSISSIPPI  WIRE  GLASS  CO. 

220  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago  New  York  5/.  Louis 


sli;i|ic'  sii  llif  sniiscrilicr  v;\\\  t;cl  the  licsl  service  |H)S 
sil)le.  If  ;i  |i;iity  li;is  Irmilile  ii]  ijcllini;  ;i  iimiilier 
I  lie  CI  I  i  is  sw  ilrlied  :l  II  li  iIiKI  I  ii:i  1 1  \  ;ifle|-  .-i  liliie  In  I  he 
sender  inniiilni-  Imaril  wliere  it  edines  up  ;is  ;i  fl.-isli 
ini;  lii;hl.  nifferenl  lypes  of  fhislies  iiii'iiii  iliffei-enl 
lyiies  (if  Iroiilile.  A  steaily  li^lil  iiieiiiis  llint  the  re 
eeixer  is  off  llii'  liiKik  :iii(l  iii)  (Ijiilinu  li;is  Keen  (lone, 
il  slow  Ihish  ilHJic-iles  llnil  Hie  (li;iliiiL;  Inis  not  lieeii 
(■iini|ileleil  lull  the  Irniilile  is  in  the  ;i|i|i;ir:it  lis  wliile 
:i  t';isl  riiisli  shows  lli:il  the  ilialilii;  li;is  not  lieeii  eoni 
plele.  Tlie  sender  monitor  |dilj;s  in  the  ,i:irk  iiiidei- 
the  fhishiiii;  lii;lit  ;ind  ;isks  winit  the  Ironlde  is. 
I'siuillv  the  (Mlliiiu  |i.-irt.v  is  told  to  try  the  niiiiilier 
iii;niii  or  to  r:ill  the  zero  i>per;ilor.  In  ease  the 
troiilile  does  not  (dear  ilsidf  ii]i  a  1roili)lc  ticket  is 
made  ont  and  is  iiiven  to  a  tracer.  The  tracer  traces 
the  call  thnniiili  all  of  the  apparatus  l)y  readiiifj'  the 
position  of  the  s\\it(di  and  from  this  reading  he  can 
lell  wiiere  the  call  goes  iie.xt.  This  tracing  of  the 
call  is  given  to  a  switcliniaii  wlio  "shoots"  tlie  ti-oiihle. 
if  it  is  (iefective  ap]>aratiis  lie  report.s  it  to  tlie  a]i 
paratns  rejiaii'  niaii  and  inake.s  that  part  busy. 

There  arc  other  swilclnnen  whose  duty  is  to 
test  all  of  the  apparatus  over  and  over  again  or 
routine  it  as  it  is  called.  These  men  report  any  de- 
fective apparatus  and  in  this  way  clean  up  a  lot  of 
a]t](arattis  trouble  which  might  cause  delays  in  put- 
ting through  the  subscribers  call.  There  is  a  man 
called  the  desk  switchman  whose  duty  is  to  test  the 
trunks  to  the  various  offices.  He  makes  test  calls 
over  tliem  to  see  if  they  are  all  working  properly. 
When  he  finds  a  trunk  or  line  that  is  not  working 
as  it  should  he  tests  it  with  a  meter  and  can  tell 
just  about  what  the  trouble  is.  This  is  reported 
and  leiiairnien  take  care  of  it. 

The  office  is  in  charge  of  a  senior  switchman. 
He  is  responsible  for  the  correct  working  of  the  ap- 
l>aratus  and  sees  to  it  that  the  men  under  him  are 
doing  their  work  well.  In  a  bad  ca.se  of  trouble  he 
shifts  the  men  to  this  place  and  even  helps  them 
himself.  Once  this  last  summer  when  a  number  of 
call  indicator  positions  in  one  of  the  manual  offices 
burned,  quite  a  few  of  the  men  were  shifted  to  that 
office  and  worked  in  shifts  night  and  day.  The  calls 
to  that  office  were  routed  by  means  of  the  translat- 
ors explained  aboxc  to  other  offices  and  the  calls 
]int  through  by  hand  to  the  called  office  as  though 
the  machine  switching  call  indicator  ajijia rains  and 
not   the  manual  jiart   was  burned. 

The  office  that  the  author  worked  in  as  a  tracer 
is  located  downtown  in  the  loop  in  Chicago.  It 
contains  two  exchanges  on  two  different  floors  but 
is  handled  by  the  same  force  of  men.  The  men  worked 
in  either  exchange  as  the  trouble  was  given  to  them. 
.Machine  switching  has  a  future  in  Chicago  for  the 
(Continued  on  Page  .'i8) 


X'irrmhrr,   192(i 


TIIK  TKCIIXOdlJAIMf 

(RepublisKcd  by  r-ccju-cst) 


47 


A  Book  for 

Roads  Scholars 


/•J'li^good  intentions 
£y€i^4r  won'tpaveamodern  ? 
street  to  resist  modern  traffic. 
That  job  demands  tough,  husky, 
durable  vitrified  paving  brick. 
Just  tuck  these  two  facts  away 
in  the  back  of  your  mind  for  use 
after  graduation — first,  that  no 
brick  pavement  ever  wore  out 
from  the  top  down;  second, 
that  the  great  majority  of  all  the 
pavements  you  know  that  are 
older  then  you  are,  are  of  vitri- 
fied brick.  Don't  let  yourself  be 
talked  into  substitutes  —  insist 
on  vitrified  brick  pavements. 

A  complete  handbook,  "THE 
CONSTRUCTION  OF  BRICK 
PAVEMENTS,"  free  on  request 

NATIONAL  PAVING  BRICK 
MANUFACTURERS  ASSOCIATION 

ENGINEERS  BLDG.  CLEVELAND.  OHIO 


O    U    T    L    A 


PAVEMENTS 

ST       THEBOND 


4>! 


'Ill;  'ri:('ii\()(ii{.\i'ii 


Xiirtiiihrr.  I<).2(i 


RHOADS 

Leather  Belting 


Four  Times  the  Life — 

ON  IIk'  wire  rope  closing  nuicliiiii' 
nIkiwii  ;ili(ive  tlH>  Taiiiuitc  cross  licit 
li.is  liivcii  such  cxccHent  service  thai  (iiir  nf 
tile  men  i-eiuai-ked,  "Tliat  Tainiatc  I'.clt  is 
surely  a  wdiidcr  on  this  diixc." 

The  lai'jic  coj^-wliecl  is  ali<iiit  live  feet  in 
diameter,  the  i-evolvinii  s|iools  are  loaded 
with  stetd  wire,  and  the  drive  is  xcry 
slow — a  hard,  lica\y  pnll  on  the  li(dt  all 
the  time,  other  liells  seldom  lasted  six 
months.  This  one  has  heen  on  t'nil  two 
years  and  is  still   in  ijood  condition. 

Such  belt  ser\  ice  means  a  liiii  saving  in 
time  and  licit  cost;  and  ^reat  .uain  in 
lint  ]int . 

J.  E.  RHOADS  &  SONS 

eilll..\l)ELPHIA .!.■!    Norlli    Sixtll    .Slrccl 

.\1-.\V   10RK --102   Beel<man  Stiecl 

CimAGO 322   West    R.-indolpli    Street 

ATLANTA 68    Soutli    Forsyth    .Street 

(■I,F,\'H;LAN» 120n   West   Nintli   Street 

r.ictnry    .inrl    Tr.imrry.    Wilniinirtnn,    IVI.Twavp 


fCovliiiiiril    jnnii    I'liiir    ', .' ) 

plans  call  lor  many  other  olTiccs  lo  he  installed.  ( tf 
course  the  chai.it;i'  cannot  lie  made  i-ii;ht  away  for  it 
would  lie  too  costly  lo  throw  .-iway  all  of  the  manu.al 
.■ipparaliis  that  is  wdi-kiu^  perfectly  now.  The  plans 
call  for  several  of  the  manual  offices  lo  lie  cliaiijii'd 
o\er  to  m.achine  sw  itchinu  in  the  ne.\t  few  years.  So 
far,  there  ai-e  three  entire  machine  switchini;'  units. 


•/.  ./.  1,'iiliri/,  c.  c.  '():•,,  |ii-ot'essor  and  head  of 
<-ivil  enyineeriui;  ;it  the  Texas  .\.  i^.  .M.  ('olle^e.  will 
attend  the  semiannual  anniversary  of  the  foundini; 
of  that  collefic  October  U  Hi  as  ;i  representative  of 
the  I  'ni\-er-sity  of  I  llinois. 

\\  .  W.  I'lilk,  m.  iV:  s.  e..  "IS.  has  resii^iied  as  sniier 
iutcndenl  of  watei-  supply  at  tiie  I'nion  Stock 
Yards.  ('Iiica.nd,  lo  assume  the  jiosition  of  superiu 
tiMideut  of  the  watei'  department  of  the  City  of 
IO\anston,   Illinois. 

I'rtnik  AUcii.  m.  e.,  '01,  is  iiead  of  tlie  de])art- 
mcTit  of  mechanical  di-awini.;  at  the  ruiversity  of 
<'oloiado.  which  is  located  at   IJonlder,  Colorado. 


^ 
f 


Rolling  Steel  Doors 

For  durable  service 

Wilson  Rolling  Steel  Doors  installed  twenty 
years  ago  are  still  giving  excellent  service. 

By  rolling  overhcid  and  out  of  the  way,  they 
save  valuable  floor  space  in  Warehouses,  Piers, 
Railroad  and  Industrial  Buildings.  They  also 
otfer  maximum  fire  resistance  and  discourage 
theft.  Easily  operated  by  hand,  gearing  or  motor. 

Send  /or  72  page  descriptive  catalog  No.  40 

The  J.  G.  Wilson  Corporation 

Est.ibl.shed  1876 


THE 


ECHNOGR^ 

PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  STUDENTS  OF  THE 
COLLEGE  or  ENGINEEBING    UIJMRSin  y ILLlNaS 


J&^nutxry 

1927 


MEMBER        OF        THE        ENGINEERING        COLLEGE       MAGAZINES       ASSOCIATED 

■OUNDED  •  EIGHTEEN -HUNDRED  •  ANDEIGHTY-  FIVE 
'OL:  XXXIX  •  PRI C  E  •  3  O  •  CENTS  ■  N  UM  BER  II 


STOCKHAM  FITTINGS 


^i0=&±^^: 


J  pipe  fitting  may  LOOK  prrject — hut  ij  the 
elements  of  the  metal  are  not  properly  propor- 
tioned it  won't  stand  up  on  the  job. 

EVERY  bit  of  metal  that  goes  into  Stockham 
cast  iron  and  malleable  fittings  is  sub- 
jected to  many  scientific  tests.  The  illus- 
tration shows  a  delicate  machine  which  determines 
accurately  the  softness  of  Stockham  metal.  It  a 
fitting  is  too  hard  it  cracks  easily — If  it  is  too  soft 
it  lacks  strength. 

Because  of  exacting  care  with  every  manufac- 
turing process  Stockham  Fittings  have  exceptional 
strength,  accurate  alignment,  clean-cut  threads, 
perfect  flanges,  chamfered  faces,  fine  finish.  These 
qualities  make  them  easier  and  quicker  to  work 
with — and  insure  long,  dependable  service.  That's 
how  we,  in  Birmingham,  save  you  time  and  money 
on  the  job. 


Engineering  students  interested  in  piping  are 
invited  to  send  for  our  catalog.  It  contains 
drawings  and  illustrations  of  every  type  of 
fitting,  lists  of  sizes  with  dimension  tables, 
the  kind  of  i)iformation  that  is  invaluable 
for  making  plans  or  specifications  for  fittings. 


\VM.    11.    STOCKHAM,    'SS 

Fuinukr 

MNS.    KATIC    V.    STOCKHAM. 


H.    C.    STOCKHAM,    ex    '09 
l>ri-si('.ent 


BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 


Stockham 

PIPE  IB  FITTINGS  COMPANY 

BIRMINGHAM,  ALABAMA 

Warehouses  with  Complete  Stocks  in: 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


C.     PETESCH,    e 
.Sales    Dept. 


R.    E.    RISLEY.    '20 
A.'ist.    Research    Engineer 


LOS  ANGELES,  CAL. 


Janiim-i/.  1921  TITH  TEriTXOCKArn 

a 


The  TECHNOGRAPH 

UNIVERSITY   OF   ILLINOIS 
Member  of  the  Engineering  College  Magazines  Associated 

VOL.  XXXIX  Urbana,  January,   1927  No.  II 


Contents  for  January 


John  McBpath  Snodgra.ss 

57 

J.  K 

Tutfiill  and   E.   E.    K 

ng 

The  New  welland  Ship 

Canal     

E.    E,    King 

59 

The  Bergius  Process 

H.  G.  Dawson 

61 

The  New  Architecture 

Building 

L.    H     I'rovine 

63 

Robert  E.  Doherty  '09 

John    Franks 

64 

Starved  Rock  Lock  and 

Dam            .  . 
C.   A.   Bealty 

65 

Statistical  methods  in 

Ceramic  Research 

A.  E.  R.  Westman 

67 

INDIANAPOLIS   WATER   SUPPLY 

72 

Harry  F,  Nolen 

Oil   Pipe  Lines 

74 

H.   C.   Hadley 

SENIOR   inspection   TRIP 

Reports 

75 

College  Notes 

77 

Editorial 

78 

Contemporary  Engineering  News 

80 

Fraternity  Activities 

83 

Departmental  Notes 

84 

Alumni  Notes 

90 

Once  Overs 

92 

Index  To  Advertisers 

107 

Mernbers  of  the 

Engineering   College  Magaz 

nes  Associated 

Chairman:     Prof.  Leslie  F.  Van  Hagan,  College  of  Engineering,  Madison,  Wiscon 

in 

Armour    Engineer 

The   Transit 

Iowa     Engineer 

Colorado    Engineer 

Nebraska  Blue  Print 

Sibley    Journal   of    Engineering 

Rose   Technic 

Michigan  Technic 

The  Ohio  State  Engineer 

The   Pennsylvania  Triangle 

University 

of  Virginia  Journal  of  Eng 

Purdue    Engineering   Re 
Minnesota    Techno-Log 
Wisconsin  _  Engineer 
Tech    Engineering    New 
Cornell    Civil    Engineer 
Kansas  State  Engineer 
Princeton   E.   A.    News 
The  Technograph 
Peini    Stale    Engineer 
Kansas    Engineer 
neering 

letter 

Published    quarterly    by    the    Illini    Publishing    Company.        Entered    as    second-class    matter    October 
30.    1921,    at    the    postoffice    at    Urbana.    Illinois.      Office    213    Engineerinb'    Hall,    Urbana,    Illinois. 
Subscriptions    $1.00    per    year.      Single   copies    30    cents 


Till'.  Ti:(ii.\n<;irvni 


■/luiiitirij,  liKil 


i  .^v■^^^M.v/>vv.w■v/JA^<iAMA4<AWl^w^A.^j^ 


-liiiix   .McIJka-iii    S\mi(;i;Ass    (  1S7  1-IIILM;  ) 


■fdiiiKini.  1921 


Tin:  TEPHNOORAPn 


Ijohu  ^Wc^^cath  J^niiit^rass 


^eptcmluT  1,  isr4 


^Hcaniilun-  4,  U12li 


In  till'  ilc.-itli  111'  I'lot'cssor  Sn(iilj;i;lss.  the  riiivcrsily  ol'  Illi- 
nois li;is  losi  ;i  trii'il  and  faithful  frii-nd,  for  ho  served  it  lonj; 
and  wi'll.  I'or  twcniy  two  years  he  devoted  himself  to  the  serv- 
ice of  his  Alma  Mater.  He  was  closely  identified  with  its  Alumni 
Association  and  was  active  in  ]iromotin<i  the  interests  of  the 
organization. 

Painstaking  in  his  classroom,  he  was  a  teacher  for  whom  all 
had  respect.  Keen  in  observation  and  exacting  in  procedure  and 
results,  lie  gave  much  through  research  work  to  the  scientific 
world,  lie  contributed  xnany  articles  to  the  technical  press  and 
was  active  in  the  societies  of  his  chosen  profession.  His  contact 
with  the  railroad  world  made  many  friends  for  the  University 
and  drew  many  to  its  doors  to  seek  his  counsel  and  advice. 

He  was  always  considerate  of  those  around  him.  He 
cherished  the  companionship  of  his  wife  and  daughter,  and  he 
loved  his  home.  In  whatever  his  hands  found  to  do  he  was  al- 
ways the  same,  for  in  his  every  activity  he  expressed  a  sterling 
character  and  endearing  personality  whether  sei'ving  as  teachei'. 
companion  or  citizen  of  his  community. 


58 


THE  TE<'TTNOr,HAI'TT 


JaiiiKirj/.  1^21 


The  Technogp^pH; 

Published  Quarterly  by  the  Students  of  the  College  of  Engineering— University  of  Illinois 


VOLUME  XXXIX 


JANUARY,  1927 


NUMBER  II 


The  New  Welland  Ship  Canal 

K.  K.  Kim: 

I'rofrssor   III    lidiliniji    <'iril    i-liiii'nii  ( ihiti 


Tlic  new  A\'cll;iii(l  Ship  Caiiai.  a  Ciinadiaii  ])i(i 
jcct  now  under  construeTion,  is  an  artificial  water- 
way 2")  miles  lonj;-  across  the  eastern  end  of  the 
l*i-()vince  of  Ontario  connecting  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario.  It  is  heiuf;  built  as  one  link  in  the  Great 
Lakes  St.  Lawrence  waterway  scheme  to  ])ermit 
la  rue  lake  hoats  and  oceangoing  freif;ht  ships  of 
suhstantial  tonnaj;;e  to  pass  the  Niagara  Escarp- 
ment and  provide  a  more  economical  means  of  trans- 
])ortation  for  the  (Ireat  Lakes  region.  The  canal  is 
being  built  by  the  Canadian  government:  and  while 
a  small  part  of  the  construction  was  done  by  tlu' 
government  itself,  most  of  it  so  far  has  been  done 
by  contract.  This  is  llie  tliii'd  time  the  canal  has 
ln'cn  reconstructed  for  an  am])le  i)assageway  from 
llie  (treat  Lakes  to  the  sea  as  means  and  methods 
'if  transportaion  have  been  improved. 

The  original  channel  was  built  by  private  means 
between  the  year  18l'4  and  18:^:^  and  contained  4(1 
wooden  locks  each  110  feet  in  length  and  'I'l  feet  in 
width  with  8  feet  of  water  over  the  sills.  The  sec 
ond  canal  was  built  by  the  Canadian  government 
between  1842  and  18r)().  It  contained  27  locks  built 
of  cut-stone  masonry  each  1.10  feet  in  length  and 
2()..">  feet  in  width  with  a  depth  of  9  feet  of  water 
over  the  lock  sills.  This  depth  was  changed  to  10 
feet  in  18.")8.  The  third  canal,  'HWi  miles  in  lengtli, 
was  built  by  the  Canadian  government  between  1871 
and  1882.  It  contained  2.")  masonry  lift  locks  eacli 
2r»((  feet  in  length  and  4.5  feet  in  width  with  a  1 1 
foot  draft  for  the  i)assage  of  boats.  The  excavation, 
however,  was  carried  down  only  12  feet.  In  1887  the 
banks  were  raised  to  provide  i)assage  for  vessels  of 
U-foot  draft.  The  h)cks  were  all  located  within  9 
miles  of  the  northern  terminus  of  the  waterway. 
All  of  these  canals  extended  from  Port  Colborne  on 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  Port  Dalhousie  on 
the  southern  edge  of  Lake  Ontario,  but  each  recon 
struct  ion  of  the  I'oute  saw  some  change  in  its  intei- 


mediate  alignment.  Each  time  it  was  clianged  il 
was  straightened  and  shortened.  This  is  the  route 
that  is  in  use  today  for  boats  plying  lietween  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario  or  the  npi>ei-  i-egions  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River,  whence  they  may  continue  their 
journey  to  Montreal  or  the  seaboard  throiigh  the 
20  locks  of  the  same  size  in  the  Laurentian  Canals 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  waterwav.     Its  limitations  in 


.iXi 

Pv 

1 ^^^^1 

■^ 

\ 

\ 

^= '  f/]n^r 

Xl    Ml 


size  ha\e  been  a  handica]i  lo  shipping  and  for  years 
liierc  was  much  agilatinn  to  have  Ihe  canal  enlarged. 
The  reconstrnclion  now  in  |)rogress  was  begnn 
in  1!II2.  \\'orU  was  discoiitinned  with  Ihe  begin 
ning  of  tlie  war  and  was  not  rcsnnuMl  until  191!). 
The  new  slii]i  canal  will  have  seven  lift  locks  instead 
of  the  2.")  in  Ihe  ]ir('sfiii  channel,  all  lying  within 
.seven  miles  of  Ihe  noilhcrn  terniimis  of  the  route. 
In  these  seven  miles,  Ihe  new  route  is  matei'ially 
different  from  the  old  one  and  has  its  northern  ter 
minus  at  Poit  Weller.  three  miles  east  of  Port  Dal- 
housie. The  canal  has  been  straightened  and  the 
distance  shorlciied  until  the  entire  waterway  has 
been  rediu-ed  in  length  from  271/0  miles  to  25.  The 
seven   locks  arc  all    the  same  size.  8."i9  feet   long,  S(l 


CO                                                                             Till',  Ti:cilN()(;K.\IMI  .hniiuirti.   lU.it 

I'cfl  \\  iilc  Mini  l'.(t  feet  (Iccp  ovcf  the  sills.  I'liicii  li;is  iiu^iinsl  <nii-ciils  :in(l  i-ddics  as  iiiucli  as  ]ii)ssil)!(', 
a  lil'l  i>r  1(1. .">  I'l'iM.  ami  Ilit-  sc\cii  jiivc  a  Inlal  rise  nf  water  tor  tilliii;^  Ilic  lurks  is  iiii|ii)uiidc(l  in  rcscr- 
iJl'.-i.."!  iVct.  |irail  icallv  the  ciiliii'  clit't'crcni-i'  in  walcr  Miirs  lliat  have  accas  xaryin;^'  t'l'dlii  '1~>  lo  L'OO  acres 
Irvcl  liciwccM  ilic  I  \\<>  lakes.  'I'lic  liii-ks  will  lake  a  or  more  in  e,\tenl.  Macli  reser\()if  will  proxidc  a 
liual  SL'd  I'eiM  Inn-,  a  lillle  o\ci-  •.'(Id  reel  Idn-er  than  snt'fieienl  volume  (d'  waler  lo  fill  ils  lock  in  approxi- 
any  now  in  use  in  (lie  ( i  rea  I  Lakes  ser\ii-e.  malely  eii;lit  niinnles.  It  imw  lakes  a  lioat  ahoilt 
The  locks  are  nnndiered  sonlli  from  I'oil  Weller  I'oiMy  niinnles  lo  pass  Ilir<>ni;li  one  of  llie  locks  of  Ilic 
on  Lake  Ontario,  \innliers  I.  L',  ."..  ami  7  ai-e  single  present  canal;  wliile  it  is  estimated  that  a  boat  will 
cliaildicrs,  while  I,  .">.  and  (i  are  landi'in  twin  chain  i-cipiire  only  twiMity  niinnles  lo  pass  1hroiij;li  one 
lici's  all  in  one  niiil.  The  walls  and  fhioi-s  (d'  the  of  the  locks  n'i  the  new  canal.  While  il  now  re- 
locks  arc  Imilt  id'  concreti'  laid  on  s(did  i-ock  toiin  (piires  for  a  boat  of  1  i-foot  draft  from  Ki  to  L'f 
dation  and  reinforced  where  necessary  for  streni;lli  hours  to  pass  tliioneh  tlie  present  canal,  il  will 
and  expansion.  The  L;ales  are  steel,  operated  by  take  a  b:iat  drawing  I'd  to  '-'."i  feel  of  water  from  S  to 
eleclrical  machinery.  The  nppei-  ;;ales  of  the  siiii;le  \'l  hours  to  j;o  tliroiit;li  the  new  canal, 
locks  are  :!.">..">  feet  liij;li  and  4S  feet  wide.  .Ml  lower  .Much  of  the  e\ca\alion  for  llie  waterway  was 
uales  ai'c  Si'  feel  liinh  and  IS  feet  wide  ,iiid  each  made  lliron.tih  earth,  but  practically  all  of  that  o\fr 
le.-if     weighs    ajiproximately      l.".(l     tons.       To    euard  (Continued   on    Pruje    Kit) 

t~JZs..i        \^'                   I     I                       -^             ■                     -                             -^|-"V— -■-„-■  ^.-  .,^_^r-.^^^^. 

/.ockJ 

PROFILE  U    '^^■■0           ^'*' 


A7AP  AriD  PPOF/LE 
LAND    Sh^/P    CAtiAL 


Buffalo 


■/ 1(11 11(1  ri/,  iv.n 


Till-;  Ti:(Ji.\(t<;KAi'ii 


Gl 


The  Bergius  Process 


II.  (i.  Daw  SUN.  Clii-iii. 


Aincrii;!  uses  \\\  t.ir  tin-  jiic.itcst  iniMiitity  of 
|)cliiil('imi  .inil  nils  i>f  any  ((Hiiitry  in  tlii'  world,  lait 
as  yet  she  lias  not  yiven  any  c-ousiih'i-abk'  thoiij;lit 
lo  tlie  j)ossil)le  exhaustion  of  her  present  petroU'iiin 
supply.  Ilowever,  European  scientists  have  (•arrie<l 
(in  extensive  research  for  over  a  decade  in  an  en 
deavor  to  obtain  a  source  of  motor  fuel  and  oils  in 
case  their  conntrv  was  is<ilated  l>v  war.     This  \\(uk 


Ai'i'.Mi-Mi  -    1111^    Biuiiii's  Process 

was  priini]ilr(l  hy  the  World  \\:\v  and  has  cdnlinncd 
until  now  we  have  several  excellent  solutions  offei'cd 
to  this  vital  pr<jblem  at  the  International  Confer- 
ence on  IMtuniinous  Coal  held  recently  in  I'ills 
burfjli,  I'a.  This  conference  was  composed  of  oxer 
l,."iOO  chemists,  engineers  and  business  men  who 
were  interested  in  the  scientific  utilization  of  bi 
tumiuous  coals  which  is  one  of  America's  chief  re- 
sources. Several  jjreat  European  chemical  eufjineers 
sucli  as  Berjiius,  Ki.scher,  and  I'atart  attended  this 
conference  to  fjive  ]);i])ers  dealiu}!  with  their  work. 
One  of  the  most  iuterestiu<{  of  these  was  the  ]iaper 
presented  by  Friedrich  Herj;ins,  of  Ileidleberg,  on 
"The  Transformation  of  Coal  into  Oil  by  .Means  of 
Hydrogen." 


liergius  first  carric(l  onl  ihc  direct  addition  of 
hydrogen  to  coal  in  I'.M:'..  lie  noticed  that 
the  ratio  between  hydrogen  and  carbon  is  about  K! 
to  1  in  normal  bituminous  coals,  and  in  the  liquid 
about  8  to  1;  hence  to  convert  coal  into  oil  the  hy- 
drogen quantity  must  he  doubled.  Since  hydrogen 
is  an  expensive  material,  it  is  important  to  save  as 
nnich  as  possible  of  the  original  hydrogen  content 
of  the  coal.  The  first  atteini)ts  on  a  commercial 
scale  resulted  in  the  production  (d"  a  coke  like  sub- 
stance instead  of  a  solid  hydrogen  oil  material  which 
was  expected.  In  the  liydiogcnation  considerable 
heat  was  produced  which  could  be  led  off  with  dif- 
ficulty from  the  system  of  gases  and  solids.  This 
superheating  raised  the  reaction  temperature  to  a 
degree  that  instead  of  the  hydrogenatiou  reaction 
coal  distillation  began  and  coke  was  jiroduced. 
It  was  found  that  by  suspending  the  coal  in  a  li(|uid 
medium  the  reaction  could  be  carried  owX  without 
sn]ierlieating. 

The  liijuefaction  ol  coal  involves  a  comjietition 
between  the  read  ion  of  hydrogen  addition  to  the 
coal  substance  and  the  reaction  of  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  coal.  At  high  tenqieratures  the  coking 
reaction  proceeds  fjister,  while  at  too  low  tempera- 
tures the  rate  of  oil  itroduciion  is  greatly  reduced. 
At  :'.0()  to  :?•")()  degrees  <  "eiitigrade  the  product  is  still 
solid,  but  this  product  becomes  liquid  if  treatment 
is  continued  at  a  temi)erature  of  loO  degrees  Centi 
grade.  Hence  the  ])rocess  consists  ( 1  )  of  hydrogen 
addition  and  ( •_' )  of  s])litting  u])  large  molecules  into 
smaller  ones  while  the  addition  of  hydrogen  con 
tinnes.  In  other  words,  it  is  a  cracking  jirocess  in 
which  hydrogen  is  absorbed. 

Pulverized  coal  is  mixed  with  the  heavy  jiart  of 
ihe  oil  from  a  prior  oiieration  yielding  a  pasty  thick 
mess.  Any  lignite  or  coal  cxceiit  real  anthracite  is 
suitable  for  this  i)rocess,  and  it  is  practical  to  utilize 
fine  coal  and  screenings  which  are  nearly  waste 
jiroducts.  This  paste  is  pumped  into  ;iutoclaves 
under  pressure  of  l.")0  to  200  atmosjdieres  and  heat 
ed  to  400  to  .■')00  degrees  Centigrade  in  an  atmos- 
idiere  of  hydrogen,  .\bout  .")  |)er  cent  ferric  oxide  is 
added  to  remove  sulfur  compouiuls  which  are  detri- 
mental to  the  hydrogenatiou.  The  high  presstires 
needed  create  (piite  a  ](roblem  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering which  has  been  admirably  .solved.  The  re- 
action chandlers  in  use  at  present  are  SO  cm.  in  dia- 
meter and  S  meters  in  length.  The  reaction  is  very 
(Contimced  on   Page  88) 


62 


111':  ti:<'11N(h;kai'11 


Jdiiuiiry,  HJ21 


JdtiiKiri/,  WZl 


THE  TECHXOGKAl'U 


63 


New  Architecture  Building 

L.  II.   I'kovink 
ll'dil  of  till    f)i  iKirtiiiciit  of  Architi  rliirr 


The  first  airliitt'ctiiral  classi's  at  llliiinis  wt'i-e 
held  iu  the  old  biiildinj;  at  the  North  end  of  Illinois 
Field;  wheu  Uiiiveisity  Hall  was  opened  in  lS7o  tlii- 
department  was  assifjned  to  the  Northeast  tower 
room  in  the  third  story:  in  1894  it  was  moved  to 
the  top  floor  or  attic  of  the  newly  completed  En<;;i- 
neerinj;  Hall  and  in  1927  it  is  to  be  moved  to  a  new 
buildin};  devoted  to  Architecture  and  Kindred  Sub- 
jects: this  is  the  history  of  the  housing;  of  the  De- 
partment of  Architecture  at  the  University  of 
Illinois. 

The  new  building  to  house  Ai-cliitccture  and  Kin- 
dred Subjects  will  face  South,  the  front  of  the  l)uil(l- 
inj;  being  on  a  line  with  the  South  end  of  the  new 
Commerce  Building  and  will  be  fifty  feet  West  of 
that  building.  The  two  buildings  will  be  connected  by 
means  of  a  monumental  brick  wall  and  wrought 
iron  gateways.  The  building  is  a  T  in  shape,  having 
a  long  a.vis.  East  and  West,  200  feet  in  length  with 
the  stem  extending  to  the  Xorth  70  feet.  The  style 
of  architecture  will  Itc  the  (iregoriaii,  tliat  wli'cli 
has  been  used  in  ;ill  uf  tlic  new  iiuildings  on  tin- 
South  campiis:  the  elevation  will  lie  of  iirick  with 
stone  belt  courses,  trim  and  cornice.  The  roof  will 
be  of  slate  with  zinc  used  for  flashing,  gutters  and 
other  sheet  metal  work,  and  the  cornice  line  will  be 
at  the  same  elevation  as  the  cornices  on  the  other 
new  buildings,  .lO  feet  from  grade.  In  i)lan  the 
main  building  will  be  2()0  feet  long,  and  50  feet  wide, 
with  an  extension  to  the  Xortli  oO  feet  by  70  feet. 

The  west  end  of  the  basement  is  the  lower  part 
of  a  two  story  hall  of  casts.  The  floor  of  this  room 
is  the  basement  floor  and  the  ceiling  will  be  the 
underside  of  the  second  floor.  The  East  end  of  the 
basement  will  house  the  Architectural  Club  activi- 
ties. There  will  be  a  museum  room  17  feet  by  50 
t'cet,  a  fireproof  vault,  storage  rooms  and  the  neces- 
sary rooms  for  the  mechanical  and  ventilating  ma- 
chinery. In  the  Xorth  part  there  will  be  a  model- 
ing room  40  feet  by  50  feet  and  a  room  in  which 
to  file  blue  prints  and  drawings  of  imjiortant  build 
ings  which  have  been  built  in  this  country  by  the 
leading  Architects. 

The  main  entrance  is  at  the  center  <il'  the  South 
facade.  The  doors  will  be  of  metal,  the  floor  of  the 
entrance  lobby  and  vestibule  will  be  of  marble. 
Turning  to  the  left  in  the  main  cori-idor  one  sees 
the  entrance  to  the  Hall  of  Casts.  A  monunu'ntal 
marble  stairwav  will  leai'  down  to  the  floor  of  tliis 


two  story  I'oom.  As  time  and  funds  ])eniiit.  full 
size  plaster  reproductions  of  famous  doorways,  cor- 
nices and  fragments  of  architectural  ornament  will 
lie  housed  in  this  room.  On  either  side  of  the  main 
corridor  are  offices  and  at  the  East  end  of  the  cor 
ridor  is  the  exhibition  room,  50  feet  wide  by  75  feet 
long.  Opening  off  of  this  room  is  an  alcove  in  which 
will  be  housed  the  Dr.  Kicker  material  and  a  niche 
has  been  provided  in  the  room  to  house  tlie  bronze 
bust  of  Dr.  Kicker.  The  exhibit  ion  loina  will  be 
used  for  the  displays  of  student  work,  for  hanging 
loan  art  collections  and  for  jiermanently  housing 
works  of  art  donated  t<i  or  purchased  by  the  I'niver- 
sity.  At  the  end  of  the  corridor  leading  to  the 
Xorth  of  the  main  entrance  will  be  located  a  large 
lecture  room  .seating  125  people. 

The  second  floor  plan  is  unicjue  as  it  is  devoted 
to  a  library-drafting  room  arrangement  the  only 
one  of  its  kind  in  this  country.  The  Kicker  Library 
will  be  housed  in  the  Xorth  Wing,  large  drafting 
rooms  occupy  the  East  and  West  ends  of  the  main 
Iniilding.  Hooks  may  be  used  anywhere  in  this  sec- 
ond story  without  having  to  be  chaiged  in  the  usual 
way,  but  if  book.s  are  taken  from  the  second  floor 
they  must  be  charged  out  at  the  lilirarian's  desk, 
located  at  the  entrance  to  the  stairway.  An  alcove 
convenient  to  the  Kicker  Library  has  been  jirovided 
for  reserve  books  and  for  reference  work. 

The  third  floor  has  a  large  drafting  room  at 
each  end  of  the  main  liuilding  with  two  class  rooms 
and  offices  in  between  the  drafting  rooms. 

The  entire  attic  sjiace  is  to  be  used.  Hy  means  of 
a  continuous  dormer,  there  will  be  a  wall  of  glass 
200  feet  long,  which  will  give  Xorth  light  to  the  two 
large  studios.  The  South  jiart  of  the  attic  will  con- 
sist of  loges  or  small  rooms  where  the  sketch  prob- 
lems and  nine  hour  drawings  can  be  made. 

The  fii'st  story  cfirridors  and  large  rooms  will 
have  ornamental  ceilings,  cornice.s  and  iiilasters. 
The  Kicker  Library  will  have  an  interesting  archi- 
tectural treatment  but  the  rest  of  the  interior  of 
the  building  will  be  very  plain.  The  drafting  rooms 
will  have  no  plaster  on  the  walls,  the  brick  will  be 
]iainted  and  there  will  be  horizontal  wood  strips 
two  feet  apart  for  the  hanging  of  blue  prints  an<l 
other  documents  for  use  by  the  classes. 

The  building   has  been  designed  by  Charles  A. 
I'latt  of  Xcw  York  with  James  M.  White,   Super- 
(Cotitinued  on   Paye  100) 


Ui 


Tin:  Ti;(ii.\()(ii;Ai'ii 


■III II  mil  ji.   lUSi 


Robert  E.  Doherty  '09 


illN   r  i;a.\k 


It  is  tiinsi  iliiriciili.  in  wi'ilinu  (iT  lliis  111:111.  to 
kiKiu  u  lu'ic  III  lici^in.  'riicri'  is  |inicl  ic:illy  no  snli 
jcci  in  llic  fnlirc  field  i\\  clnl  rical  cnj^inccrini; 
wiiicli  lias  not  .11  some  lime  nr  iiliicr  rlainicil  .Mr. 
Kollt'l'ty's  :il  lent  idii.  a  ml  his  ct't'oils  li,-i\c  liccn  so 
uiiivci'sal,  liis  lasics  so  calliolic.  anil  llir  ri'snits  of 
his  cffoi-Is  so  far  rraciiini;.  Ilial  the  lask  of  the 
hio^i-a|iliri'    liiTonirs    iMilirrly    one    of    (.■ondi'nsation. 

.\  i.-ilk  uiili  ;iny  of  ihc 
insii-nrtoi's  in  Ihc  I'Ircl  lical 
riiiiiin-i'i-iiiu  (1  (•  |i  a  i'  lini'iit 
(  anil  aiiyoiif  who  knew  .M  v. 
1  )ohcrl y  in  his  iinil('i'i;i-ailn 
all'  days  is  al  all  linirs 
ready  and  willin;;  to  talk 
about  him),  brinj;s  out  the 
fact  that  even  as  far  back 
as  his  days  in  collejie  Mi-. 
Doherty  displayed  thai 
ea;j;erness  to  delve  into 
those  thines  which  the  or 
ilinary  person  would  con 
siilei'  outside  of  his  realm 
I  ha  I  has  so  marked  his  lat 
vv  work.  lie  took  an  ac 
live  jiart  in  the  Electrical 
Show,  a  then  new  institu- 
lion  in  the  dei)artinent,  be 
laine  a  ineinliei'  of  Tlieta 
1  »ella  ( 'hi,  and  was  elected 
111  Tail  IJeta  I'i  and  Eta 
Ka])|ia    \n. 

After  uradnation  in 
I'.HI'.I  he  worked  in  the  (ien 
eial  l^lectric  Test,  was 
transferred  to  the  A.C.  En 
fiineerinji;   department,   and 

is  now  Consultiiij.;'  Engineer  with  thai  conipany. 
His  inose  outstanding  accomi)lislrments  are  the  ar 
tides  he  has  ]iul>lished  in  the  last  eijilit  years,  each 
one  ilealint;  with  a  ]diase  of  .V.  ('.  engineerinji  coin 
iiionly  considei'cil  too  difficult  for  solntiiui.  .Mr. 
Doherty's  in.sij^hl  into  the  nialheinalical  relalions 
involv(>d  in  such  problems,  his  accurate  perce|ilioii 
of  Ihc  jihysical  phenomena  invoheil,  his  desire  In 
lackle  (he  nnnsnal.  and  his  aliilily  lo  carry  Ihc  so 
Inlion  mil  lo  a  |ioint  where  llie  resnils  winild  be 
a\ailalile  lo  everyone,  arc  all  shown  by  Ihc  lilies 
anil  subject   matter  of  llie  articles  he  h,-is  piililisheil. 


"lieai-lance  of  Syiichioiions  .Machines":  ".Vnalysis 
of  ShorlCircnit  Problems"  :  "luffed  of  Allilnde  oil 
Temperature  Kise":  "Tower  Limits  of  Transmission 
Systems":  ".Mechanical  forces  Hetween  lOlcctrical 
< 'iicnits" :  these  are  some  of  the  subjects  thai  ha\c 
become  familiar  lo  eiii;iiieers  Ihronjjh  Mr.  l)oherly"s 
wriliiiiis  and  leclnres.  Always  an  entertaining  and 
iiileresling,  as  well  as  supremely  inslructive  talker, 
anil  one  who  enjoys  (piife 
a  rejiiitalion  as  such,  he  is 
always  inade  w  e  I  c  o  m  e 
wherever  he  goes,  and  his 
lectures  are  well  attended. 
Those  wliich  lie  gixcs  here 
are  no  exceptions:  excry- 
oiie  lakes  aihaiilage  of  the 
op|ioi'lunily  of  knowing 
him  through  his  leclnres 
when  he  comes  here  on  his 
infrequent  trips. 

That  Mr.  Doherty's  in- 
terests are  by  no  means 
limited  to  teclinical  sub- 
jects is  shown  by  the  fact 
of  his  election  to  the  office 
of  mayor  of  his  village  in 
litL'l'.  In  that  particular 
election,  both  parties  want- 
ed him  for  tlieir  candidate! 
Their  e.\]iectations  were 
fully  justified  in  the  ad- 
ministration that  followed. 
When  Mr.  Doherty  went 
into  office  he  found  the  vil- 
lage finance  books  in  very 
bad  shai)e.  He  therefore 
revised  the  buoks  himself 
and  in  doing  so,  he  developed  a  much  simjiler  sys- 
tem of  bookkeeping  than  the  one  jireviously  tised. 
To  i|uote  Mr.  E.  S.  Lee,  to  whom  I  am  indebted 
for  most  of  the  above  facts,  "Such  a  record  is  in 
deed  a  most  fitting  exam])le  to  tlie  engineering  stii 
ilcnls  of  our  day  as  to  the  value  of  a  knowledge  of 
fiiiiilamenlal  jihysics  and  the  ability  to  apply  mathe- 
iiia lical  symbols  and  ojjeratious  thereto,  in  order  to 
iii.ike  ihese  .available  to  designing  engineers,  who 
may  I  hen  design  I  heir  electrical  e(piii)ment  in  the 
lighl  of  an  inliniale  knowledge  of  the  phenomciia 
concerneil. 


Jdiiiiiiri/.  lf>27 


THE  TKCITNOORAPn 


65 


The  Starved  Rock  Lock  and  Dam 


C.  A.  Beatiy,  CO..  '2(> 


Tlic  iin]>rov('iiiciit  of  the  Illiiinis  \\',-itt'i-\\;i y  as 
lUKlcrtaUcn  liy  the  State  of  Illinois,  at  a  cost  of  less 
than  L'(»,()(l(),(IOO  dollars  was  the  one  remaining  step 
to  be  taken  to  conneet  15,000  miles  of  navigable 
streams  with  the  Great  Lakes  system.  The  Illinois 
River  is  navigable,  with  few  e.\ce]iti()ns,  as  far  up 
as  the  Starved  Rock  State  I'ark.  As  can  lie  seen 
from  Fig.  1,  the  total  drop  from  Starved  Rock  to  the 
jnnction  of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Riveis  at 
(Jrafton,  Illinois,  a  distance  of  232  miles,  is  approxi- 
mately L'S  feet,  but  in  the  (io  miles  from  Starved 
Rock  III  Lockport,  where  the  Lake  .Arichigan  water 
le\cl  may  be  reached  thru  the  ("liicago  Drainage 
("anal,  there  is  a  rise  of  1;19  feet. 

In  the  ])ast,  river  traffic  for  Ciiicago  and  llie 
(Jreat  Lakes  left  the  Illinois  River  at  LaSalle.  Illi 
iiois  and  j)roceded  up  the  Illinois  and  Jlichigan 
Canal,  by  a  series  of  small  lifts,  to  Lockport  where 
it  could  pass  on  to  Lake  Michigan  via  the  Chicago 
Drainage  Canal.  But  for  several  past  years  the 
traffic  on  this  canal  has  been  reduced  to  a  negligible 
amount  due  to  the  limited  allowance  diafl  and  the 
small  capacity  per  lockage. 

The  |>lan  now  being  carried  out  is  to  continue 
the  Illinois  and  Desplaines  Rivers  to  Lockpoii  and 
to  overcome  the  existing  difference  in  elevation  by 
a  series  of  only  five  locks  located  at  jioinis  shown 
in  Fig.  1.     These  locks  with   the  addition  of  some 


^ii  Arii^     ^KSfct  «■ 


View   (jk   Puoject  From   Lovek'.s  Leai" 

di'edging  to  be  carried  out  later  will  offei'  slack 
water  navigation  throughout  the  length  of  the  iin 
proved  river  affording  a  minimum  de]illi  of  '.)  feel 
and  a  navigable  width  of  from  200  to  I. odd  iVct. 
The  Starved  Kock  lock  and  dam  is  Ihr  lower  niiit 
in  this  chain  of  locks  and  dams.  The  np|icr  niiil 
is  at  Lockpoi-t  and  consists  of  a  lock  having  ;i  lift 
of  ,41   feet    and   al    ihe   ])resent    time    is   ]iract  iially 


completed  with  the  cNccplion  of  some  steel  work. 
The  ne.xt  unit  is  at  Uiandon  K'oad.  which  is  .iboul 
five  miles  below  the  one  at  Lockport,  This  as  yet 
is  not  under  contract,  but  when  built  will  consist 
of  lock  having  a  lift  of  ;'.l  IVet  and  a  dam  and  power 
])lant  to  generate  28,000  horsepower,  hMfteen  miles 
down  the  Desplains  Rivei-  at  its  junction  with  the 
Kaid'iakee  River  at  Dresden   Island  is  Ihe  ne.xl   unit 


CllNSTUCt'TION     WcillK 

which  consists  of  a  lock  having  a  lift  of  IT  feet,  and 
a  dam  and  powei'  jdant  to  generate  18,000  horse- 
l)0wer.  The  next  unit  is  at  Bell  Island,  which  is 
just  below  Marsailles.  This  unit  is  com])lete  at  the 
]iresent  time  with  the  exce])tion  of  the  lock  gates 
and  power  plant  wlii<  li  will  jirobably  not  be  |)laced 
until  the  entire  system  is  ready  for  operation.  This 
unit  consists  of  a  lock  having  a  lift  of  21  feet  ami 
a  ])0\ver  i)lant  to  genei-ate  7,000  hoi-se  |)owei'. 

The  Starved  Rock  unit  is  located  dii-ectly  ojijio 
site  the  Starved  Kock  Slate  I'ai-k,  which  is  about 
eight  miles  below  Ottawa.  ;it  the  |ii<'sent  time,  this 
link  is  about   tweiily  pci-  cent  completed. 

The  lifl  ill  this  |iarticnlai'  lock  is  to  he  10  feet 
and  the  inside  dimensions  are  to  be  110  feet  in  w  iiltli 
and  000  feet  in  length:  these  dimensions  are  llie 
same  for  all  of  the  locks.  This  gives  thi'  locks  a 
capacity  of  9,000  titns  per  locknge.  ihe  ei|ui\aleiil  ol 
;500  loaded  freight  cais.  which  wonld  be  a  ti-ain  ovei- 
two  jniles  in  length.  The  gates  are  of  the  swinging 
mitre,  type,  having  a  depth  of  water  of  14  feet  over 
the  miti'c  sills:  for  although  the  |)resent  designs  call 
lor  only  a  !»  foot  cliaiiiiel,  al!  locks  are  to  be  built 
large  enough  for  a  I  I  foot  cli:iniiel.  Each  gate  is  to 
have  two  leaves:  those  in  the  upper  gate  weighing 
02  tons  each  and  those  in  the  lower  gate  weighing 
150  tons  each.  The  walls  are  to  be  of  the  gravity 
ty])e  i)laced  on  solid  limestone,  the  base  to  be  at  an 


(u; 


Tin:  'n:('nx()(iKAi'ii 


■hnniiirii.  1927 


clfNiltiou  of    iL'l.d   Icrl    wilh    llic   lii|i  a  I    .ill   clrx  :il  inn 

of  4(;i.(i  fi'i't. 

The  li(';i(li;:i(i'  structure'  lor  llic  power  liousc  is  to 
\if  liiiilt  iiiiclcr  lliis  coiitnicl  Imt  lln'  |io\\('i'  |il.iiil 
itscir,  which  will  fionernte  2:i. ()()()  lioisc  power,  is  not 
iiicliRU'd.  This  structure,  wliich  is  to  lie  ]il.ic('(l  lie 
twceii  the  lock  and  the  dam  has  a  length  of  .")li(l 
feet  and  is  divided  into  ten  units  by  piers.  Each 
of  these  units  is  sub-divided  into  three  smaller  units 
by  smaller  jiiers.  Next  to  the  head  jjate  structuie 
is  located  the  ice  chute  which  measures  32  feet  alon<; 
the  face  of  the  dam.  This  structure  is  for  the  pur- 
l)ose  of  passing  ice  flow  without  taking  it  thru  the 
tainter  gates  which  it  would  be  very  apt  to  damage. 
This  chute  is  fitted  with  a  lift  sector  gate  which  is 
liydiaulically  operated. 

The  spillway  is  to  be  placed  next  to  the  ice  chute 
and  extends  across  the  river  where  it  abuts  against 
the  face  of  Lover's  Leap,  a  cliff  about  100  yards 
above  Stai'ved  Kock.  The  total  length  of  the  spill- 
way is  to  be  ()80  feet  and  it  is  divided  into  ten  sec- 
tions by  eight  foot  piers,  leaving  ten  openings  of 
(JO  feet  each  in  the  clear.  The  flow  thru  these  open- 
ings is  to  be  regulated  by  tainter  gates  operated  fi'oni 
an  overhead  bridge.  Each  opening  has  but  one  gate, 
making  these  among  the  longest  gates  of  their  type 
in  use  at  the  present  time.  The.se  gates  will  have 
a  height  of  about  ITi/o  feet,  the  bottom  being  placed 
on  the  crest  of  the  spillway  which  is  at  elevation 
4-12.0  feet  and  extending  above  the  upper  pool  stage 
which  is  4.")!).0  feet.  On  the  land  side  of  the  upper 
a])i)roach  there  is  to  be  placed  a  reinforced  concrete 
guide  pier.  The  lower  ai)proach  has  a  protecting 
wall  on  the  land  side  but  this  is  a  gi'avity  type,  mass 
concrete  wall.  The  upi)er  approach  side  is  to  be  580 
feet  in  length  with  a  pier  every  20  feet.  The  lower 
a])proach  wall  is  to  be  594  feet  in  length. 

The  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  Starved 
Kock  Lock  Dam  was  awarded  in  December,  1925,  to 
Woods  Bros.  Construction  Company  of  Lincoln,  Ne- 
bi'aska,  at  a  contract  price  of  |1, 475,832.00. 

Camps  of  a  semi-permanent  character  were  erec 
ted  at  a  location  close  to  the  job,  and  construction 
was  begun  about  the  middle  of  March,  192(5.     The 


first  thing  in  tlic  program  was  the  <lianging  of  the 
location  of  Engel  Creek,  a  small  creek  that  original 
ly  jiassed  directly  across  the  proposed  lock  site,  to 
a  iioinl  further  down  sticaiii.  This  work  was  done 
with  a  gas-engin»'  oiiciatcd  (Iragliiic,  lia\iiig  a  I'l 
yard  biu-ket.  The  excavated  material  was  jilaced  on 
the  banks  of  the  new  channel. 

Activities  were  transferred  from  thfi-e  to  the  lock 
site  itself  where  excavation  was  begun  using  three 
gas-engine  operated  draglines.  A  dirt  levee  was 
thrown  up  around  the  lock  site  and  jjiirf  of  the  head 
gate  str\icture,  to  an  elevation  of  4(54.0  feet,  the 
original  ground  level  being  about  4.53.0  to  455.0 
feet.  The  remaining  dirt  which  existed  down  to  an 
elevation  of  about  435.0  feet  was  then  loaded  on  five- 
yard  dump  cars  and  hauled  by  industrial  locomo- 
tives on  narrow  gauge  tracks  out  of  the  excavation 
onto  a  trestle  erected  from  the  levee  in  an  eastward 
direction  to  a  point  wliei'c  the  grouTid  elevation 
reached  464.0  feet. 

In  the  meantime  air  compi'essors  had  been  in- 
stalled and  as  soon  as  the  rock,  which  was  a  very 
inferior  grade  of  sand  stone,  was  encountered,  two 
air  driven,  tripod,  rock  drills,  and  several  smaller 
jack  hammers  were  put  into  o])eration  to  drill  holes 
for  blasting.  The  draglines  were  then  converted  to 
shovels  and  the  excavation  was  continued  down 
thru  the  rock. 

During  this  time  the  general  contractor  was 
erecting  his  concrete  jjlant  and  various  equipment 
]>reparatory  to  ]iouring  concrete,  which  at  that  time 
was  expected  to  begin  during  the  month  of  Septem- 
ber. The  concrete  plant  consisted  of  two  bins,  one  for 
gravel  having  a  capacity  of  about  100  yards,  and  one 
for  cement  having  a  capacity  of  about  200  bbls., 
placed  on  bents  18  feet  above  the  ground.  The  mixer 
having  a  capacity  of  one  yard,  was  placed  on  a  jilat- 
form  directly  under  these  bins,  and  having  feed 
spouts  from  the  bins  to  the  hopper  of  the  mixer: 
the  base  of  the  mixer  being  9  feet  above  ground. 
A  narrow  gauge  railroad  was  built  along  the  side 
of  the  i)lant  so  that  concrete  cars  on  this  track  can 
be  loaded  directly  from  the  mixer.  A  bucket  con 
(Vnntinued    on    Page   91) 


'i 
j 

1 

"O 

PRCriLZ  OF 

ILLINOIS    WATFRW-AV 

STARVED  ROCK  TO  LOCHpOFT 

1 

1 

1    /c,./  ^ 

1 

y 

1 

^7/ 

*•  4no            ^^~~' 

Z-32 

/fi/iS  /<  /VmM  o/  mm>.sK,v,r 

«. -^ 

Is 

•» 

! 

" 

FifiURK  One 


JdniKiri/,  lf)27 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


67 


Statistical  Methods  In  Ceramic  Research 


l\rx((ncll     A 


A.  E.  R.  Westman 

tnix-idtr    ill    Ciriiiiiir    /■Jiii/iiicrriiii/ 


Editor's  Note:  This  article  is  the  substance  of  a  paper 
presented  before  the  American  Ceramic  Society  by  Mr. 
Westman.  Although  the  paper  was  written  primarily  for 
ceramists,  the  principles  discussed  are  quite  general  and 
may  find  application  in  many  branches  of  engineering 
research. 

The  f'uiKiaiiit'iilal  object  nf  cciaiiiic  reseai'ch  i.s 
to  biiild  up  rt  scitMice  of  ceramics  whicli  will  enable 
us  to  produce,  in  the  most  efficient  manner  jjossi- 
ble  and  from  a  cei'taiu  group  of  raw  materials,  fin- 
ished products  wliich  will  have  certain  prescribed 
set.s  of  jjhysical  properties. 

The  group  of  raw  materials  with  which  we  have 
to  work  are  the  naturally  occurring  clays,  feldsjiai's, 
silicas  and  other  minerals.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
more  materials  this  group  includes  the  easier  will 
l)e  tlie  task  of  the  ceramist,  it  is  also  evident  that 
an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  properties  of  these 
materials  is  vital  to  our  progress.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  we  find  ceramists  engaged  in  developing 
new  raw  materials  and  in  studying  their  jiroperties 

CORRELAT/ON    TABLE. 


LENGTH  OF  FIRST   FACE. 
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Fic.iHi',   Onk 

and  niediods  of  pinil'i(  ation.  Tills  is  one  of  the  ini 
portant  steps  in  acliieving  Ilic  olijert  dt't'incd  in  the 
previous  paragrajih. 

The  finished  ceramic  jiroducts  are  ])i'oduced,  in 
general,  by  mixing  raw  materials  in  certain  propor- 


tions, shaping,  drying  and  firing.  A  study  of  these 
processes  is  also  of  great  imjiortance  and  such  a 
study  is  being  made  at  the  present  time.  The  jihysi- 
cal  properties  desirable  in  the  finished  ])rodiicts 
should,  theoretically,  be  i)rescribed  by  the  ai'chitects, 
industrial  furnace  designers  and  other  users  of- 
ceramic  products.  Actually,  in  many  cases,  the 
users  of  the  ceramic  products  have  refused  or  neg- 
lected to  carry  out  the  investigations  which  are 
needed  to  make  accurate  perscription  ])ossible  and, 
for  this  reason,  we  find  ceramists  studying  the  ap 
plication  of  ceramic  products,  although  that  is, 
strictly  speaking,  not  their  field. 

Thus,  at  the  present  time,  we  find  large  groujis 
of  investigators  studying  ceramic  raw  materials, 
ceramic  processes,  or  finished  ceramic  products.  In 
practically  all  cases  the  materials  to  which  they 
expect  finally  to  apply  their  results  are  characteriz- 
ed by  their  variability  and  sooner  or  later,  the  ques- 
tion of  sampling  errors  must  be  faced  although  we 
give  it  little  thought  at  the  present  time.  Our  cera- 
mic precesses  are,  and  probably  always  will  be,  cliar- 
acterized  by  considerable  variability,  and  our  finish- 
ed products  are  subject  to  variations  in  their  physi- 
cal properties  which  cannot  be  neglected.  It  seems 
unreasonable  to  expect  that  we  shall  ever  succeed  in 
making  a  complete  study  of  these  variable  matei'i- 
als,  processes  and  products  if  we  neglect  their  com 
mon  characteristic  which  is  their  variability.  It  is 
still  more  unreasonable  to  exjicct  that  we  shall  be 
al)h'  to  biiild  up  a  science  which  will  combine  i)ur 
knowledge  of  materials,  |)rocesses  and  i)i-oducts  into 
generalizations  and  laws  that  will  enable  us  to  solve 
the  problem  stated  at  the  beginning  of  this  paper,  as 
long  as  we  neglect  the  matter  of  variability. 

The  giowtli  of  science,  is  dejjendent  n])on  the  dc 
\clo]ini('iit  ol  powerful  methods  of  thought  and  of 
i-csearcli.  If  we  iiKjuirc  into  the  growlli  of  other 
sciences,  we  find  tiial  in  nearly  all  ciscs.  ilic  iiii 
jiortant  <leveIoi)ments  were  preceded  by  i)eriods  in 
which  new  methods  of  research  and  thouglit  were 
(■oncci\('(l.  It  would  seem  right,  thei'eforc,  I  hat  we 
should  give  every  consideration  to  the  devclopincnl 
of  I'esearch  methods  which  will  be  iiarlicularly 
]powerful  in  dealing  with  our  fundamental  problems. 
These  rese.iicli  methods  and  methixls  (if  tlioiighl 
should  be  such  that  Ihey  emible  us  to  state  our  fnii 
ilamental  problems  in  definite  language  and  should 


(!S 


'riii:  'i'i:('ii\(Mii{Ai'ii 


■/iiiiiiiiri/,  l!).2'i 


lead,    ill    :l    clrt'iliilf    lii:ilinr|-.    In    :i    Mililliiill    nt'    llii'si' 
|)i'ol)leiiis. 

W'c  li;iM'  alii'iuly  iiiadc  coiisiilcialilc  luojircss  in 
ilr\  il(i|iiiiji  ri'soid'cli  nu'tluuls  of  :i  ccilaiii  Ivjic  ami  in 
a|i|il\iii^  tlioso  (l('Vt'l<i]i('<i  in  oilier  sciences.  Some 
of  these  methods,  such  as  the  nucr()sci)|)ic  and  I  he 
X  ray  incliHids  used  liy  (lie  (ieophysical  Lalioialoiy 
and  oiheis,  have  inodiiced  very  iin])()rtant  results 
and  have  made  it  jxissible  to  niulerstiuid  a  nmnbei- 
id'  lead  ions  which,  before  their  introduction,  were 
shrouded    in   invsterv.     We  have  niach'  ijood   use  of 


FlGUKE    T\V 


llie  methods  id'  analysis  of  the  chemist  and  lia\e 
a|i|died  the  exact  methods  of  the  physicist  in  deter 
miiiiiii;  the  |iro]ierlies  n{'  unv  raw  materials  and 
|iroducts. 

Nearly  all  id'  these  methods  are  what  minht  be 
called  "exact  methods."  They  involve  e.xjieriments 
which  are  carried  out  with  jiiire  materials  under 
nearly  ideal  conditions,  experiments  in  which  only 
one  or  two  of  the  factors  are  allowed  to  vary  and 
the  rest  are  accurately  contridled  so  that  their  id' 
feet  is  neyliiiible.  While  these  e\a<-t  methods  have 
|)rovided  lis  with  some  very  did'inite  coiice])tions  and 
a  (hd'inite  startin;^  ]i(dnl  fin'  other  ex])i'rimeiits,  yet 
it  seems  imiii'obable  that  tliey  will,  in  a  reasonable 
time,  ]iro\ide  us  with  a  comj)lete  solution  for  onr 
jiroblems.  This  is  because  a  study  of  our  raw  ma- 
terials, ])rocesses  and  finished  jiroducts  necessarily 
involves  the  study  of  a  <;reat  nundter  of  variables. 
liesides  phase-rub"  rel.ations  in  whi(di  a  lar;;('  number 
of  coin])oiients  are  involved,  we  have  also  to  consider 
Ww  effect  of  parti(de-size,  rates  of  reaction,  fluctua 
tions  in  tempei'ature,  i)artially  attained  thermody- 
namic equilibrium,  relative  jiosition  and  de^i'ee  of 
dis[)ersi()n  of  the  jdiases  in  space  and  a  number  of 
other  factors  which  can  readily  be  listed.  Unless  the 
exact  methods  pi-oduce  some  revolutionary  discover- 
ies tliat  radically  chan.ije  the  nature  of  our  raw  ma- 
terials and  manufacturinji'  jn'ocesses  it  seems  im- 
probable that  they,  alone,  will  jirovide  a  solution  for 


our  priddem.  The  cerainisi,  therefore,  must  de\elo|i 
or  borrow  methods  whi(di  will  enable  him  to  obtain 
ridialde  information  from  experiments  in  which  it  is 
impossible  to  control   maii.\'  of  the  factors. 

Some  years  a^o  the  bioloj^ist,  particularly  the 
Idoiiietrist,  found  himself  faced  willi  almost  the  same 
situation  which  I  lia\c  tried  to  describe  in  the  ]ire 
vious  paraj;raplis.  lie  was  forced  to  cany  out  ex 
pei'iments  with  smdi  \ariable  objects  as  guinea  ])ijfs 
or  rats  and  to  analyse  data  collected  from  lari;e 
uroiips  (d'  men  who  can  dil'l'er  in  a  ureal  many  ways. 
The  number  of  factors  inf Ineiicint;  any  one  of  his 
lesiills  was  \ery  ^i-eat  and  exact  methods  pro\ed 
i|iiite  inaileiiiiale.  It  is  a  matter  of  importance  to 
note  that  the  biometrist  has  succeeded,  to  a  surjiris- 
inj>-  extent,  in  overcoming  the  difficulties  inherent 
iu  such  a  situation  and  has  developed  methods  of 
research  and  thought  which  have  enabled  him  to  get 
significant  results  from  his  experiments  and  liis 
collections  of  data.  These  methods  are  being  intro 
diiced  into  engineering  research  with  very  gratify 
ing  results,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  work  of  Shew 
hart':  (iowan,  Leavitt  and  Evans". 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  jiajier  to  describe  brief- 
ly some  of  these  methods  and  to  point  out  how  they 
can  be  used  in  ceramic  research.  AVe  shall  group 
these  methods  of  research  under  the  general  heading 
of  "statistical  methods"  which  will  be  used  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  "exact  methods"  j)reviously 
discussed,  although  from  one  view-point  the  differ- 
ence is  only  one  of  degree.  We  shall  consider  that 
statistical  methods  involve  experiments  in  which  we 
can  ol)serve  the  occurrence  of  various  possible  con- 
tributary  causes  of  a  phenomenon  but  cannot  con- 
trol them,  and  that  exact  or  classical  methods  in- 
\olve  experiments  in  which  all  tlie  possible  contribn- 
tary  causes  are  controlled  or  their  effect  is  carefully 
measured  and  the  results  corrected  accordingly.  The 
remainder  of  this  ])a])ei-  will  be  devoted  to  a  dis 
cnssion  of  statistical  methods,  so  defined. 

The  |irimaiy  statistical  concept  is  that  of  a  popu- 
lation. I'opiildtloii  is  a  large  group  of  individuals: 
its  essential  chai-acterlstic  is  that  it  should  be  cap- 
able of  exact  definition.  Although  the  word  popu- 
lation ordin.irily  implies  that  the  individuals  are 
|ieople.  there  is  no  such  restriction  to  the  statistical 
wdid.  |iopiilation.  I'or  instance,  we  may  have  a 
|)o]Milation  consisting  of  all  the  people  of  school  age 


1.  The  Bell  System  Technical  Journal,  III,  1.  Jan. 
(1924);  V.  1,  Jan.  (1<I2R);  V,  2,  April  (1926);  V,  4.  Oct. 
(1926). 

2.  Bulletins  5-17,  Maine  Technolog.v  Experiment  Sta- 
tion. University  of  Maine.  Orono.  Maine. 

Proc.  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Vol.  11,  No.  1, 
pp.   11-16,  January   (1925). 

Proc    Amer.  Soc.  Testing  Materials,  Vol.  25.  part  II.  pp. 
21S-227,  (1925). 


JdniKiri/.  10.27 


TlIK  TECHNOGRAPH 


C9 


li\iii,U  in  a  fcrlaiii  coiniiiuiiily  at  u  certain  time,  or 
a  popiilatiDii  CDii.sistiii}:;  of  all  the  brands  of  firehiick 
nuumfaetnred  in  the  United  States  dnrinj;  a  certain 
year,  or  a  i)oiiulation  of  all  the  experimental  vahies 
of  a  certain  quantity  which  wonld  he  obtained  if  a 
certain  exi)eriment  were  to  lie  repeated  a  huiic  nnni 
her  of  times. 

The  first  stej)  in  an  invest iuation  is  to  define,  as 
accurately  as  possible,  the  population  which  is  to  be 
investij^ated ;  the  next  ste]i  is  to  specify  the  charac- 
teristic or  pro]>erty  which  is  ])ossessed  in  varying; 
degrees  by  the  different  members  of  the  population, 
and  with  which  the  invest iji;ation  is  concerned.  This 
•luantity  is  usually  called  raritttr.  In  the  po])ulations 
mentioned  in  the  preceding;  paragraphs,  for  instance, 
we  might  take  as  variates  the  heights  of  the  pojiula- 
tion  of  people,  or  the  transverse  strengths  of  the 
l>o])ulation  of  brands  of  firebrick,  or  the  magnitudes 
of  the  experimental  values.  Sometimes  we  wish  to 
investigate  the  possible  relationships  existing  be- 
tween two  variates  in  the  same  po])ulation,  e.g.,  the 
heights  and  weights  of  the  people,  the  porosities  and 
transverse  strengths  of  the  firebrick,  or  the  magni- 
tudes of  the  experimental  values  and  the  times  at 
which  they  were  made. 

Since  tlie  statistician  iisnally  cannot  deal  with 
till'  whole  of  the  population  he  is  investigating,  in 
fact  it  nearly  always,  at  least  theoretically,  consists 
of  an  infinite  number  of  individuals,  he  selects  a 
random  sample.  This  consists  of  a  manageable  num- 
ber of  individuals  of  the  population  selected  in  such 
a  way  that,  at  each  selection,  every  member  of  the 
population  has  the  same  chance  of  being  chosen. 
For  instance,  if  he  wished  to  secure  a  random 
sample  of  the  firrhrirk.'^  manufactured  in  Jlissonri 
during  a  certain  ycai-.  il  wnnid  not  do  to  select  a 
number  of  hraiids  i<\'  hiick  al  random,  as  the  bricks 
of  some  brands  are  pnidnccil  in  much  larger  (pianti- 
ties  than  those  of  other  bi-ands  and  tlie  fii-ebrick 
has  been  specified  as  an  indi\idnal  and  not  the 
brand.  In  the  same  way  if  he  wishes  to  secure  a 
random  samjde  of  a  ])o]>ulation  of  experimental 
values,  it  is  necessary  that  their  magnitudes  he  not 
de])endent  on  the  times  at  which  they  are  obtaincil. 

From  measurements  jierformed  on  the  sainph', 
the  statistician  calculates  a  number  of  xt(iti.sli<:-<.  a 
statistic  being  a  \ahu'  <alculated  from  an  oliseiveil 
sample  with  a  view  to  characterizing  the  iiojtulation 
from  which  it  is  drawn.  The  arithmetic  mean  anil 
the  standai-d  deviatioTi  are  examples  of  such  i|uanli 
ties.  Having  calcni.ited  a  snfficient  number  of  sta 
tistics  to  characteri/,e  the  population  as  accui-ately 
as  his  inethods  of  measurement  and  conditions  n\' 
sampling  warrant,  the  next  step  is  to  estimate  the 
magnitude  and  natui-e  of  the  errors  to  which  they 
are  subject.    These  include  estimates  of  goodness  of 


fit  ,Mi(l  .■<ii/iii(ic<nicr  of  iiinnix.  (piantities  wliicli   will 
lie  discussed  later. 

The  data  which  are  secured  from  a  s.imple  arc 
usually  presented  in  the  form  of  a  frecpienci/  disfri- 
hnlion.  which  s]iecifies  how  frecpiently  the  variafe 
lakes  each  of  its  ]iossible  values.  Such  data  is  usual 
ly  ]ilotted  in  the  foiin  of  a  ]ii.sto(/r(i in.  In  making  a 
histogram,  a  lidii/.nntal  s<-ale  of  variates  is  l.-iid  out  ; 
rectangles  are  then  erected  in  such  a  way  that  the 
area  of  each  rectangle  indicates  the  nundier  of  iiuli 
viduals  of  the  samjile  which  were  found  to  ha\c 
values  of  the  vari.ite  between  the  two  values  given 
by  the  intersection  of  the  sides  of  the  i-ectangle  and 
the  horizontal  scale.  If  an  iudi\iilual  is  found  to 
have  a  value  of  the  variale  exactly  e(|ual  to  one  of 
these  jiartition  \alues,  it  is  considered  ei|ui\aleul  lo 
two  half-individuals,  one  <it  which  lias  a  v.ilue  of  the 
variate  immediately  ,ibo\c,  and  the  other  inirnedl 
ately  below,  this  jiartition  \alue.  In  case  the  scale 
of  the  variate  is  uniform  and  the  widths  of  the  ree 
tangles  equal,  the  areas  of  the  rectangles  will  he 
proportional  to  their  heights  and  a  perpendicular 
scale  of  frequencies  can  he  set  u]i. 

Fig.  1  shows  a  histogram  which  was  plotted  troui 
data  secured  from  measurements  of  the  transverse 
strengths  of  270  fireclay  brick.  The  variate  con- 
sidered was  the  transverse  strength  each  brick  wmilil 
have  if  the  mean  value  for  its  brand  were  1(1(1  ]i(iuuds 
l)er  square  inch.  For  the  ])urpose  of  illustration  we 
will  consider  that  all  the  bricks  belonged  to  the  same 
brand.  The  population  would  then  be  all  the  bricks 
of  this  brand  manufactured  during  a  certain  jieriod 
of  time  in  which  their  properties  were  not  a  tunc 
ticm  of  the  time.  The  statistician  charactei'i/.es  the 
fre(iuency  distribution  shown  by  such  a  histogiani 
by  calculating  the  (irifhnirtic  nienii  and  lln  sin iithird 
deriatimi.  The  aritliiuetic  mean  e\|ii-esses  the  ecu 
tr;ll  tendency  of  the  measurements,  the  staudaid 
deviation  the  ■■iiuouut  of  disiiersion  oi'  s]iread.  Some 
times  the  socalled  •'probable  error"  is  used  instead 
of  the  standard  deviation  and,  lately,  the  use  of  the 
s(pnue  of  the  standard  deviation  or  the  rurUtnee  is 
coming  into  common  use.  In  the  example  shown  in 
Fig.  1,  the  arithmetic  mean  is  approximately  100. 
the  standard  (leviati<in  is  apiiroximately  ±  20,  or 
plus  or  minus  the  width  of  two  of  the  rectangles,  or 
(w(i  f7((.v.s  intcrrals. 

Fi'om  calcidalions  based  on  these  and  other  jiara- 
meters  or  statistics,  the  statistician  finds  an  ecpia- 
tion  which  can  be  used  to  ex]iress  the  freipu'ncy 
distribution.  In  Fig.  1,  for  instance,  the  full  line 
cui-ve  is  ]ilott('d  from  the  eciuation 

1/=        A'         c~2p 


7() 


TIIK  Ti;<IIN()(!l{Al'lI 


■hnniiini.   I'.in 


ill  wliicli  //  is  llic  rirc|ni'iic.v.  \  liic  iiiiiiilicr  iif  iiicm 
siiiciiiciils  I'JTIll,  ;  is  llic  sl:iiiil:irii  (lev  i:i  I  ion  .■ilid  c 
is  llic  (lev  i;il  iidi  iit'  llic  \,-iii:ilc  Irdiii  llic  iiicnii  \aluc. 
Tlic  siMiiil.inl  (lc\i;ilioii  c  .-iiiil  Ilic  (lc\i;ili<)Iis  ,/■ 
slidiilii  lie  iiic.isiircij  in  llic  sjiMic  iinils.  Tiiis  is  ;i 
iiir\('  of  miniiiil  lypc.  ("ni'vcs  of  iliis  lypc  I'll  ii 
l.ii-j;c  nuinlici'  uf  llic  Irciiiiciicy  ijisliihiil  ions  round 
in  liioiiictric  wmk  .iinl  will  \v\\  likely  fit  a  good 
|iro|)ortioii  of  ilic  (lisi rilintions  found  in  ceramic  rc- 
sciiicli.  Ill  sonic  cases  other  types  must  be  used. 
Siandani  iiroccdiircs  for  <le(ermiiiiiig  which  types 
to  use  and  how  lo  c.ilcnlale  them  have  been  de 
\('lopctl  liy  ("liarlier'.   I'caison'  and  others. 

Tlie  (|ncsi  ion  llicii  arises,  how  accurately  do  lliesc 
statistics  calciilaled  from  measiiremeuts  ma(h'  on 
llic  sample  characterize  the  iiojiuhition  from  whicli 
they  are  diawn.  It  is  in  this  direction  that  the 
niodcTii  statisticians  led  liy  Karl  Pearson^  "Stu- 
dent"'', and  otlii'is  lia\('  made  their  most  significant 
advances.  'I'liese  li,i\c  resulted  in  the  such  theories 
as  the  llieoiy  of  (l<ifKhi>'ss  of  Fit  and  the  theoi'y  of 
Siiiiill  Sidiiiih/i,  lioih  of  which  arc  of  importance  to 
the  research  worker  in  ceramics.  In  the  case  we 
have  been  considering,  for  instance,  if  we  assume 
lliat  our  s,ini|ile  of  I'll)  hiicks  is  a  true  random 
s.iniplc  from  a  popiiLi lion  having  normally  disti-i- 
liuted  ti-ansvei'se  sti'cngths,  on  the  basis  of  the  (Jood- 
ness  of  Fit  theory  we  would  expect  a  fit  between  the 
theoretical  curve  and  the  actual  frequency  distribu- 
tion as  poor  or  poorer  than  that  shown  in  Fig.  1 
about  58  times  in  100  trials,  the  frequencies  for  de- 
viations greater  than  nO  (below  A,  above  B,  Fig.  1) 
being  lumped  together  because  the  theory  can  pi-o 
cede  by  fractions  of  a  brick  whereas  the  data  can- 
not. The  standard  deviation  of  a  distribution  cal- 
culated as  a  percentage  of  the  mean  value  is  called 
the  Corjficirnt  of  Yaruitioii  and  is  a  u.seful  measui'C 
of  the  variability  oi'  lack  of  uniformity  of  the  pojiu- 
lation. 

\'ciy  freipienlly  the  statistician  wishes  to  investi- 
gate possible  relationships  which  may  exist  between 
two  variates  of  a  ]iopulation,  rather  than  to  study- 
just  one  variate.  A  study  of  the  relationships  be- 
tween two  variates  of  a  |)()i)ulation  is  called  a  study 
in  carrcldlion,  a  study  of  three  oi-  more  variates  is 
called  a  study  in  miilliitlr  rornlafiou.  The  term 
.vAv  /(■  corrrhttion  is  used  when  the  \alues  of  the  sepa- 
rate variates  are  not  distributed  normall.v.  Tliis 
hitter  type  of  correlation  has  been  investigated  by 
Karl  I'earsoir"'  and  others.  In  a  normal  correla- 
tion study,  a  I'andom  sample  is  obtained  from  the 
liopulation;  measurements  of  the  values  of  the  two 
variiites  are  made  on  each  individual,  thus  yielding 
as  many  pairs  of  values  as  there  are  individuals  in 
the  sample;  a  correlation  tatitr  is  pic|iarcd  and  a 
corrclution  coefficient  calculated. 


I'"i;^.  L'  shows  a  lypic;il  coirelal  ion  talile.  The 
jiopiiliil  ion  in  this  case  was  a  certain  brand  of  stiff- 
mud  fiicchiy  111  icks.  the  \ariates  considered  were 
the  lengths  of  Ilic  faces  fii-st  measured  and  the 
lengths  of  the  opposite  faces.  We  will  call  these  the 
X  and  '\'  variates  respectively.  Measurements  wei'e 
made  on  28!)  bricks,  using  rules  gi-aduated  in  thirt.v- 
seconds  of  an  inch.  Two  measurements  were  made 
of  each  face  and  the  average  of  tlie.se  two  used  as 
the  value  of  I  he  variate  in  question.  The  table  con- 
sists of  .1  niiinbei-  of  columns  and  rows.  Each  row 
is  labellcil  iit  the  left  with  a  number  giving  a  value 
of  the  \  variate,  the  columns  are  similarly  labelled 
at  the  top  with  numbers  giving  values  of  the  Y  vari- 
ate. Each  of  the  numbers  entered  in  the  table  indi- 
cates the  number  of  bricks  having  an  X-Viiriate 
value  indicated  by  the  row  in  which  the  number  is 
placed  and  a  Y-variate  value  indicated  by  the  col- 
umn in  which  it  is  situated.  Thus,  the  number  28 
near  the  center  of  the  table  records  the  fact  that,  for 
28  of  the  bricks,  the  average  length  of  the  face  first 
measured  was  eight  inches  i)lus  27  thirty-seconds, 
while  the  average  length  of  the  oi)posite  face  was 
eight  inches  plus  28  thirty-.seconds.  The  fractional 
values  occurring  in  the  table  are  due  to  the  treat- 
ment of  the  jiartition  values  by  the  method  di.scussed 
previously.  The  sums  of  the  columns  are  shown  at 
the  bottom  of  the  table  and  give  a  frequency  distri- 
bution for  the  Y-variate,  the  sums  of  the  rows  or 
arrays  are  shown  at  the  right  and  give  a  frequency 
distribution  for  tlie  X-variate.  In  the  case  con- 
sidered these  disti'ibutions  arc  apjiroximately 
normal. 

An  examination  of  tlic  table  shows  that  low- 
values  of  the  X-variate  tend  to  be  associated  w-ith 
low-  values  of  the  Y-variate  and  that  high  value  of 
the  X-variate  are  associated  with  high  values  of  the 
Y-variate.  To  express  this  relationship  in  quanti- 
tative fashion,  the  statistician  calculates  a  statistic 
known  as  a  correlation  coefficient.  This  can  have 
absolute  values  between  zero  and  one  and  can  be 
either  jiositive  or  negative.  In  the  above  example 
the  correlation  is  j)ositive.  If  high  values  of  the  X- 
variate  were  associated  with  low-  values  of  the  Y- 
variate,  etc.,  the  correlation  coefficient  w-ould  be 
negative.  A  correlation  coefficient  of  unity  indi- 
cates absolute  dependence  between  the  tw-o  \ariates 
or  indicates  that  they  can  be  considered  as  the  same 
\ariate,  a  correlation  coefficient  of  zero  indicates 
that  they  are  independent,  intermediate  values  of 
the  coefficient  indicate  degrees  of  correlation  be- 
tween these  two  extremes.  In  the  example  shown 
in  hMg.  2,  the  con-elation  coefficient  has  a  value 
+  0.71,  w-hich  indicates  a  high  correlation,  a  re- 
sult which  is  to  be  exjiected.  Correlation  coeffici- 
ents can  he  calculated  from  data  given  in  correla- 


./itiiiKiri/,  1927 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


71 


tioii  tallies  vci'.v  iradily  by  iiiftlidils  ;^iv(>ii  in  most 
of  the  modern  liooks  on  st;itisties.  When  (lealinji 
with  UHiltiple  coirehition,  the  object  of  the  invest! 
j^ation  is  <:;enerally  to  find  what  de<;ree  of  correla- 
tion wliich  would  exist  between  the  values  of  two  of 
the  variates  if  the  effects  of  the  other  variates  were 
removed.  This  is  accomplished  by  calculatiu};  sta- 
tistics known  as  intriiul  corrclaiion  cocfficinifs. 
using  methods  develo])ed  by  Karl  Pearson''  and 
others. 

It  sometimes  iiappens  tliat  the  values  of  the  vari 
ates  under  investigation  cannot  be  expressed  nume- 
rically. Such  would  be  the  case,  for  instance,  in  a 
study  of  the  relationship  existing  between  the  color 
of  a  number  of  firebricks  and  the  colors  of  the  clays 
from  which  they  were  made.  Studies  of  thisiiaturr 
are  called  studies  in  coHtiiifjoiri/  and  methods  have 
been  developed  for  calculating  contingency  coeffi- 
cients which  are  analagous  to  the  correlation  coef- 
ficients described  in  the  previous  section. 

Questions  as  to  the  accuracy  with  which  the  sta 
tistics  calculated  from  nieasuiements  of  a  random 
sample  characterize  the  population  from  which  the 
sample  is  drawn,  are  constantly  arising  in  statisti- 
cal investigations.  Such  (juestions  are  questions  in 
nifjiiificaiicc.  .Methods  of  determining  the  signifi 
cance  of  the  commonly  used  statistics  have  been  de 
veloped  in  recent  years.  Tims,  the  significance  of 
arithmetic  means,  differences  or  sums  of  arithmetic 
means,  standard  deviations,  coi'relation  coefficients, 
theoretical  freipiency  distributions,  etc.,  can  now  be 
calculated. 

Of  special  interest,  in  this  connection,  are  the 
methods  for  determining  "goodness  of  fit''  which 
lirtve  been  develojied  by  Karl  Pearson^  and  the 
Small  Sample  theory  due  to  "Student."  The  form 
er  enables  us,  on  the  basis  of  certain  assumptions, 
III  calcnlate  how  ficiiucntly  we  sliould  expect  a  fit 
iietwccn   a    tliiMirctiial   e(|ualion    and    the  data    it    is 

su])posc(l    to   icprcscnl,  as  ]i(ior  or  ] rcr   than   the 

fit  actually  Idund,  ih(>  latter  enables  us  to  calculate 
the  significance  of  statistics  calculated  from  small 
sain|iles,  when  the  information  afforded  by  the  sam 
jde  is  the  iinlv  infiirinalion  av.iilable.  The  Small 
Samjile  theory  is  parliinhirly  useful  when,  in  llir 
cases  wliere  one  \;iriate  is  considered,  we  have  to 
deal  with  sam]iles  of  less  than  thirty  individuals 
ami,  in  cases  where  two  variates  are  considered,  we 
have  to  deal  with  sainjiles  of  less  than  one  hundred 
individuals. 

In  the  foregoing  discussion,  purely  illustrative 
examples  have  been  used.  The  importance  of  sta 
tistical  methods  may  be  better  realized  if  a  few 
situations  in  which  statistical  methods  are  of  prac- 
tical use  are  considered. 

Ordinarily,    when     we    wish     to    <letermine    the 


"transverse  strength"  of  a  certain  brand  of  liricks, 
we  determine  the  strengths  of  a  number  of 
iii(li\  idu.il  liricUs  of  tli.it  luand  igeneially 
too  small  a  numlierl  .ind  then  calculate  the  .-iritli 
metic  mean  of  these  strengths.  If  we  study  fic 
quency  distributions  such  as  that  shown  in  Fig.  1, 
it  soon  becomes  apiiairnt  that  we  have  calculated 
only  one  statistic  of  the  many  that  might  be  calcu 
lated  and  have  neglected  some  that  are  (piite  imjiort 
ant.  For  instance,  the  standard  deviation,  which 
is  a  measure  of  the  variability  of  the  strengths,  is 
an  important  statistic  which  is  fre(|uently  neglected. 
There  are  many  situations  in  which  two  brainls  of 
brick  having  ecpial  mean  strengths  Init  different 
standard  deviaticuis  would  give  mtv  dirffreiil  re 
suits  in  service,  e.g.,  in  paving  roads. 

Again,  in  industries  where  uniformity  of  jiroduct 
is  of  great  importance,  a  study  of  the  freiiueiicy  dis 
tributions  of  the  jirojierties  of  the  ]iroducts  often 
provides  a  very  effective  means  of  <'oiitr()l.  A  sig 
nificant  change  in  the  form  of  one  of  the  distribii 
tions  would  be  a  very  good  indication  that  some 
significant  change  in  the  raw  materials  or  the  pro- 
cess has  occurred  and  should  be  investigated. 

There  are  many  different  (luantities  in  engineer 
ing  work  which  can  be  used  as  .\  and  \'  \aiiates 
in  correlation  calculations  similar  to  thai  illustraleil 
in  Fig.  2.  For  instance,  the  final  c\aluation  of  a 
laboratory  test  of  materials  which  are  \arialile  in 
their  properties  is  really  a  matter  of  finding  <Mit 
the  degree  of  correlation  which  exists  between  the 
values  secured  from  a  random  samjile  by  means  of 
the  test  and  the  values  derived  from  tests  of  tiie 
same  individuals  under  actn.il  serx  ice  conditions. 

It  is  interesting  in  this  connection  to  ]ioinI  out 
that  if,  in  the  exam])le  shown  in  Fig.  J.  \\e  had  nica 
stired  <inly  two  or  three  of  the  bricks,  we  \\onld 
have  eiiliri'ly  missed  the  rcl.il  i<iiislilp  which  is  (piilc 
e\ideiil  when  a  large  niiinlicr  of  the  bricks  are  inca 
snred,  no  matter  how  accurately  we  might  lia\i' 
measured  them.  It  would  also  be  jiossible  for  dif 
ferent  ol)servers  to  arrive  at  (piite  contradictory 
conclusions  if  they  worked  with  a  small  number  of 
the  bricks  and  "couldn't  sih'  the  woods  for  the  trees." 

In  many  cases  in  engineering  wo  have  formu!;is 
which  we  use  to  correct  our  results  for  \,irialions 
in  the  dimensions  of  the  individuals  with  which  we 
ai'c  working.  Most  of  these  formulas  have  been  de 
lived  on  the  assumption  that  our  materials  are 
homogeneous,  which  is  not  actually  the  case.  It  is 
(piite  possible,  for  inslanci',  that  the  bigger  bricks 
of  a  certain  brand  arc  weaker  than  the  smaller 
bricks  due  to  the  fad  that  they  have  been  overtired 
or  molded  under  smaller  pre.ssures.  However,  if 
we  measure  the  dimensions  and  strengths  of  a  large 
(Continued   on  Page   '.18) 


TlllO  TKCJIMMiHAl'JI 


■III iiitarij,  lil.il 


Indianapolis  Water  Supply 

ll.\i;i;v   !•'.  Xdi.KN,  iii.c,  "I'd 

I  iMlLiii:i|iiilis,    liciii^   ;iii    iiil.inil    cilv   ;in(l    ikiI    In  rcacliitij;  tlic  t'iltcis,  tlir  wilier  imist  cross  l'';ill  ("I't'L'k. 

calcd  (Ml  iiiiy  l;iC}iL'  Ixxlv  ol    w.iicr,   is  prolialily   llic  This  is  ac-c()ini)lisli('(l  l)_v  mi'aiis  of  an  equeduft.  Fij;. 

most    iiiifortiiiiatcly  siliialcd  ciiy  ot   any   larui'  cily  :.'.  is  a  pifture  of  tliis  very  fine  piece  of  eiifiineeriiit;;. 

ill  tlie  I'liited  ^States,  so  far  as  walri    rcsoiiiccs  arc  I'poii  leaving-  the  canal,  the  water  is  treated  at  the 

concerned.     This  liniiled  supply  nt    water,   IIii(mii;Ii  i;ate  house  with  snl]>hate  of  aliimina  and  i^oes  thru 

efficient    I'li^^ineeriiii;     has    been    dewloped     to    the  inixiiij;-  loops  which   tli(iroiii;hly  distrihute  the  ahini 

utmost.  ill  the  raw  walei'. 

The   distribution   .system   contains   ."i.'ill   miles   of  The  next  stc})  in  inirification   is  .sedimentation, 

water  mains,  lliJr  miles  of  which  are  feeder  mains,  Kiver  water  always  carries  mud  and  other  suspend- 


TYPICAL  CROSS  SECTION  THRU  FILTERS 

Figure  Fouu 


twelve  inches  and  laiiier.  The  safety  of  this  sys- 
tem is  indicated  by  the  fad  that  no  other  city  of 
more  than  40, 000  in  the  United  States  has  a  better 
rati  Hi;  in  i-e<>ards  to  fire  insurance  than  Indian- 
apolis. The  ma]),  of  Fis;.  1,  shows  the  watersheds 
which  ai-e  the  total  sonrce  of  suiijily  except  43  deep 
wells  uhiih  are  pnniped  with  electric  motors  or  air 
l»ressure  from  a  central  comiiressor.  These  yield 
an  average  flow  of  :'>r>0  gallons  each  ytei'  minute  and 
are  utilized  to  sup|ilenient  the  filler  sii|)ply.  The 
main  sujifdy,  liowe\cr,  comes  from  White  Kiver 
and  is  carried  from  Hroad  Hipide  dam  in  a  canal 
to  the  filters  and  to  Washington  station  where  the 
remainder  is  used  in  the  water  turbine  centrifugal 
pumping  units.     This  canal  is  9  miles  long.     Before 


ed  matter  which  must  be  removed.  The  sedimenta- 
tion basins  permit  the  suspended  matter  to  settle 
to  the  bottom,  and  the  clarified  water  to  pass  on. 
While  in  these  settling  basins,  the  chemical  reacts 
with  the  mineral  salts  in  the  water,  changes  to  a 
hydrate,  and  then  settles  in  large  flaky  particles 
built  about  the  finer  particles  of  clay.  In  this  way, 
the  clay  is  removed  from  the  water.  The  water 
drawn  off  is  ready  for  filtering  and  is  spoken  of  as 
settled  water. 

Fig.  ;>  shows  the  settling  basin  in  course  of  con- 
struction. The  gutters  at  the  bottom  carry  off  the 
sludge  into  the  sewer.  These  tanks  may  be  washed 
by  means  of  water  su))plied  by  the  |ii|)iiig  which 
can  be  seen  in  the  illustration.     In  this  picture  the 


JitiitKiry,  1927 


THE  TECHNOGRAPn 


73 


filters  may  be  seen  in  the  rear.  The  tank  on  the 
rij;ht  is  a  125,000  gallon  wash  water  tank.  Two 
kinds  of  filters  are  in  use  at  Indianapolis.  These 
aie  slow  sand  filters  built  in  1903,  and  ra])id  sand 
fillers  just  recently  put  into  service.  Thru  tlie  slow 
sand  filters  the  water  passes  at  the  rate  of  a  gallon 
l)er  sipiare  inch  per  day:  thru  the  rapid  sand  fiiti'rs 
it  passes  twenty  times  that  fast.  The  small  rapid 
filters  filter  about  one-third  as  much  as  cacii  sidw 
s:ind  filler,  lint  (iccupy  only  about  oiicciglith  of  the 
floor  s]iacc. 

t'ig.  4  is  a  drawing  by  the  antlior  showing  a 
ly]iical  cross-.section  thru  the  filter  and  will  be  hclp- 
fnl  in  nnderstanding  the  following  exjdanation  of 
the  action  of  the  filter. 

The  water  is  drawn  off  from  the  sedimentation 
lanks  as  settled  watei'  and  is  gravitated  to  the  to]) 
dnct  in  the  center  called  the  settled  water  conduit. 
I'r.iin  here  it  goes  thru  a  concrete  duct  to  the  set 
tied  water  gullets  on  either  side  of  the  center.  The 
water  flows  out  of  this  gullet  into  the  seven  wash 
watei-  ti-oughs.  These  troughs  are  made  of  steel 
and  have  adjustable  sides  so  that  the  level  may  be 
accurately  kept  at  the  desired  point.  This  is  an 
important  factor  in  the  washing  process.  If  the 
sides  are  not  level,  parts  of  the  filter  will  be  diained 
while  other  parts  will  stand  stagnant. 

The  settled  water  flows  over  the.se  troughs  and 
out  through  the  sand  and  gravel  which  filters  it. 
It  is  then  collected  in  the  small  collector  pipes  on 
the  bottom.  From  here  it  flows  to  the  filtei'ed  water 
conduit  on  the  bottom  of  the  central  gallery. 

After  the  water  leaves  the  filters,  it    is  tii-ated 


Water  shecU  of  While  Riucr  and  Fall  Creek  above 

Area    of    White    River    Water   Shed   above    Broad 
Ripple — I-iOO  Kq.  miUa 
:  of  rail  Creek  Water  Shed  above  Itulianapoli, 


— Ji£  etf.  mHe» 


FiGVKE  One 


with  liipiid  chlorine.  This  oxidizing  agent  destroys 
all  living  bacterium.  The  practice  in  this  plant  is 
to  use  from  one-half  to  three-fourtlis  of  one  part  to  a 
million  jiarts  of  water.  Tests  are  made  hourly  to 
determine  the  amount  of  chlorine  to  use.  Satis- 
factory operation  of  the  filter  jdant  dejieiids  ujton 
knowledge  gained  in  previous  laboratory  work  ami 
its  api)lication   to   the   changing   condition   of    the 


untreated  water.  It  is  essential  that  the  rate  of 
flow  in  eacli  unit  of  the  filters  be  adjusted  to  its 
ability  to  ])roduce  a  safe  effluent.  After  the  water 
is  j)nrified,  it  passes  to  concrete  storage  reservoirs. 
The  present  storage  cai)acity  is  17,000,000  gallons 
and  a  0,000. (Mll»  gallon  reservoir  is  just  being 
c()ni))leted. 

All   that  remains   then   to  be  done  is  to  deliver 
the  water  at   a   suitable  jiressnre  to  the  consumer. 


Figure  Two 

However,  the  maintainence  of  pressure  is  an  inter- 
esting problem  in  itself.  In  passing,  the  author 
would  like  to  mention  two  units  of  Davis  and  Snow 
pumps,  one  of  which  was  the  most  economical  pump 
on  record  at  the  time  it  was  built.  They  pump 
:!0,000,000  and  1'0,000,000  gallons  daily  respectively. 
Some  of  the  distribution  liiu^s  are  so  long  and  the 
elevations  so  high  that  the  pressure  has  to  be  boost- 
ed along  the  way.  Michigan  Booster  Station  has  a 
1' 1,000,000  gallon  daily  cai)acity. 

After  the  filter  has  operated  until  the  loss  of 
head  is  too  great,  depending  upon  the  turbidity 
largely,  the  filter  lias  to  he  washed.  When  cleaning 
is  necessary  in  ilic  slow  sand  filters,  the  sand  sui- 
face  layer  is  taken  n|i,  washed  and  replaci-d.  This 
is  done  in  the  rapid  sand  filters  mechanically.  The 
entire  filter  is  controlled  from  the  oi)erating  table 
shown  in  the  left  foreground  of  Fig.  0.  In  washing 
the  filter,  the  wash  water  valve  is  opened  and  the 
filtered  valve  water  closed.  Then  the  ordinary  })ro- 
cess  is  entirely  reserved.  The  water  rushes  up  thru 
the  sand  into  the  wash  water  troughs  and  then 
though  the  wash  water  gullet  into  the  drain  pi]ie  in 
the  central  gallery.  Half  of  the  12.-5,000  gallon  wash 
water  tank  is  em])1ied  in  from  8  to  10  minutes  which 
makes  a  tremendous  scouring  effect.  Fig.  0  is  a 
view  taken  down  the  center  of  the  filter  plant.  The 
o|MTaling  table  and  the  large  hydraulic  cylinders 
(Continued  on  Page  8S) 


74 


TITE  TKCTINOCKAI'II 


Jununri/.  19,il 


Oil  Pipe  Lines 


II.  ('.   I!.\in.i:v  'L'S 


The  ()|i('i;ili()ii  of  liipiii";  crude  oil  troiii  llic  wells 
lo  llic  reriiieiy.  Iieiiif;  rather  I'emote  from  the  final 
|iro(liu'ts  offered  to  the  public,  is  no)  \-er.v  widely 
miih'i-stood.  Nevertheless  it  has  many  points  of  in- 
terest of  which  some  knowledge  would  be  desirable 
to  hoth  nontechnical  and  engineerinji  students.  The 
opportunity  to  see  a  modern  pipe  line  in  opei-ation 
was  jjiven  to  the  author  last  summer  and  some  of 
the  general  methods  and  |)ractices  ai-e  given  heie. 

A  complete  Jtipe  line  consists  of  a  nundier  of  es 
si'iitial  systems.  At  the  fields  are  tanks  for  storage 
of  such  large  size  that  their  construction  alone  has 
(pffered  such  jjroblems  that  ranch  new  research,  and 
conseciuent  advancement,  has  been  encouraged.  Tliis 
large  tankage  is  imi)erative  liecanse  of  the  discrep- 
ancy between  the  supply  of  oil  from  the  wells  liter- 
ally forced  on  the  line  and  the  oftimes  too  small 
carrying  capacity  of  the  lines  to  a  new  field.  The 
I'etroleum  Age  of  November  1,  1!)2(),  gives  a  good 
account  of  such  pi-occedings  in  the  Panhandle  at 
llic  present  dale. 

Tlic  next  pait  of  a  system  is  that  which  starts 
llie  oil  (Ml  its  tri]i  through  the  lines,  the  jiumpiiig 
stations.  These  are  situated  at  intervals  along  the 
lines  of  approximately  51)  miles.  They  consist  of 
a  few  snuiller  storage  tanks,  usually  50,1)1)0  barrels, 
the  ])ower  and  jium])  house,  a  housing  for  gate 
vahes  controlling  the  lines,  and  usually  are  bases 
for  all  repair  parts.  The  Diesel  engine  has  found 
a  great  field  here  for  the  obvious  reason  that  it 
]>uinps  its  own  fuel,  although  gas  and  steam  engines 
•  nc  used  some,  es](ecially  near  coal  and  gas  sources. 
The  pumps  ari'  usually  ]ilunger  ty])e,  driven  directly 
from  tiic  engines.  Tin-  ]ium]is  and  engines,  however, 
are  .separati'd  l)y  oil  tight  fire  walls,  a  scheme  ne- 
cessitated by  tlie  great  fire  li,i/.ard  in  case  of  a  break 
in  a  ]iump.  The  taid<s  at  the  station  are  used  to 
hold  the  oil  coining  from  the  last  stati(ui  in  case 
there  is  a  line  break  ahead,  or  engine  or  jiuni]) 
troubh'  at  this  station.  This  larely  occurs  because 
there  are  nearly  always  s|)are  engines  and  pum])s 
for  a  spare  line;  that  is,  they  almost  never  puni]) 
to  their  full  capacity.  The  lines  coming  to  the  sta- 
tion and  leaxing  the  station  ai-e  brought  together 
at  the  gale-house  where  gate-valves  and  connections 
between  jiijies  nuike  it  possible  to  distribute  the  load 
fi'(uu  ]d|ie  to  |)il»e  or  pumji  to  ])um]i.  Mesides  the.se 
gatehouses  ;il  the  slat  ions,  ilici'c  are  internu'diate 
ones    between     llieni     facililaling    swilehing    the    oil 


from  line  to  line  in  <'ase  a  break  occurs  recpiiriug  a 
shut-off  on  that  pi]>e. 

The  line  itself  is  next  lo  be  considered.  It  is 
generally  of  (i  inch,  .S-inch,  or  ll!  inch  i)ipe,  size  be- 
ing fixed  by  ca])acity  needed,  costs  and  conditions 
of  laying,  etc.  It  is  of  soft  steel,  usually  lap  welded, 
and  in  sections  '22  feet  long.  In  a  good  sized  line 
there  are  eight  or  ten  such  pipes  running  across  the 
conntiy.  The  above  three  divisions  com])rise  the 
main  jiart  (»f  a  pii)e  line  system  itself. 

This  ])roject,  like  all  human  undertakings,  has 
its  troubles  and  i)roblems.  Let  us  consider  only 
those  dealing  with  the  jiiping  alone.  There  are  sev- 
ei-al  ways  by  which  leaks  may  develop.  They  are, 
actual  corrosion  of  the  pijie  walls,  strains  in  pipe 
fi'om  pipe  to  pipe  or  i)ump  to  pump.  Besides  these 
are  the  most  common  sources  of  trouble.  Pitting  of 
the  pipe  is  the  most  serious,  since,  although  it  is 
concentrated  in  the  damp,  low  country  where  the 
\)\\K'n  lie,  it  occurs  over  the  whole  length  of  the  line 
to  some  degree  tlnis  necessitating  large  and  costly 
re])lacements.  It  is  external  and  is  jiresumed  to  be 
cau.sed  by  chemical  action  of  alkalies  in  the  ground. 
This  is  held  as  a  reason  because  it  occurs  mostly  in 
low  sections  and  on  the  bottom  of  the  pipe  where 
there  is  continual  moisture,  causing  electrolytic  ac- 
tion to  ))roceed  rajiidly.  It  is  not  a  rust,  and  can- 
not be  treated  as  such.  Expensive  coverings  and 
paints  have  been  invented  and  formulated  to  save 
the  pipe,  but  none  as  yet  are  entirely  jiermanent  or 
successful,  so  strong  is  the  action.  Enclosing  the 
]iipes  in  thick  casings  of  concrete,  made  rich  and 
jioured  thin  to  be  water  tight  around  the  pipe,  has 
been  tried  on  narrow  creek  crossings;  but  this  is  too 
expensive  for  runs  over  wide  spaces  of  low  ground, 
and  is  not  perfect.  Wrapping  the  pipe  with  tar- 
jiajicr  and  tarring  has  met  with  but  indifferent  suc- 
cess. In  the  system  widely  used,  successive  coatings 
of  filler,  priming-enamel,  and  tar,  are  applied  hot. 
This  is  comjiaratively  new  and  results  are  unknown 
as  yet,  the  difficulty  being  that  oil  from  a  leak 
dissolves  the  tar  from  the  pipe. 

Strains  in  the  pi]ie  are  jirodueed  by  ])oor  laying, 
or  by  some  unallowed  for  stress.  Lines  may  sink  in 
soft  ground  leaving  a  stretch  of  pipe  to  be  supported 
by  that  on  either  side.  The  sections  are  threaded 
and  joined  by  pipe  cou])lings  of  malleable  iron  which 
cannot  stand  much  stress  without  loosening  the 
joint.     Again   in  a   long  continuous  line  there  is  a 

(ContinneO    an    I'dt/r    .'*.}; 


■/(niiKiri/.  Ifl.il 


THE  TECnXUGRAPn 


75 


Senior  Inspection  Trip  Reports 


Civils 

The  "Windy  City"  is  very  accomo- 
dating. It  lives  up  to  its  name  and 
demonstrates  it  to  strangers.  Our  ar- 
rival was  the  signal  for  the  winds  to 
start  the  demonstration.  At  the  end 
o£  the  first  day  we  were  ready  to  ad- 
mit that  the  name  had  been  appropri- 
ately chosen.  At  the  end  of  the  sec- 
ond day  our  chapped  faces  bespoke 
our  annoyance.  But  still  the  wind 
was  insistent.  Perhaps  other  strangers 
needed  convincing. 

The  plant  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany at  Gary.  Indiana,  which  we  visit- 
ed on  Wednesday,  was  vitally  interest- 
ing. We  were  met  at  the  gate  by  an 
assortment  of  policemen.  In  fact  there 
were  enough  policemen  wandering 
about  the  plant  to  stock  a  good  sized 
city.  The  gate  was  on  the  bank  of  a 
steaming,  dirty  canal.  But,  as  if  to 
apologize  for  the  disgrace  of  the  canal, 
the  banks  were  covered  with  marvel- 
ously  yreen  grass.  Green  grass  in  that 
sandy  territory  is  rare  indeed. 

At  the  docks  a  big  steel  ore-boat  was 
being  unloaded.  The  process  of  un- 
loading the  14,000  tons  of  ore  was  ab- 
sorbing. The  same  process  is  used 
to  unload  limestone,  which  is  used  as 
a  flu.x  in  the  blast  furnaces,  from  the 
same  type  of  boats  that  carry  the  ore. 
The  ore  buckets  at  the  end  of  their 
long  steel  arms  seem  to  dip  to  the 
very  bottom  of  the  river  as  they  take 
huge  twisting,  fourteen-ton  bites  from 
the  hold  of  the  ship.  The  buckets 
empty  the  ore  or  limestone  into  cars 
which  in  turn  empty  it  onto  moun- 
tainous piles.  The  living  quarters  at 
one  end  of  the  boat  are  surprisingly 
white  and  clean.  The  white-jacketed 
negro  cook  also  looked  out  of  place. 

As  we  walked  to  the  furnaces,  we 
trod  upon  ore  dust.  It  is  inches  thick 
everywhere.  The  "bleeding"  of  the 
blast  furnaces  cause  it.  Whenever  the 
pressure  inside  of  a  cupola  becomes 
excessive  due  to  the  charge  failing  to 
move  down  at  the  correct  time,  the 
cupola  "blows  off"  or  "bleeds."  The 
dust  e.\ude(l  at  this  time  settles  on 
everything.  It  contains  40  to  60  per 
cent  iron  ore,  but  efforts  to  reclaim  it 
have  been  futile.  Fortune  and  fame, 
await  the  man  solving  the  problem. 

We  hurry  on  to  the  towering  blast 
furnaces,  each  with  its  cluster  of  tall 
cylindrical  tanks  or  heaters  for  the 
gas    fuel    and    air    blast.     All    of    the 


exhaust  furnace  gas  is  piped  to  wash- 
ers and  then  used  as  fuel  for  engines 
which  develop  power  for  the  blast. 
Much  of  it  is  returned  to  the  furnaces 
to  be  burned.  Not  a  bit  of  it  is  wasted. 
The  twenty-four  600  ton-per-24-hour 
furnaces  are  economical  in  this  re- 
spect at  least.  The  engines  which  de- 
velop two  or  three  thousand  kilowatts 
each  supply  the  current  for  the  large 
blowing  engines  for  the  blast.  There 
is  a  long  row  of  these  engines  with 
flashing  pistons,  and  no  two  operate 
on  the  same  timing.  If  they  did,  the 
vibrations  set  up  would  collapse  the 
building. 

The  open  hearth  furnaces,  each  de- 
livering 100  tons  of  iron  every  ten 
hours,  are  supplied  by  huge  cranes 
carrying  the  flux  and  by  small  cars 
carrying  the  iron.  The  charge  enters 
one  end  of  the  furnace  and  is  tapped 
off  from  the  other.  The  iron  and  slag 
are  drawn  off  into  large  buckets  with 
a  capacity  of  fifty  tons  each. 

The  rolling  mills  are  essentially  the 
same  throughout.  The  red,  glowing 
ingots  of  iron  are  fed  into  a  series 
of  rolls.  Each  successive  roller  set 
works  the  steel  into  a  shape  more 
closely  resembling  the  finished  prod- 
uct. What  cutting  is  needed  is  done 
by  large  circular  saws. 

Railroad  car  wheels  are  made  in  an 
interesting  set  of  operations.  Long- 
armed  cranes  with  crawfish  pincers 
pick  a  red  block  of  steel  from  the 
shears  and  place  it  accurately  in  a 
press.  It  is  squeezed  flat  and  placed 
in  a  shaping  press.  From  there  these 
human-acting  cranes  take  it  to  ma- 
chines which  punch  the  axle  and  ex- 
pansion holes,  reshape  it,  roll  the 
flanges,  and  reshape  it  again.  Small 
cars  carry  the  still  red  steel,  but  now 
shaped  wheels,  to  the  cooling  ground 
where  it  cools  in  air.  The  wheels  are 
accurately  machined  and  carefully 
tested. 

Wednesday  afternoon  at  the  Ameri- 
can Bridge  Company,  Curtis,  Indiana, 
was  one  of  the  most  instructive  after- 
noons of  the  trip.  We  were  taken 
through  the  plant  rather  hastily,  but 
the  impressions  we  gained  were  com- 
plete. A  winding  sluggish  river. 
Pretty  green  golf  course.  Three-story 
brick  office  building.  Drafting  rooms 
here  and  there.  Toiling  men  and 
youths  bending  over  drawing  boards. 
Drawings  here,  tracings  there.  What 
a  sordid  life!     No  fresh  air.  no  exer- 


cise. And  then  checkers  and  their 
pencils.  Blue  and  yellow  and  red  pen- 
cils. For  the  blue  pencil  is  mightier 
than  the  wielded  sword!  And  stacks 
of  blueprints  covered  with  colored 
check-marks. 

Extensive  receiving  yard  and  cranes. 
Overhead  cranes  these.  Piles  of  stock 
arranged  systematically.  Cars  of 
angles,  channels,  I-beams,  etc.,  en- 
tering one  end  of  a  long,  high  mill 
building.  Each  piece  is  marked  be- 
fore it  enters.  This  is  the  building 
where  pieces  of  steel  go  in  one  end  and 
bridges  come  out  the  other.  The  cars 
of  stock  go  only  a  short  distance  be- 
fore they  are  pounced  upon  by  eager 
workmen  who  grab  the  steel  and  feed 
it  into  hungry  machines.  Large 
punches  for  angles,  I-beams,  and 
plates.  Multiple  punches  for  plates 
ten  feet  in  w^idth.  Coping  shears, 
plate  shears,  beam  shears.  Overhead 
cranes  scurrying  everywhere  carrying 
stock  and  fragmentary  parts  of  the 
trusses. 

And  then  the  riveters.  Their  clatter 
pervades  the  whole  shop.  However, 
the  powerful  hydraulic  riveters  with 
their  exerted  pressure  of  100  tons  are 
serenely  quiet.  The  small,  pounding, 
compressed  air  riveters — yelping  pups; 
the  large,  silent,  hydraulic  ones — dig- 
nified St.  Bernards. 

In  the  rear  yards  near  the  railroad 
tracks — assembled  bridges.  The  holes 
for  assembling  must  match  up.  They 
are  reamed  to  fit  each  other. 

The  new  Grant  Park  bridges  will  be 
a  great  aid  to  the  present  traffic. 
They  are  being  constructed  under  dif- 
ficulties because  of  bridging  the  elec- 
trified Illinois  Central  tracks  without 
interfering  with  traffic.  Thursday 
morning  saw  us  inspecting  these. 

The  Adams-Franklin  building  on  the 
corner  of  Adams  and  Franklin  will  he 
sixteen  stories  when  it  is  completed. 
It  is  of  steel  and  reinforced  concrete. 
The  columns  are  steel  tor  the  first 
eight  floors  but  reinforced  concrete 
for  the  rest. 

We  also  inspected  the  construction 
of  caissons  at  the  corner  of  Adams 
and  Clark,  the  Union  Station,  Wacker 
Drive,  and  the  Builder's  Building.  The 
Builder's  building  is  wholly  of  steel. 
The  flooring  is  tile  arch.  By  assum- 
ing a  look  of  plaintive  dumbness,  we 
were  able  to  harvest  knowledge  from 
the    voluble    tongue    of    the    construe- 


7G 


TIIIO  TKClINOOKAPn 


Jaiiuari/,  1927 


tion    superintendent.      Ho   oonfidcd    in 
us  Ids  cares  and  woes. 

At  the  Luke  View  Pumping  Station 
the  cliief  engineer  was  very  kind.  He 
looked  more  like  a  politician  (whicli 
he  probably  was)  even  to  the  "biK 
black  cigar."  The  pumping  station 
has  three  AllisClialmers  engines  that 
pump  2.')  million  gallons  every  twenty- 
four  hours.  The  water  is  not  filtered. 
( if  we  neglect  the  screen  at  the  intake 
which  keeps  out  all  but  the  smaller 
fish!)  but  is  treated  with  chlorine. 
About  four  pounds  per  million  gallons 
of  water  is  used.  The  chief  engineer 
proudly  stated  that  this  station  is  the 
best  laid  out  pumping  station  in  the 
country.  It  did  seem  marvelously 
clean  and  efficient.  These  many 
points  are  probably  interesting:  Feed- 
water,  210";  superheat  of  steam,  175"- 
200";  each  of  the  triple-expansion  en- 
gines has  a  horsepower  of  1.300  and 
a  rating  of  200  per  cent;  'though  th^ 
plant's  usual  output  is  75  million  gal- 
lons per  day,  it  can  develop  a  maxi- 
mum of  105  million  gallons  per  day. 
The  13  coal  storage  hoppers  have  a 
capacity  of  200  tons  each;  the  coal  is 
ground  into  small  pieces  before  it  is 
used.  The  plant  employs  seventy  men 
whose  salaries  total  $12,000  to  .fl4,- 
000  per  month.  The  coal  expense  alone 
amounts  to  $285,000  per  year. 

The  rest  of  the  Friday  morning 
was  spent  in  the  Evanston  Water  Fil- 
tration Plant.  The  water  is  pumped 
from  the  lake  and  filtered  through 
sand  beds.  Alum  solution  at  the  rate 
of  100  gallons  per  million  gallons  of 
water  is  added  to  the  water  to  aid  in 
the  cogulation  of  the  impurities  before 
filtering.  At  certain  intervals  water 
is  forced  through  the  sand  beds  from 
beneath  to  clean  the  accumulated  im- 
purities from  the  sand. 

The  North  Side  Sewage  Treatment 
Plant  was  visited  in  the  afternoon.  The 
process  used  in  this  plant  is  the  ac- 
tivated sludge  process.  It  has  a  ca- 
pacity of  175  million  gallons  per  day 
average  and  260  million  gallons  per 
day  maximum.  The  plant  is  still  in 
the  course  of  construction  having  been 
started  in  1922.  It  will  be  completed 
in  May,  1928.  The  process  consists 
mainly  in  permitting  the  sludge  to 
flow  through  channels  while  chemical 
action  takes  place,  and  then  to  allow 
the  solid  particles  to  settle  in  large 
tanks  while  the  liquid  is  drawn  off. 
This  more  solid  sludge  is  pumped  to 
another  plant  where  it  is  treated  again 
then  dried  and  used  as  fill  in  aban- 
doned rock   quarries. 

Saturday    morning    proved    to    be    a 


very  interesting  morning.  The  engi- 
neer of  maintenance  of  the  bridges 
over  the  Chicago  River  raised  the 
.Michigan  Ave.  Bridge  for  our  especial 
benefit.  He  also  explained  the  me- 
chanism used  to  operate  It.  From 
the  foot  of  Michigan  Avenue  two 
launches  carried  us  up  the  Chicago 
River  and  under  the  great  number  of 
bridges  spanning  it.  Most  of  them  are 
the  bascule  type,  although  some  are 
vertical  lift. 

The    trip    was    closed    officially    at 
eleven      o'clock      Saturday      morning. 
F'rankly.   it    was   the   most   instructive 
four  day.s  that   1   have  ever  spent. 
John  R.  Lonc;. 


Electricals 

The  one  idea  to  be  gained  from  a 
trip  such  as  this,  if  only  one  is  to  be 
gained,  is  that  of  Economy.  Every 
operation,  every  detail,  in  a  plant 
which  is  making  money,  has  been 
planned  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
cheapest,  most  efficient  way  of 
thoroughly  doing  the  thing  in  ques- 
tion, for  only  in  this  way  can  a  com- 
pany meet  the  keen  competition  of 
present  day  business.  The  ways  in 
which  the  various  companies  effect 
this  economy  are  not  all  alike;  each 
is  determined  by  the  product  or  by 
the  service  rendered.  The  ways  in 
which  the  various  companies  are  work- 
ing for  this  efficiency  and  economy 
are  outlined  below. 

The  Lockport  Hydroelectric  plant, 
though  slightly  out  of  date,  and  cer- 
tainly not  the  most  efficient  possible 
arrangement,  is  tolerated  and  operated 
simply  because  the  investment  is  al- 
ready made,  and  the  apparatus  Instal- 
led and  working.  It  is  cheaper  to  con- 
tinue to  operate  the  old  equipment 
than  to  install  new. 

The  Crawford  Avenue  Station  in 
Chicago  is  an  example  of  the  modern 
though  conservative  manner  in  which 
an  up-to-date  company  takes  advant- 
age of  the  best  practice,  yet  avoids 
doubtful  investment.  The  equipment 
here  is  of  the  latest  type  to  be  proven 
thoroughly  satisfactory  and  reliable, 
and  includes  all  of  the  modern  time 
and  labor  saving  devices,  while  at  the 
same  time  every  precaution  is  taken 
to  insure  uninterrupted  service  to  the 
territory  which  it  supplies  with  power. 

The  Lakeside  plant  at  Milwaukee 
goes  one  step  farther.  The  equip- 
ment here  may  be  said  to  be  almost 
ahead  of  the  times,  so  eager  are  the 
engineers  of  this  company  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  every  possible  economy.  To 
this  end.  powdered  fuel  equipment  and 


a  1,200  pound  pressure  boiler  have 
been  installed,  each  of  which.  Ihoiigh 
based  on  the  soundest  engineering 
principles,  has  not  stood  the  test  of 
time  and  therefore  has  not  as  yet  re- 
ceived the  full  sanction  of  the  conser- 
vative engineer,  who  is  content  to 
stand  aside  and  await  the  results  of 
the  pioneer  work  in  this  costly  ex- 
perimental laboratory. 

In  the  manufacturing  field  economy 
is  being  found  in  the  use  of  automatic 
machinery  which  takes  the  place  of 
unreliable  human  hands,  turning  out 
a  better  product,  faster,  and  cheaper. 
The  Westinghouse  Lamp  Works  is 
about  the  best  example  of  this.  At 
every  possible  point,  where  the  deli- 
cate, precise  operation  can  be  done  by 
a  machine,  this  is  done,  leaving  the 
operator  little  to  do  save  load,  unload, 
and  inspect.  And  the  machines  have 
in  them  all  of  the  trained  skill  and 
exact  knowledge  of  their  designers, 
more  than  the  casual  operator  could 
have,  and  they  supply  this  skill  to  the 
product  with  unfailing  accuracy,  to 
give  a  product  beyond  the  reach  of 
fallible  human  skill. 

The  A.  0.  Smith  Company,  making 
automobile  frames,  also  show  how  it 
is  possible  to  eliminate  uncertain  skil- 
led labor  by  putting  the  skill  into  the 
machine.  Using  one  gigantic  machine 
and  only  a  few  score  workers,  one 
plant  makes  most  of  the  frames  used 
in  the  United  States;  it  is  able  to  do 
this  and  compete  with  all  comers  be- 
cause it  has  the  investment  already 
made,  an  investment  which  enables  it 
to  do  the  work  more  cheaply  than  any- 
thing short  of  another  machine  like  it. 
a  machine  costing  around  nine  million 
dollars. 

At  first  sight,  it  appears  that  in  the 
AUis-Chalmers  plant  there  is  no  great 
amount  of  automatic  machinery,  no 
great  effort  toward  economy  through 
standardization.  However,  these  are 
impossible  here,  for  the  work  done  at 
this  plant  consists  almost  entirely  of 
special  orders  in  very  small  quantities. 
When  the  work  is  all  special,  large 
amounts  of  skilled  labor  are  required, 
and  any  economy  must  come  from  the 
design  rooms  where  the  amounts  of 
labor  are  called  for,  and  where  the 
opportunity  for  saving  lies.  Labor  sav- 
ing machinery  is  used  wherever  pos- 
sible, but  standardization  is  im- 
possible. 

Somewhat  similar  to  the  situation 
at  Allis-Chalmers  is  the  one  at  the 
Western  Electric  plant.  Here  stan- 
dardization is  possible,  and  necessary, 
(Continued   on    Page   87) 


■hiiiiKini,   l!l.i 


TUE  TECIINOGHAl'ir 


77 


COLLEGH 
NOTES 


Drucker  Resigns  Post  to 
Become  Washington  Dean 

Prof.  A.  E.  Driuker  of  the  depart- 
ment of  mining  engineering  has  re- 
signed his  position  at  the  University 
to  accept  the  deanship  of  the  School 
of  Mines  and  (Jeology  at  Wasliington 
State  College,  Pullman,  Washington. 
He  left  for  his  new  position  November 
1.  Prof.  Drucker  came  to  the  Univer- 
sity in  January,  1921,  from  the  Wis- 
consin School  of  Mines,  Platteville, 
Wisconsin.  He  held  the  position  of 
assistant  professor  in  the  department 
here.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
California  School  of  Mechanical  Arts, 
San  Francisco,  California,  and  later 
received  a  degree  from  the  University 
of  California  College  of  Mines. 

From  1!)02  until  1920  he  held  va- 
rious positions  as  assayer  and  chemist, 
surveyor,  cyanide  superintendent,  met- 
tallurgist,  examiner,  consulting  met- 
tallurgist,  technical  manager,  consult- 
ing engineer  and  in  examination  and 
construction  work.  Of  this  period  13 
years  were  spent  outside  of  the  United 
States.  Some  of  the  countries  visited 
by  Prof.  Drucker  in  this  time  included 
Korea,  Japan,  Burma,  South  America, 
Mexico,  Australia.  Malay  States,  and 
England. 

In  1906,  he  originated  and  developed 
two  distinct  and  separate  processes 
for  the  recovery  of  gold  and  silver 
from  matte  sulphides  from  the  cynide 
mill,  and  from  sulphide  mill  concen- 
trates. These  processes  are  in  gener- 
al use  throughout  the  world. 

Prof.  Drucker  has  patented  six  in- 
ventions for  the  mining  industry  in- 
<luding  a  continuous  vacuum  filter, 
lube  mill  liners,  combined  agitator  and 
percolator  vat,  wet  crushing  ball  mill, 
hydraulic-rake  classifier,  and  sulphur 
absorption  and  leaching  cells. 

He  is  a  member  of  Acacia  fraternity. 
Cosmopolitan  Club,  Sigma  Xi,  hono- 
rary scientific  fraternity.  Mining  and 
Metallurgical  Society  of  America,  In- 
stitution of  Mining  and  Metallurgy, 
London.  England,  American  Institutes 
of  Mining  Engineers,  Sigma  Tau,  Phi 
Eta,  Delta  Mu  Epsilon,  and  Epsilon 
Chi. 


Refrigeration  Unit  in  M.  E. 
Laboratory 

The  mechanical  engineering  labora- 
tory is  to  have  a  refrigerated  experi- 
mental room.  M.  K.  Fahnestock  of 
the  department  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering announces  that  requisitions 
have  been  sent  to  the  purchasing  de- 
partments for  equipment  to  build  and 
furnish  such  a  room,  27  by  16  feet,  to 
be  located  on  the  main  floor  of  the 
mechanical  engineering  laboratory. 
This  room  will  be  of  value  in  the  lab- 
oratory for  any  experiment  that  re- 
quires a  constant  temperature  and  may 
be  employed  to  test  building  materials 
in  the  two  smaller  rooms  which  will 
be  built  within  the  main  room.  These 
rooms  will  measure  9  feet  by  11  feet 
each  and  the  floors  will  be  raised  and 
the  ceilings  lowered  from  the  main 
room.  The  floors  and  ceilings  of  these 
rooms  will  be  insulated  but  the  walls 
will  not.  They  will  have  ordinary 
doors  and  windows. 

The  main  test  room  is  to  be  insu- 
lated by  a  6  inch  wall  of  corU.  Con- 
stant temperature  will  be  maintained 
by  a  thermostatically  controlled,  single 
cylinder,  enclosed  ammonia  compres- 
sion machine,  using  a  horizontal  tube 
condenser.  Wall  radiation,  using  cir- 
culators much  like  the  ordinary  wall 
radiator,  instead  of  the  usual  pipe  cir- 
culators, is  the  method  to  be  used  in 
refrigeration. 


Students  in  the  machine  shop  course 
are  manufacturing  gasoline  engines  in 
the  shop  laboratories  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Prof.  B.  W.  Benedict  and  his 
assistants  C.  J.  Starr  and  C.  E.  Der- 
rough.  The  engine  is  of  the  marine 
type,  two  cylinders  cast  en-bloc,  and 
of  eight  horsepower.  It  is  made  en- 
tirely by  the  students  as  a  part  oi 
their  instruction  in  shop  work.  It 
weighs  ,'ilO  pounds  when  completed 
and  is  composed  of  214  parts.  Of  these 
74  are  major  parts  which  are  neither 
castings  or  forgings. 

All  of  the  castings  are  made  in  the 
foundry  laboratory  and  are  of  either 
gray  cast  iron,  aluminum,  bronze,  or 
white  bearing  metal.     Of  the  forgings 


the  crank  shaft  and  tlic  connecting 
rods  are  purchased  rough  from  the 
manufacturer,  as  well  as  standard 
parts  such  as  grease  cups,  pipe  fit- 
tings and  nuts.  Cap-screws  and  pins 
and  bolts  are  made  on  semi-automatic 
machinery  in  the  machine  laboratory. 
All  the  parts  are  manufactured  to  the 
standard  sizes  and  are  very  carefully 
inspected,  so  that  the  complete  engines 
are  composed  of  standard  interchange- 
able parts.  The  materials  used  in  the 
engine  are  of  the  finest  grade  and  the 
output  of  the  finished  product  is  ap- 
proximately one  for  each  five  students 
in  the  machine  shop  course. 


Larson  Resigns  llniversity 
Post 

L.  J.  Larson  of  the  department  of 
theoretical  and  applied  mehcanics  has 
resigned  from  the  faculty  to  accept  a. 
position  as  research  engineer  with  the 
A.  O.  Smith  Corporation  of  Milwaukee, 
Wis.  His  resignation  will  be  effective 
January  1,  1927. 

Mr.  Larson  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Minnesota  in  1915,  and 
came  to  the  University  in  the  follow- 
ing year  on  the  fellowship  in  theoreti- 
cal and  applied  mechanics.  He  re- 
ceived his  master  of  science  here  in 
1917.  For  the  next  year  and  a  half  he 
was  at  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Standards  at  Washington,  D.  C.  He 
then  accepted  a  position  as  chief  engi- 
neer with  the  Lumber  Tie  and  Timber 
Vulcanizing  Company.  Beamont,  Texas. 
In  1920  he  returned  to  the  University 
as  instructor  in  the  department  of 
theoretical  and  applied  mechanics.  He 
was  later  appointed  as  associate  in 
this  department,  and  has  held  that  po- 
siti(in  until  the  present  time.  Mr. 
liarson  is  the  author  of  many  techni- 
cal articles. 


\V.  T.  Henderson,  W.  R.  Lynxh.  A. 
F.MrCroin.  and  O.  F.  Burnett,  all  e.e., 
'26,  are  now  engaged  in  the  testing 
section  of  the  radio  department  of  the 
General  Electric  Company,  Schenec- 
tady, New  York. 


Tin:  'ri:cii.\(»(;i;Ani 


■III II iiiiri/.   VJil 


THE  TEC'lLNOOKAl'lI  STAFF 
'27 Editor     K.  II.  Landox  '28 Itioiiinss  Mininiji  r 


.).  (>.  i:i-ii<;KAvi 

C.   J.    F'ranks   '27   Associate  Editor 

II.  J.  Solomon  '27 .. Associate  Editor 

C.  E.  Swift  '28 Assistant  Editor 

F.  E.  Holmstrand  '28  Assistant  Editor 

E.   F.   Todd   '28   Assistant  Editor 

I.  W.  Scliocninger  '28 Assistant  Editor 


P.  H.  Tartak  '27 Associate  Business  Manager 

W.  T.  Durham  '28 Circulation  Manager 

C.  F.  Gebhardt  '28 National  Advertising  Manager 

W.  C.   Lahman   '27   Local  Advertising  Manager 

R.   B.  Sawtell  '28  Copy  Manager 

J.  D.  Prouty  '27 Art  Editor 


ASSISTANTS 

K.  A.  Larsen  '29,  H.  E.  Rittenliouse  '29,  R.  Fife  '29,  M.  B.  Fierke  '29,  E.  R.  Dapogny  '29, 

R.  Morrison  '29,  G.  E.  Sorenson  '30,  0.  W.  German  '30,  R.  Mullady  '30 

DEPARTMENTAL  REPRESENTATIVES 


G.  C.  Gairing  '28  Architecture 

R.   D.   Rudd   '27    Ceramics 

H.   G.   Dawson   '27   Chemical 

W.  G,  Flagg  '28  Civil 

G.  S.  Peterson  "27   Electrical 


J.  H.  Kirsch  '27  General 

E.  P.  Stark  '27 General  Engineering  Physics 

E.  F.  Blcknell  "27 Mechanical 

G.  A.  Peacock  '28   Mining 

R.  R.  Richart  '27 Railway 


Student-Faculty  Friendship 


We  believe  there  is  a  jireat  need  on  this  ciuninis  for  iiitiiiiute  student  t'aeulty  friend 
sliij).  By  tliat  statement,  mere  sjteaking  acquaintance  between  a  student  and  a  large  number 
of  faculty  men  or  the  personal  friendship  of  a  few  faculty  men  and  a  large  number  of  stu- 
dents, are  not  meant.  We  mean  that  a  majority  of  the  student  body  should  be  personally 
ac(|uaiiited  with  a  majority  of  the  facility.  Tlie  advantages  and  benefits  to  be  derived  from 
such  a  condition  are  both  numerous  and  greatly  to  be  desired.  A  first  thought  .seems  to  in- 
dicate that  the  students  would  be  the  ones  most  benefited  while  the  faculty  men  would  re- 
ceive nothing  for  their  time  and  trouble.  Further  reflection,  iiowever,  reveals  the  fact  that 
both  groujjs  benefit  and  that  the  distribution  is  about  equal. 

The  student  would  be  benefited  in  the  first  place  by  merely  the  friendly  contact  with 
men  who  are  mental  and  moral  leaders.  He  acquires  greater  interest  and  pride  in  his  profes- 
sion as  he  gains  better  knowledge  of  the  men  in  the  profession,  due  cannot  help  but  be  in- 
s])ired  by  the  accom])lishments  and  the  personalities  of  our  faculty  men  here  at  Illinois.  Many 
engineers  are  undecided  as  to  what  branch  of  their  profession  they  wish  to  follow  after 
they  have  graduated.  One  of  the  best  ways  to  arrive  at  such  a  decision,  is  to  talk  over  and 
discuss  the  relative  merits  of  each  division  with  a  person  who  has  some  knowledge  of  each 
of  these  branches  but  still  has  a  broad  and  unpredjudiced  outlook  on  the  whole  field.  There 
are  many  men  of  this  tyi)e  on  our  faculty,  especially  among  the  older  members  who  have  had 
greater  ex](erience.  Students  are  losing  one  of  their  greatest  college  opportunities  when  they 
do  not  take  advantage  of  this  fact. 

Men  hate  to  grow  old.  and  faculty  iiicnibiMs  are  no  exception.  Is  there  any  easier 
way  to  stay  young  than  to  make  young  friends,  to  get  young  ideas  from  association  with 
tliem,  and  to  get  ins])iration  from  their  ii()])es  and  ideals".'  The  answer  is  obvious.  Stu- 
dent-faculty friendshij)  is  therefore  desirable  from  that  standjioiiil.  If  an  instructor  is 
personally  iu-qnainted  with  his  students  he  is  heltei'  ,ible  to  te.uli  and  more  efficient  in 
his  teacliing   because  of  the  inulnal   interest  and   confidence.      The   instructor   is  l)etter  able 


.liuniiiiji,  W27  THE  TECUXOCKAl'lI  79 


to  jiulije  eat-li  man  and  to  present  thinjis  to  him  in  flic  easiest  jiossible  manner.  In  otliei- 
words  the  instrnetor  is  al)le  to  serve  his  position  wiih  a  niiniinnm  of  effort  and  a  maxiinnni 
I'esiilt. 

How  student  facnlly  friendsliip  is  to  iieconie  tioser  to  a  reality  liiaii  it  is  at  jtresent, 
we  do  not  Icnow.  It  is  ]ir()l)ai)le  that  sometliinji  entirely  new  must  he  devised.  A  small  jior- 
tion  of  the  student  body  have  tlu^  oi)i)ortnnities  enumerated  above  thronj;h  their  member- 
ship in  honorary  and  professional  fraternities.  As  a  jjeneral  rule,  however,  it  is  the  remain- 
der of  the  studeiits  wlio  would  ])rofit  most  if  they  had  the  ehanee  to  develop  student-faculty 
friendship.  Any  man  who  will  devise  a  woi-kablc  scheme  for  this  pioposiiion  shctubl  le- 
ceive  the  greatest  honor  possible. 

The  Metric  System 

The  ftreatest  economic  opportunity  before  the  I'nited  Slates  today  is  in  the  adoption 
of  the  decimal  metric  weights  and  measures  in  merchandisinji.  The  metric  standai-ds  are 
the  world's  greatest  practical  success  in  weights  and  measures.  They  are  jiractical  because 
jtrecise  and  unvarying,  uniform  throughout  the  world.  They  are  a  monumental  success,  for 
since  James  Watt,  in  1783,  announced  the  plan  on  which  the  decimal  units  are  based,  nation 
after  nation  has  advanced  to  the  metric  measures  in  merchandising — so  that  now  more  th.in 
800,000,000  of  the  world's  people  employ  these  simple  understandable  metric  measures. 

Embodied  in  the  change  to  the  metric  system  are  the  world  pound,  world  yard  and  the 
world  quart.  The  world  pound  varies  ten  per  cent  from  the  old  avoirdupois  pound,  the  world 
yard  also  ten  per  cent  from  the  old  yard,  and  the  w^orld  quart  differs  by  five  jier  cent  from 
the  old  quart.  Such  change  would  place  the  United  States  on  au  equal  basis  with  the  rest  of 
the  world  for  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  together  with  a  few  other  countries  are 
the  only  ones  not  mailing  use  of  the  metric  system. 

The  quickening  interest  which  is  manifest  throughout  the  country  is  due  to  something 
more  than  the  effect  of  propaganda.  The  more  the  I'nited  States  manufactures,  such  as  the 
producers  of  farm  o])erating  eipiipment,  extend  their  export  the  keener  is  their  realization 
that  it  would  be  a  ti'emendous  convenience  if  all  the  nations  made  use  of  uniform  or  universal 
commodity  units.  Kealizing  the  need  for  a  common  language  of  statistics  and  s])ecifications 
for  use  in  international  trade,  the  majority  of  e\'i)orters  are  taking  a  much  more  lenient  view 
of  the  adoption  of  the  new  standards  here  at  home,  even  though  it  result  temjiorarily  in  con 
fusion  and  misunderstanding. 

Some  disciples  of  the  doctrine  of  let  wellciiongli  alone  arc  quoted  as  saying  that  just 
as  the  dollar  and  the  pound  sterling  rule  the  world,  so  will  the  iiisistciu-c  of  English-s])eaUing 
people  be  sufficient  to  keep  alive  the  familiar  measuring  sticks  of  cunnnerce.  Apparently 
these  conservatives  are  unaware  that  the  standards  in  vogue  in  the  Inited  States  ai-e  unlike 
those  in  effect  in  the  British  Emi)ire.  The  terms  are  the  .same — gallon,  (pn)rt,  ])int,  bushel, 
hundredweight,  ton,  etc.  Hut  they  do  not  signify  the  same  thing  to  the  British  that  they  do 
to  traders  in  the  United  States.  This  disparity  between  the  two  great  jxiwei-s  that  are  stand- 
ing out  against  the  metric  system  is  weakeningthe  resistance  of  these  last  two  holdouts. 

Some  of  the  chief  claims  of  betterment  of  conimeicial  conditions  that  arc  counted  upon 
to  follow  ado])tion  of  the  metric  system  for  I'nitiMl  Stall's  cnmiucrcc  would  s\i|)|)osedly  come 
from  the  decimal  di\ision.  The  scheme  is  to  liaxc  thv  new  standar<i  units  decimally  divided 
ou  the  same  jilaii  that  our  ciiii-cucy  is  diviilcd.  In  all  lines  of  business,  including  agricul 
ture  there  are  losses,  delays,  and  confusion  due  to  tlic  tact  that  the  subdivisions  of  our  mea 
suring  units  are  expressed  in  \aiious  terms  and  in  practice  ihcic  is  not  always  determina 
tion  of  exact  equivalents  as  between  these  parallels.  The  decimal  system  ()f  fractioning 
standard  units  is  easily  mastered,  and  multi]ilications  and  divisions  are  accomi>lished  in- 
stantly by  shift  in;^  the  dcciinal  point. 


so 


'11 1 1:  'i'i:(ii.\(Hii;.\i>ii 


■hnniiirji,   I'.KH 


Contemporary  Engineering  News 


A    100-Ton    Gas-Electric 
Battery    Switcher 

In  these  days  (if  surpi-isiiiKly  rapid 
progress  in  the  development  of  electric 
railway  motive  power  a  man  might 
not  be  totally  incredulous  were  he  to 
hear  of  a  solar  power-electric  loco- 
motive for  hauling  trains  across  the 
Arizona  desert.  The  locomotive  that 
has  just  been  built  by  the  General 
Electric  Company  for  switching  serv- 


-("I  II, I',  riiiil  iiiucaisly  :i(  l.iMiii  r.p.iii, 
driving  a  Type  nTSOS  Form  A  charg- 
ing generator  rated  at  510  amperes  at 
265  volts.  The  engine  is  cooled  by.  a 
tin  tube  radiator  mounted  on  the  roof, 
forced  ventilation  being  provided  by 
two  motor  driven  fans. 

Each  of  the  four  axles  carries  a 
OE287A  motor  of  the  longitudinally 
ventilated  type  driving  through  a  sin- 
gle reduction  gear  of  60-16  ratio.  These 


ice  in  the  Chicago  yards  of  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railroad  is  no 
such  radical  departure  from  all  past 
practice  as  this  however.  In  fact  it 
is  only  a  departure  in  that  it  is  a 
combination  of  two  already  well- 
known  types,  the  gasoline-electric  and 
the  storage  battery  locomotive,  poses- 
sing  the  advantages  of  both  and  yet 
to  a  great  extent  free  from  the  unde- 
sirable features  of  each  taken  indi- 
vidually. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
switcher  is  a  100-ton  locomotive  of  the 
steeple  cab  type  with  two  swivel 
double  trucks.  The  cab  is  made  up  of 
a  central  section  containing  all  the 
control  equipment,  the  compressor,  the 
traction  motor  blowers  and  the  gas 
engine-generator  set.  The  battery 
equipment  occupies  the  two  sloping 
end  cabs.  The  battery  consists  of  two 
groups  of  FL,31  Exide  Ironclad  cells 
connected  in  series  and  capable  of  de- 
livering 450  amperes  continuously  at 
250  volts  with  a  capacity  of  616  Kw. 
Hr.  Although  the  gas  engine-generator 
set  is  designed  to  keep  the  battery 
charged,  recepticals  for  external  charg- 
ing are  provided  in  case  unusual  con- 
ditions make  it  necessary.  The  gas 
engine-generator  set  consists  of  a  Wi'n- 
tin  six  cylinder,  7  1-4  inch  bore  and  8- 
inch  stroke  engine  adjusted  to  deliver 


motors  give  a  tractive  effort  of  20.- 
000  pounds,  continuously  with  a  one 
hour  rating  of  32,000  pounds.  The 
length  of  time  these  tractive  efforts 
can  be  exerted  is  of  course  dependent 
on  the  capacity  of  the  battery.  The 
control  is  of  the  PCL  single  unit,  two 
speed,  double  end  type  providing  a 
series  parallel,  and  a  full  parallel  free 
running  position.  The  auxiliary  ap- 
paratus such  as  the  compressor,  air 
brake  equipment,  traction  motor  blow- 
ers, etc.,  are  all  of  the  usual  type  and 
need  no  further  mention. 

The  generator  is  of  such  a  capacity 
that  it  can  supply  the  average  power 
required  by  the  locomotive  in  the 
switching  service  in  which  it  will  be 
used.  With  the  help  of  the  battery 
however,  the  locomotive  can  exert 
power  equivalent  to  4  or  5  times  the 
capacity  of  the  generator  for  short 
periods.  Therefore  the  gas  engine- 
generator  set,  by  running  at  about  full 
load  continuously,  should  provide  suf- 
ficient power  for  all  the  operations  of 
the  locomotive,  charging  the  battery 
while  the  locomotive  is  standing  idle, 
driving  the  traction  motors  and  charg- 
ing the  battery  at  light  loads,  and  as- 
sisting the  battery  in  handling  the 
peaks.  The  generator  is  designed  to 
have  a  drooping  characteristic  whicn 
serves  the  twofold  purpose  of  making 


it  impos.silile  to  load  the  generator  to 
the  point  of  stalling  the  engine  and  of 
causing  the  battery  to  assume  its 
share  of  the  load  at  the  proper  time. 
A  reverse  current  relay  protects  the 
generator  from  having  battery  voltage 
impressed  upon  it  during  the  starting 
up  and  shutting  down  the  engine  and 
by  any  other  time  that  the  prime 
mover  might  fall. 

The  gas-electric  battery  locomotive 
is  unique  with  its  capacity  for  tre- 
mendous overloads  for  short  periods 
without  the  usually  attendant  disad- 
vantage of  the  battery  locomotive — 
frequent  forced  removals  from  service 
for  charging.  In  the  respect  of  con- 
tinuity of  service  it  possesses  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  straight  gas-electric 
locomotive  and  yet.  unlike  the  latter, 
it  can  meet  excessive  demands  for 
power  without  the  generating  capacity 
that  would  be  necessary  were  there  no 
battery.  In  short  it  is  the  locomotive 
that  very  seldom  need  be  standing  ac- 
tually idle;  even  though  it  may  be 
somewhere  in  a  siding  apparently  idle 
for  the  time  being  at  least,  every  pav 
sing  moment  finds  it  in  possession  of 
new  energy  to  pull  the  train  to  which 
it  is  soon  to  be  applied. 

—a.  E.  Co..  F.  H.  Craton. 


First    Degree    in    Gas    Engineering 

Donald  J.  Bonney.  of  Pittsburgh  is 
the  first  person  to  receive  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  engineering  in  gas  en- 
gineering .  He  w'as  awarded  this  de- 
gree in  the  class  of  1926  at  The  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Dr.  W.  J.  Huff,  professor  of  gas 
engineering  at  Johns  Hopkins,  advises 
that  as  far  as  can  be  determined, 
Bonney  is  the  only  person  to  receive 
this  honor.  The  department  of  gas 
engineering  was  established  at  the 
University  in  1924  and  is  the  first 
of  its  kind.  Other  leading  universities 
and  colleges  have  courses  in  the  tech- 
nical and  management  problems  but 
Johns  Hopkins  is  the  only  one  to  have 
a  chair  in  gas  engineering. 

Golden    Gate    Ferry    Project 

Three  new  Diesel-electric  ferry 
boats  will  be  added  to  the  present 
fleet  which  operate  across  the  Golden 
Gate.  The  new  ferry  boats,  which  are 
to  embody  the  latest  idea  of  ferry 
boat  design,  will  be  240  feet  long  and 
cost    approximately    $1,325,000    in    all. 


■Jaintari/.  lH.ri 


THE  TECIINOGKAPH 


81 


Each  boat  will  have  a  capacity  for  S5 
automobiles  and  hundreds  of  passen- 
gers. They  will  be  of  the  double- 
ended  type,  and  the  two  propulsion 
motors,  one  located  aft  and  the  other 
forward,  will  be  directly  controlled 
from  the  pilot  house. 

Three  oil  engines  will  be  installed 
in  each  boat  and  each  will  be  direct- 
connected  to  a  generator  and  exciter. 
The  engines,  which  are  of  the  multi- 
cylinder,  14-inch  bore,  19  inch  stroke, 
solid  injection  type,  will  operate  non- 
reversing  and  run  at  265  revolutions 
a  minute.  Electric  power  will  be  gen- 
erated by  these  oil-engine  generating 
units  for  the  forward  and  aft  propul- 
sion motors,  motor  driven  pumps  and 
ship  auxiliaries,  electric  lights  and 
conveniences,  search  lights  and  pilot 
house  control. 

Each  propulsion  motor  will  be  of 
sufficient  rating  to  propel  th  eboat. 
The  load  will  be  switched  from  one 
motor  to  the  other  when  making  the 
return  trip.  The  aft  motor  will  al- 
ways be  used  for  propulsion  while  the 
forward  will  drive  its  own  propellor 
just  fast  enough  to  avoid  any  resist- 
ance. 

— IngemoU-Rand  Co. 


Permanent  Molds  for  Iron  Castings 

The  permanent  mold  differs  from 
the  ordinary  sand  mold  in  that  it  is 
able  to  form  many  identical  castings 
from  molten  metal,  while  the  sand 
mold  is  destroyed  after  a  single  pour- 
ing. From  this  it  is  evident  that  per- 
manent molds  are  desirable  from  the 
economic  standpoint  not  to  mention 
the  more  accurate  castings  that  are 
possible.  Experimental  permanent 
molds  have  been  successful  but  under 
the  severe  test  of  high  and  rapidly 
changing  heats  encountered  in  com- 
mercial practice  they  have  fallen 
down. 

Early  attempts  to  cast  iron  showed 
that  a  permanent  mold  must  be  more 
endurable  under  practical  operating 
conditions  and  experiments  were  made 
to  discover  a  successful  mold.  Two 
general  classes  of  development  were 
tried. 

One  school  of  experiment  worked  on 
the  development  of  some  sort  of  sur- 
face coating  for  the  permanent  mold 
with  the  idea  of  preventing  fusing  be- 
tween the  casting  and  the  mold  and 
to  retard  the  transfer  of  heat  to  the 
mold  giving  time  for  the  heat  to  radi- 
ate away.  The  faults  of  this  type  ot 
mold  incluude  the  tact  that  only  small 
castings  are  feasible,  the  life  of  the 
mold  is  short,  and  the  mold  replace- 
ment costs  high. 


The  second  school  of  experiment  de- 
cided that  to  keep  the  mold  from 
deteriorating  some  means  for  keep- 
ing the  mold  temperature  below  a  cer- 
tain point  must  be  found.  Methods 
tried  were  oversize  molds,  air  circu- 
lation cooling,  and  water  cooling. 
These  were  all  unsatisfactory. 

In  recent  experiments,  it  was  found 
that  the  following  control  of  mold 
temperature  would  overcome  the 
greater  part  of  the  difficulties. 

1.  Stabilization  of  the  temperature 
at  different  parts  of  the  mold  around 
a  common  point  within  close  limits. 

2.  Establish  a  suitable  predeter- 
mined   mold    temperature. 

3.  Maintain  this  temperature  dur- 
ing and  between  pouring  operations 
throughout  the  entire  casting  period. 

An  ideal  means  for  accomplishing 
the  exact  temperature  control  of  the 
permanent  mold  is  one  that  will  free 
the  mold  of  all  surface  heat  when, 
where  and  as  it  is  abstracted  by  tiit 
mold  from  the  successive  charges  of 
molten  metal.  Under  practical  con- 
sideration only  an  approximation  was 
attainable  but  this  was  sufficient.  It 
required  a  stable  liquid  between  200 
and  700  degrees  fahrenheit.  Oil  was 
chosen  because  of  its  superior  proper- 
ties and  availability.  Regulation  of 
temperature  is  accomplished  by  means 
of  valves  regulating  the  flow  of  cool- 
ing oil,  the  valves  being  automatically 
controlled   by  thermostats. 

The  advantage  of  these  new  molds 
are  long  life  (over  100,000  castings), 
small  shrinkage  of  iron  castings,  and 
increased  strength  of  castings. 


The    World's    Largest 
Suspension  Bridge 

Throughout  the  evolution  in  modern 
engineering,  the  bridge  builder  has 
lent  his  skill  and  ingenuity  in  bring- 
ing about  solutions  to  the  many  prob- 
lems which  have  arisen.  All  over  the 
country  are  monuments  to  his  re- 
sourcefullness  and  perseverance,  huge 
structures  which  tell  very  vividly  the 
story  of  the  struggle  which  the  bridge 
builder  has  made  against  problenit, 
and  difficulties. 

Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  the  wooden 
bridges  were  replaced  by  ones  con- 
structed of  wrought  iron  and  steel. 
During  the  period  a  variety  of  types 
of  suspension  and  cantilever  bridges, 
especially  suitable  for  long  spans,  were 
designed  and  successfully  erected  by 
enterprising  engineers. 

The  first  suspension  bridge  in 
America  wa.s  built  in  1810.  spanning 
the    Merrimac    River,    between    Ames- 


burg   and   Newburyport.   Mass. 

As  originally  constructed,  this 
bridge  consisted  of  two  roadways,  each 
13  feet  wide  and  244  feet  long,  sus 
pended  side  by  side  from  chains  ar- 
ranged in  four  sets  of  three  chains 
each,  hung  from  timber  towers.  The 
links  of  these  chains  were  hand  forg- 
ed and  welded  from  one-inch  square 
iron,  each  link  being  27  inches  long, 
from  end  to  end.  As  time  went  on  il 
was  found  necessary  to  strengthen  the 
bridge  by  placing  stiffening  trusses  of 
timber  on  either  side  of  the  roadway 
and  adding  two  two-inch  diameter  gal- 
vanized suspension  bridge  cables.  The 
bridge  has  been  replaced  by  one  of 
steel,  but  the  essential  construction  of 
the  old  is  embod.ed  in  the  new. 

The  largest  suspension  bridge  in  the 
world  is  located  at  Philadelphia,  and 
represents  one  of  the  most  daring 
structures  man  has  erected.  The 
bridge  represents  a  total  expenditure 
of  37,196,971  dollars,  and  was  designed 
and  built  by  Mr.  Ralph  Modjeski.  as 
chief  engineer.  Essentially,  the  engi- 
neering project  of  the  bridge  is  based 
upon  the  strength  of  two  main  cables. 
As  a  suspension  bridge  it  cost  several 
million  dollars  less  than  a  cantilever 
bridge  built  to  carry  the  same  load. 

The  length  of  the  main  structure 
is  9,750  feet  or  1.81  miles.  The  main 
span  is  1,750  feet  long,  the  roadway 
57  feet  wide,  and  the  entire  bridg 
128  feet  wide.  There  are  six  vehicle 
lanes  each  9  feet  6  inches  wide,  four 
rapid  transit  lines  and  two  ten  fot 
sidewalks  for  pedestrians.  The  two 
supporting  towers,  flanking  either 
hank  of  the  Delaware  River,  stands 
385  feet  above  mean  high  water  and 
the  deepest  foundation  goes  105  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  river.  The 
clearance  of  the  span  is  135  feet  above 
mean  high  water. 

The  entire  structure  weighs  720,000 
tons,  the  dead  weight  on  the  main 
span  being  26.000  pounds  per  lineal 
foot.  The  cables  weigh  7.000  tons  each 
and  contain  25,100  miles  of  wire.  The 
nominal  diameter  is  29  7-8  inches.  The 
diameter  of  each  wire  which  goes  to 
make  up  the  cable  is  92-lOOOths  of  an 
inch.  Each  wire  is  continuous  '  for 
2.000  feet  and  joined  to  the  next  by  a 
sleeve  joint  which  is  capable  ot  de- 
veloping 95  per  cent  of  the  ultimate 
strength  ot  the  wire.  Banded  into 
cables,  the  wires,  which  have  a  speci- 
fied tensile  strength  of  215.000  pounds 
per  square  inch  hold  at  each  anchor- 
age a  pull  of  36,000.000  pounds. 

From  some  ot  the  following  figures 
one  can  judge  the  enormity  ot  the 
structure.     The   entire   structure   con- 


Sli 


TIIK  TKCllXOClSAl'll 


JdiiiKiiji,  1!)^7 


tains  61,70U  tons  of  steel,  2S'J.()0U  cubic 
yards  of  concrete  and  25,000  cubic 
yards  of  granite.  The  total  paving 
including  50,000  square  yards  of  foot- 
way and  20.000  square  yards  of  foot- 
walks,  amounts  to  70,000  square  yards. 
The  vehicular  capacity  of  the  bridge 
is  estimated  at  6,000  per  hour,  and  the 
time  required  to  drive  across  the  span 
at  twenty  miles  per  hour  is  5.43  min- 
utes. There  are  six  traffic  lanes.  Two 
tracks  will  be  laid  for  surface  cars  and 
two  tracks  for  high-speed  lines.  In 
order  to  distribute  the  load  to  the  best 
advantage,  many  lines  of  travel  were 
provided.  The  new  span  has  ten  lanes 
not  counting  the  sidewalks,  so  that  if 
the  rapid  transit  rail  lines  use  the 
bridge  the  uneven  loading  which  rail- 
way traffic  produces  will  be  counter- 
acted by  the  more  widely  distributed 
highway  loading. 

A  sixteen  foot  allowable  deflation  at 
the  center  of  the  span  is  provided  for, 
in  part,  by  the  flexibility  of  the  great 
cables  from  which  the  roadways  are 
hung,  and  also  by  the  flexibility  of  the 
towers  themselves.  At  present  their 
free  arc  of  swing  is  about  three  feet, 
varying  as  the  center  of  the  bridge  is 
elevated  or  depressed.  Free  to  swing 
to  such  an  extent,  the  enormous  sad- 
dles on  the  top  of  the  towers,  which 
carry  the  cables,  provide  the  necessary 
mobility  of  the  structure.  The  unre- 
stricted flexibility  of  the  entire  struc- 
ture allows  for  temperature  differences 
and  the  rolling  action  due  to  congest- 
ed loads  and  impacts. 

A  human  interest  story  reveals  it- 
self in  the  details  of  the  skill,  effort, 
brains  and  personality  that  went  into 
the  construction  of  the  bridge.  Just 
how  many  men  worked  on  the  actual 
construction  probably  never  will  be 
known,  but  at  one  time  1,300  men 
were  employed  on  the  structure.  Thir- 
teen fatalities  occured  during  the  con- 
struction work — an  extremely  small 
number  in  comparison  with  the  toll  of 
other  great  structures. 

The  completion  of  the  huge  link 
across  the  Delaware  River  closes  an- 
other chapter  in  the  romance  of  bridge 
building.  For  the  present  generation, 
it  is  an  accomplishment  worthy  of  ad- 
miration, pride  and  wonder;  for  the 
future  generations  it  may  lead  the 
way  and  be  a  source  of  inspiration 
for  still  greater  achievements. 


clearest  glass.  The  new  met  hod  of 
making  sheets  of  metal  of  unpreced- 
ented thinness  seems  likely  to  prove 
of  far  reaching  industrial  as  well  as 
of  scientific  importance.  Test  plates 
used  to  test  the  transparency  of  opti- 
cal glass,  which  were  ruled  with  cross 
lines  2,500  to  the  square  inch,  were 
photographed  thru  such  a  metal  sheet 
and  when  enlarged  to  -100  diameters, 
the  scale  showed  distinctly,  with  no 
trace  of  distortion.  This  absence  of 
aberration  proves  that  the  structure 
of  the  film  was  perfectly  even  and 
uniform  in  all  directions.  The  metal 
sheets  are  so  thin  that  atoms  will 
penetrate  them  without  impediment, 
yet  so  strong  that  when  fastened  in 
a  frame  they  may  be  bent  (by  blow- 
ing) to  the  extent  of  1-16  inch  without 
rupture.  The  delicate  sheets  are  made 
by  depositing  an  extremely  fine  film 
of  the  steel  on  a  smooth  surface  by 
means  of  an  electric  current,  then  sep- 
arating the  film  from  the  foundation 
on  which  It  was  fixed. 

— Power  Plant  Eiiyinccring. 


Transparent    Steel 

Recently,  Dr.  Karl  Mueller,  mem- 
ber of  the  staff  of  the  Physical  Tech- 
nical Institute  of  Berlin,  has  succeed- 
ed in  producing  sheets  of  steel  so  thin 
that   they   are   as   transparent   as   the 


The   Salvage   Value  of   Brick 
Pavements. 

Fifty-five  years  ago  the  first  brick 
pavement  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
was  laid  in  Charleston,  West  Virginia. 
The  experiment  proved  a  success. 
Thus  from  a  small  beginning,  the  use 
of  brick  for  paving  purposes  spread 
rapidly.  Meanwhile,  the  Industries  of 
the  United  States  were  developing 
amazingly.  Gigantic  steel  mills  were 
being  built,  the  coal  and  coke  indus- 
tries were  developing,  and  hundreds 
of  large  manufacturing  projects  were 
started  on  a  mammoth  scale.  Due 
to  this  a  demand  arose  for  a  paving 
material  which  would  stand  up  under 
rough  usage,  and  be  laid  quickly  at  a 
low  cost.  Brick  block  seemed  more 
nearly  to  fit  the  requirements  and  for 
three  decades  after  its  introduction 
was  almost  universally  used  in  the 
sections  of  the  country  where  brick 
could  be  produced  at  an  advantage. 

It  is  remarkable  how  well  these  old 
pavements  have  stood  up  under  mod- 
ern traffic.  Many  service  cuts,  poor 
drainage,  and  poor  foundations  have 
made  them  rough  and  unsightly,  and 
they  are  being  replaced  with  new 
pavements  designed  to  carry  our  pres- 
ent and  future  traffic. 

As  these  venerable  pavements  are 
taken  up  it  is  found  that  the  bricks 
show  very  little  wear.  Hence  the 
question  arises,  what  shall  we  do  with 
these  bricks.  In  answer  to  this  the 
following  account  is  given. 

In    the    fall    of    1923,    Monongahela 


City,  Pa.,  decided  to  pave  its  main 
street.  This  street  had  originally  been 
paved  with  small  brick,  laid  upon  a 
gravel  base.  The  old  bricks  when  taken 
up  were  found  to  be  in  excellent  con- 
dition, and  the  City  Engineer  was  of- 
fered more  for  these  paving  bricks 
than  they  originally  cost.  Naturally, 
this  surprised  the  City  Engineer,  and 
he  reasoned  that  if  these  bricks  were 
worth  so  much  to  outside  parties  they 
must  be  of  some  value  to  the  city;  so 
he  stored  them  and  is  using  them  for 
paving  alleys,  manholes,  brick  gutters, 
etc. 

It  will  be  many  years  before  the 
question  of  the  salvage  value  of  mod- 
ern designed  brick  pavements  becomes 
one  of  sufficient  importance  for  dis- 
cussion. When,  however,  the  subject 
of  reconstruction  of  brick  pavements  is 
contemplated,  it  is  wise  to  consider 
the  salvage  value  of  the  bricks  that 
compose  them.  Every  block  that  can 
be  used  again,  either  for  reconstruc- 
tion or  on  other  streets  means  that 
the  tax  dollar  will  do  double  work,  and 
the  number  of  new  paved  streets  c.n 
be  doubly  increased. 

— Cornell  Civil  Engineer. 

A 

Research   Salvager  Worthless  Ores 

Research  and  experimental  work  at 
the  University  of  Minnesota  mines  ex- 
periment station  is  annually  salvag- 
ing millions  of  dollars  worth  of  other- 
wise worthless  iron  ores  in  Minnesota. 
During  1925.  benification  plants  which 
the  mining  companies  erected  after 
recommendation  and  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  mines  experiment  station, 
turned  out  sufficient  ore  to  make  up 
35  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  ship- 
ped out  of  Minnesota.  The  ore  with- 
out benification,  is  so  impure  that  the 
cost    of    transportation    makes    it    im-  i 

possible  to  be  mined  profitably,  it  was         | 
pointed   out.  1 

Before  the  University  station  started 
its  investigation  of  the  problem  of  re- 
deeming the  ores  too  lean  for  profit-         ^ 
able  mining,  all  ore  below  the  paying         | 
margin  of  purity  was   disregarded  by 
the   operating  companies. 

After  a  little  research  work,  the 
staff  at  the  experiment  station  dis- 
covered that  by  such  means  as  wash- 
ing, jigging,  crushing,  and  screening, 
or  drying,  otherwise  worthless  ores 
might  be  purified  and  benificated 
until  they  were  well  worth  the  cost 
of  mining. 

Mining   companies   send   samples   of 

their    ore    to    the    Minnesota    campus 

and    the    experimental    station,    after 

working  on  it.  sends  the  result  of  its 

(Continued  on   Page  ST  J 


■Jdinuini.  1921 


Tin;  'I'i:(IIX(m;ix'ai-it 


Fraternity  Activities 


Tau  Beta  Pi 

At  the  beginning  of  the  present 
school  year.  Tau  Beta  Pi  had  eleven 
active  undergraduate  members.  They 
were  J.  P.  Breen,  V.  E.  Gunlock. 
C.  L.  Thompson.  C.  C.  Baum- 
gardner.  G.  M.  Butzow.  D.  H. 
Pletta.  H.  R.  Helvenston.  J.  E.  Bau- 
dino.  H.  E.  Schlenz.  P.  C.  Smith,  and 
G.  H.  Zenner.  all  ot  the  class  of  '27. 
On  November  24,  1926,  thirteen  men 
were  pledged  and  on  December  15th, 
they  were  initiated  into  the  brother- 
hood of  Tau  Beta  Pi.  The  new  mem- 
bers are: 

G.  M.  Magee  '27,  G.  R.  Ketel  '27,  H. 
V.  Alexander  '27,  J.  D.  Cavanaugh  "27. 
N.  S.  Cook  '27,  J.  0.  Ephgrave  '27. 
H  .E.  Keneipp  '27,  E.  D.  McKeague  '27. 
R.  L.  Moore  '27,  T.  J.  Pope  '27,  J.  H. 
Svenson  '27,  R.  E.  Tarpley  '27. 

J.  P.  Jensen  '28,  was  elected  as  an 
honored  junior. 

The  initiation  banquets  of  Tau  Beta 
Pi  are  among  the  "never-to-be-forgot- 
ten" incidents  of  college  life,  and  this 
semester's  banquet  proved  to  be  no  ex- 
ception. Among  the  notew^orthy  inci- 
dents ot  the  banquet  was  a  report  by 
Professor  Enger  on  a  study  which  he 
had  made  concerning  the  relation  be- 
tween high  grades  and  success  in  life. 
The  results  of  the  study  showed  that 
there  was  about  as  much  correlation 
between  high  grades  as  there  was  be- 
tween high  grades  in  successive  years 
of  college  work. 


Tau  Pi 

Tau  Pi,  professional  engineering 
fraternity,  was  founded  here  at  the 
University  of  Illinois  in  February  of 
132B.  At  present,  it  has  twelve  active 
members.  This  organization  selects 
its  members  from  students  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering.  Tau  Pi  was  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  fostering 
the  advancement  of  all  branches  of 
engineering,  and  to  promote  a  spirit 
of  brotherhood  within  the  profession. 
The  officers  for  this  semester  are: 

C.   F.   Robbins   '27    President 

C.  W.  Swartz  '28 Vice-President 

H.  E.  Keneipp  '27 Treasurer 

G.   S.   Peterson   '27   Seeretary 

At  present,  arrangements  are  being 
made  for  pledging  new  members,  and 
the  names  of  pledges  will  be  an- 
nounced later. 


Pi  Tau  Sigmtf 

Pi  Tau  Sigma,  mechanical  engineer- 
ing honorary  society,  opened  the  se- 
mester with  a  joint  smoker  with  the 
A.  S.  M.  E.  on  Friday  evening,  Sep- 
tember 24th.  This  meeting  afforded 
the  new  members  of  the  department 
an  opportunity  to  meet  the  other  mem- 
bers and  faculty.  Every  year  Pi  Tau 
Sigma  awards  a  slide  rule  to  the  fresh- 
man in  the  department  of  mechanical 
engineering  who  makes  the  highest 
average  during  his  first  year  in  the 
school.  The  awarding  of  the  prize 
took  place  at  this  joint  meeting,  the 
winner  being  M.  K.   Mitchell   '29. 

The   officers    of    Pi    Tau    Sigma    for 
this  year  are: 
Kenneth  D.  Knoblock  '27  ._  President 

Hugh  V.  Alexander  '27 Vice-Prcs. 

Fred  \V.  Johnson  '27 Treasurer 

John   R.   Connelly  '27 Rec.  Sec'y 

Bradlee   Pruden  '27 Cor.  Sec'y 

Seven  new  members  have  been  initi- 
ated into  the  fraternity  this  semester. 
They  are: 

E.  W.  Pfeiffer  '28,  E.  K.  Emerson 
'28,  E.  F.  Schroeder  '28.  C.  F.  Geb- 
hardt  '28.  F.  W.  Hoglund  '28,  G.  H. 
Turner  '2S.  and  E.  E.  Codner  '28. 


Scarab 

The  Tenth  Annual  Convention  of 
Scarab,  national  professional  architec- 
tural fraternity,  was  held  in  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  November  22nd  and  23rd.  A. 
T.  Gilman  '28  was  the  delegate  from 
the  local   temple. 

This  organization  has  grown  rapid- 
ly since  its  founding  at  Illinois  in 
1909.  It  now  has  temples  as  widely 
spread  as  Washington,  D.  C,  and  the 
University  ot  Southern  California. 

In  its  effort  to  encourage  excellence 
in  architectural  design,  the  fraternity 
sponsors  various  competitions.  A 
traveling  sketch  exhibit  is  organized 
each  year  and  displayed  at  the  va- 
rious schools.  The  exhibit  is  com- 
posed of  the  best  work  from  each  of 
the  schools  in  which  Scarab  has  a 
temple.  This  year  the  sketch  exhibit 
is  due  to  be  shown  at  the  University 
of  Illinois  early  in  April. 

Three  national  medals  and  a  fifty 
dollar  prize  are  offered  each  year  for 
the  best  solutions  of  a  given  B.  A.  I. 
1).  problem.  Gene  Pitchnfr  of  the 
University  of  Illinois  was  the  winner 
of  last  year's  third  medal. 


In  the  past  the  local  temple  has  of- 
fered one  medal  to  be  awarded  in  a 
local  design  competition.  This  year 
two  medals  will  be  distributed.  No 
definite  plan  has  as  yet  been  formed, 
but  it  is  hoped  that  the  two  depart- 
ments, architectural  and  architectural 
landscape,  may  combine  on  the  same 
problem. 

The  officers  for  this  semester  are: 

A.    T.   Gilman    President 

R.  T.   Reichel   Vice-Pres. 

R.    R.    Rathbun    Treasurer 

E.    M.    Stephens   Secretary 

J.  W.  Ruettinger Sgt.  Arms 


Chi  Epsilon 

The  local  chapter  ot  Chi  Epsilon 
enjoyed  a  very  successful  calendar 
year.  All  of  last  year's  junior  mem- 
bers returned  to  school  with  the  ex- 
ception of  R.  A.  Niles  who  was  un- 
able to  do  so  because  of  the  illness 
of   his    father. 

The  National  Conclave  was  held  in 
Champaign  the  week-end  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania football  game.  Representa- 
tives from  each  chapter  attended  and 
considered  the  business  which  was 
brought  up.  Time  was  taken  out  for 
the  football  game  after  which  the 
meeting  was  resumed.  Marshall  Holt 
represented  the  University  of  Illinois 
chapter. 

Chi  Epsilon  pledged  and  initiated 
nine  new  members,  all  of  whom  had 
exceptionally  good  averages.  Of  these, 
two  are  seniors:  R.  L.  Moore  and  G. 
M.  Magee,  and  seven  are  juniors:  J. 
R.  Blondin,  R.  G.  Hart,  J.  P.  Jensen, 
M.  F.  Lindeman,  N.  R.  Miller,  E.  G. 
Pearson"  and   E.  W.   Suppiger. 

The  informal  initiation  was  held  on 
December  10th  and  the  formal  initi- 
ation on  the  following  Tuesday  at  the 
Inman  Hotel.  Brother  Helvenston 
came  all  the  way  from  West  Palm 
Beach,  Florida  to  attend  the  latter 
function. 


Eta  Kappa  Nu 

On  the  evening  of  December  9th, 
the  men  who  had  been  wearing  the 
scarlet  and  navy  blue  pledge  ribbons 
were  formally  initiated  into  Eta  Kappa 
Nu. 

Dean  H,  H.  Jordan  and  Professor 
10.  B.  Paine  spoke  at  the  initiation 
ban(iuet  which  was  held  at  the  Ur- 
(Continued  on   Paye  87) 


SI 


rili:  TKCIIXOCKAI'J! 


■I II II  nil r I/,   l'J21 


iir 


DEPARTMENTAL 


NOTES 


Ceramics 

The  midwest  meeting  and  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Ceramic  Society 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Chicago  sec- 
tion, was  held  in  the  Ceramics  Build- 
ing on  November  19,  followed  by  an 
inspection  of  the  department  on  the 
following  day.  The  meeting  was  held 
to  create  a  closer  contarf  of  the  I'ni- 
versity  with  the  industries,  which  was 
well  exemplified  by  the  general  sub- 
ject of  the  convention — "What  The 
University  Is  Doing  and  Can  Do  on 
Research." 

The  convention  was  formally  opened 
at  2:00  P.  M.  on  Friday  November  19, 
with  a  short  address  by  Mr.  B.  Rad- 
cliffe,  the  chairman  of  the  Chicago 
Section  of  The  American  Ceramic  So- 
ciety. He  introduced  to  the  eighty- 
nine  delegates  assembled  Professor  C. 
W.  Parmalee,  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ceramic  Engineering  at  the 
University,  who  spoke  on  the  topic 
of  what  the  University  was  doing  in 
the  line  of  reasearch.  He  was  follow- 
ed by  Mr.  R.  Purdy,  the  general  secre- 
tary of  the  American  Ceramic  So- 
ciety, who  made  an  interesting  report 
on  the  cooperation  of  the  University 
and  industries  in  Ohio,  stating  at  the 
same  time  that  the  results  were  de- 
sirable in  Illinois.  His  report  was 
followed  by  a  paper  on  Glass  Problems 
by  Mr.  C.  H.  Modes.  Mr.  L.  H.  Menne 
reported  on  various  Enamel  Problems, 
while  Mr.  D.  Stevens  made  a  report 
on  Heavy  Clay  Problems.  An  interest- 
ing paper  on  Electrical  Porcelain 
Problems  was  presented  by  Mr.  P.  D. 
Hesler,  and  Sanitary  Problems  were 
discussed  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Wright. 

After  the  noon  session  the  conven- 
iton  reconvened  at  a  smoker  given  by 
the  Department  of  Ceramics  in  con- 
junction with  the  Student  Branch  of 
The  American  Ceramic  Society.  At 
this  smoker  Mr.  Booze  discussed  the 
Itefractory  Problems,  and  illustrated 
how  little  was  really  known  about  the 
refractory  industry.  He  was  followed 
by  a  report  on  Terra  Cotta  Problems 
by  Mr.  B.  Radcliffe  of  the  Norhtwost- 
ern    Terra    Cotta    Company.      He    had 


many  interesting  facts  to  present,  and 
also  discussed  to  some  detail,  the  stu- 
dent out  in  the  industry.  A  paper  was 
then  read  by  Mr.  Blumenthal,  which 
had  been  written  by  Mr.  A.  Bleinenger. 
on  Dinner  Ware  Problems,  and  it  was 
interesting  indeed  to  hear  the  facts 
from  one  who  is  considered  an  autho- 
rity. Following  these  papers  the  meet- 
ing was  turned  over  to  the  Student 
Branch  of  the  American  Ceramic  So- 
ciety for  the  informal  entertainment 
and   refreshments. 

The  convention  closed  on  Saturday, 
November  20,  with  a  tour  of  the  Uni- 
versity campus  guided  by  members  of 
the  senior  class  in  Ceramic  Engineer- 
ing. At  this  time  opportunity  was 
given  to  the  visitors  to  become  more 
acquainted  with  the  Ceramic  Depart- 
ment, and  the  equipment  available  for 
the  training  of  the  students. 


Chemical 

At  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Illi- 
nois section  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society  held  on  Friday,  December  2nd, 
Gustav  Egloff  addressed  the  group  on 
the  subject,  "Anti-knock  Properties  of 
Cracked  Gasoline." 

Phi  Lambda  Upsilon  announces  the 
initiation  of  twenty-one  new  members 
on  November  23rd.  The  following 
men  were  elected:  Graduate  Students 
T.  W.  Abbot,  C.  P.  Berg,  E.  W.  Bous- 
quet,  C.  M.  Hsuch,  J.  F.  Hyde,  W.  W. 
Lycan,  L.  F.  Martin,  L.  L.  Quill,  O.  W. 
Rees,  P.  L.  Salzberg,  A.  G.  Scroggie, 
H.  Y.  Shen,  G.  I.  Yohe,  R.  L.  Zimmer- 
man, D.  F.  Babcock,  M.  J.  Copley,  N. 
W.  Metcalf.  Senior:  D.  W.  Hansen: 
Juniors:  J.  G.  Campbell,  and  M.  A. 
Reinhart. 

Iota  Sigma  Pi  announces  the  initia- 
tion of  seven  new  members  on  Novem- 
ber ISth.  The  following  women  were 
elected:  Marian  Breckenridge,  Mary 
Aldrich,  Gladys  Eckfeld,  Dorothea 
Fletcher,  Alice  Hansen,  Louise  Noble, 
and  G.  Irene  Smith. 

The  greatest  event  in  the  Chemical 
school  so  far  this  fall  was  the  Chem. 
show  held  on  December  ISth.  At  this 
time  the  public  was  invited  to  inspect 


the  wizardry  of  chemistry  and  to  par- 
take of  such  knowledge  as  they  de- 
sired to.  These  shows  are  held  every 
other  year  with  a  purely  educational 
motive,  and  judging  from  the  attend- 
ance of  over  1,200  people,  the  public 
enjoys  the  opportunity  to  inspect  the 
progress  of  this  great  science  which  is 
doing  more  every  day  to  serve  man 
with  comforts  and  luxuries.  The  show 
consisted  of  nineteen  exhibits  which 
dealt  with  all  the  important  phases 
in  chemistry.  They  were  designed 
both  for  entertainment  and  interest  of 
the  public  and  although  considerable 
work  was  involved,  we  feel  that  our 
work  has  been  well  repaid  if  only  a 
fraction  of  the  people  who  attended 
the  show  caught  some  idea  of  the  role 
chemistry  plays  in  everyday  life.  Our 
Chem.  Show  was  a  great  success  from 
every  point  of  view,  and  we  are  look- 
ing forward  to  a  similar  display  two 
years  from  now.  Plan  for  that  Chem. 
Show. 


Civil 


Rkskarcii    Wouk 
Several    interesting    and    important 
experiments  are  under  way  this  year 
in  our  department,  among  which  are         ■ 
rainfall   and    drainage   tests,   highway         I 
tests,    experiments    on    plumbing    and 
sewage    disposal,    and    studies    of    the 
.stresses  and  strains  in  arches. 

Prof.   G.   W.    Pickels   is   working  on         I 
rainfall     and     drainage     experiments         ' 
which  when  completed,  will  form  some 
good  material  for  study.     These  tests 
cover  an  area  within  a  radius  of  about 
six    miles    of    Urbana,    in    which    are 
placed   a    number   of   gauges.     Differ-         , 
ent  types  of  gauges  are  in  use  of  which        ■ 
the   automatic   recording  type   is  one,        I 
but  they  are  all  placed  for  the  same        I 
purpose,     namely     to     measure     the        ^ 
amount  of  rainfall  in  order  that  they 
may  be  compared  with  the  amount  of 
water  that   flows  off  the  land   in  the         .. 
streams.    Prof.  Pickels  expects  to  have        m 
sufficient  data  in  a  year  from  now  to        " 
publish  a  bulletin  which  will  no  doubt 
prove  valuable  to  hydraulic  engineers. 
A.   H.  Finlay  and  C.  F.   Smith,  who 


■liinuitru.  liKil 


THE  TECHXOGRAPH 


85 


are  working  towards  a  master  of  arts 
degree  through  a  fellowship  which  pro- 
vides that  the  men  devote  one  half  of 
their  time  to  research  work  and  the 
other  half  to  school  work,  are  continu- 
ing their  work  on  the  experimental 
highways.  A  considerable  amount  of 
work  has  been  done  during  the  past 
summer  and  fall.  Two  miles  of 
road  north  of  Champaign  have  been 
treated  in  various  ways  with  road  oil 
and  linio  in  order  to  determine  the 
best  prepartion.  proper  amount,  and 
cost  of  different  treatments.  The  work 
began  last  April  when  the  two  mile 
stretch  was  graded  up  and  oiled.  Dur- 
ing the  summer,  fall,  and  early  winter, 
these  treatments  of  oil  and  lime  have 
been  given  whenever  weather  condi- 
tions have  permitted  the  work.  The 
wet  summer  and  fall  handicapped  the 
work  to  a  certain  extent,  but  at  the 
same  time  gave  the  observers  an  ex- 
cellent chance  to  observe  conditions 
which  are  doubtless  as  severe  as  any 
that  will  be  found  in  practice.  On 
the  experimental  gravel  road  north- 
east of  Danville,  the  grades  have  giv- 
en considerable  trouble,  especially  the 
south  mile,  which  has  furnished  a 
most  fruitful  field  for  experimenta- 
tion. 

STrUEXTS 

The  total  undergraduate  enrollment 
of  the  C.  E.  Department  for  the  cur- 
rent semester  is  310,  as  compared  with 
2S4  for  the  first  semester  last  year. 
These  310  students  are  divided  as  fol- 
lows: Seniors,  39;  Juniors,  74;  Sopho- 
mores, 65;  Freshmen,  132.  The  lower 
classmen  seem  to  have  increased  at 
the  expense  of  the  seniors,  for  we  have 
only  39  seniors  this  year  to  match  the 
enrollment  of  65  at  this  time  last  year. 

A.  S.  C.  E. 
The  second  open  meeting  this  se- 
mester of  the  student  branch  of  the 
A.S.C.E.  was  featured  with  a  talk  by 
Prof.  W.  C.  Huntington  .head  of  the 
C.  E.  Department.  Prof.  Huntington 
told  about  the  Moffat  Tunnel  which  is 
just  west  of  Denver  on  the  Denver  and 
Rio  Grande  Railroad.  The  tunnel,  now 
under  construction  and  nearly  com- 
pleted at  the  present  time,  will  be  the 
longest  on  the  American  continent, 
having  a  length  of  approximately  six 
miles.  The  line  between  Denver  and 
Salt  Lake  City  will  be  shortened  by  at 
least  100  miles  through  the  use  of  this 
tunnel:  originally  the  railroad  com- 
pany was  forced  to  extend  the  line 
50  miles  southward  to  a  suitable  pass 
before  it  was  able  to  proceed  west- 
ward. Two  tunnels  are  driven,  the 
pioneer   and    llie   main   tunnels.     The 


length  of  the  tunnel  is  divided  up  into 
sections  of  a  convenient  working 
length.  The  pioneer  tunnel,  which  is 
the  smaller  of  the  two.  is  then  driven 
through  the  length  of  one  of  these  sec- 
tions, after  which  work  may  be  facili- 
tated by  working  toward  the  mouth  of 
the  tunnel  as  well  as  from  it. 

On  November  12,  the  society  was 
fortunate  in  having  two  national  offi- 
cers of  the  senior  branch  of  the  A.S. 
C.E.  These  were  G.  W.  Davidson, 
president  of  the  A.S.C.E.,  and  G.  C. 
Seabury,  national  secretary. 

Mr.  Davidson  started  his  talk  by  re- 
marking that  the  engineer  has  become 
very  important  in  the  last  20  years, 
and  then  proceeded  to  explain  his 
statement.  The  coming  of  the  oil  in- 
dustry has  been  the  cause  of  the  in- 
creased importance  of  the  job  of  x\\q 
engineer. 

Oil  was  at  first  very  difficult  to  get, 
but  the  geologist  finally  solved  the 
problem  of  locating  sources  of  oil. 
Then  it  was  the  engineer's  duty  to  get 
the  oil  and  bring  it  to  the  surface. 
Since  the  engineer  was  first  called 
upon  to  procure  this  oil.  his  work  due 
to  the  discovery  of  oil  has  been  in- 
creasing steadily. 

The  oil  business  made  possible  the 
commercialization  of  the  motor  car 
with  its  demand  for  mechanical  engi- 
neers and  construction  engineers.  In 
turn,  since  motor  cars  require  good 
roads  for  successful  travel,  there  was 
a  demand  for  better  highways  and 
bridges.  The  construction  of  these 
roads  and  bridges  recjuires  construc- 
tion and  highway  engineers  who  are 
experiencing  a  spurt  in  trade  since  the 
growth  of  the  cement  road  idea. 

Mr.  Davidson  warned,  however,  that 
in  spite  of  the  work  needed  to  be  done 
by  engineers,  there  is  great  competi- 
tion among  engineers  and  only  the  best 
men  get  to  the  top.  He  said  that 
friends,  especially  friends  of  ones  own 
profession,  are  of  infinite  value  to  one 
wishing  success,  and  everyone  should 
join  all  the  societies  of  his  profession 
that   he  can. 


Electrical 

The  E.  E.  Society  held  an  interest- 
ing meeting  on  November  4th.  This 
meeting  was  planned  and  conducted 
by  the  juniors  and  underclassmen  as 
the  seniors  were  on  the  inspection 
trip  at  the  time  of  the  meeting.  Vice- 
president  Greene  presided  at  the  meet- 
ing. The  program  of  entertainment 
was  a  follows:  Mr.  Armstrong,  a 
freshman  representative  of  the  Tech- 
nograph,    gave    a    sales    talk    on    the 


Technograph.  Prof.  A.  R.  Knight 
proved  very  conclusively  to  those  pres- 
ent that  three  is  equal  to  zero,  that 
the  diameter  of  a  circle  is  equal  to 
the  circumference,  and  several  other 
mathematical  falacies.  Mr.  Doak  en- 
tertained by  singing  and  playing  his 
violin.  Mr.  Greene  gave  a  talk  to  ac- 
quaint the  freshmen  with  the  nature 
of  the  E.  E.  Show  for  next  year.  After 
the  entertainment,  cider  and  dough- 
nuts were  served. 

SE.MI>AI{ 

Prof.  A.  R.  Anderson,  from  the 
School  of  Commerce,  gave  a  valuable 
talk  before  the  seminar  class  on  De- 
cember 2nd.  The  subject  of  Prof.  An- 
derson's talk  was:  "The  Importance  of 
Economics  to  the  Engineer."  Mr.  R.  J. 
Malcomson,  ry.  e.  '22,  will  appear  be- 
fore the  class  in  seminar  on  Decem- 
ber  9th. 

New   Eqiip.mk.nt 

The  department  of  electrical  engi- 
neering has  received  from  the  Bell 
Telephone  interests,  as  a  gift,  a  volt- 
meter-milliameter.  The  instrument  is 
capable  of  measuring  very  low  cur- 
rents and  voltages  of  high  frequency. 
Plans  are  being  made  at  present  for 
two  additional  E.  E.  Laboratory  rooms. 
Starting  with  next  semester,  room  205 
in  the  E.  E.  Laboratory  is  going  to 
be  used  for  a  calibration  laboratory. 
This  room  will  contain  all  the  stand- 
ard instruments  and  calibration  equip- 
ment. Room  206  is  going  to  be  con- 
verted from  a  class  room  to  a  high 
voltage  laboratory.  This  room  will 
contain  all  the  high  voltage  equip- 
ment. Tests  such  as  tests  on  high 
voltage  power  cables  will  be  conduct- 
ed in  this  laboratory. 

RESEAiien 
The  co-operative  investigation  fi- 
nanced by  the  Utility  Co-operative 
Committee  on  Engineering  Research 
has  been  started  by  Professors  Paine 
and  Tykociner.  The  aim  of  this  in- 
vestigation is  to  develop  an  improved 
method  of  testing  high  voltage  cables 
for  defects.  At  present  there  is  no 
real  satisfactory  method  of  testing  for 
defects,  which  means  that  cables  are 
quite  often  installed  which  fail  to 
stand  up  to  the  use  to  which  they  are 
subjected. 

New  IxsTitLCTORs 
The  following  instructors  are  new 
in  the  E.  E.  Department  this  year: 
.Mr.  H.  E.  Huffman,  graduate  of  the 
I'niversity  of  Kansas  in  1924,  takes 
the  place  of  Mr.  Perkins.  Mr.  Huff- 
man taught  in  the  University  of  Kan- 
sas and  worked  for  the  Westinghouse 


80 


TIIIO  TIOCIIXCXiKAI'n 


Janiuiri/,  7.027 


Electric  Company  before  coming  to  the 
University  of  Illinois,  Mr.  A.  W.  Her- 
shey.  graduate  of  Ohio  Stale  Univer- 
sity, takes  the  place  of  Mr.  Mock. 


(kneral   F^nijineering 
l*hysics 

The  Physics  CoUoqium,  meeting 
every  Thursday  evening  at  seven 
o'clock  in  room  lUO  Physics  Labora- 
tory, for  the  purpose  of  presenting 
engineering  papers  of  interest  to  physi 
cists,  has  been  well  attended  by  mem- 
bers of  the  mathematics  and  chemistry 
departments  as  well  as  by  members 
of  the  various  engineering  branches. 
An  idea  of  the  wide  scope  of  subjects 
presented  can  be  gathered  from  the 
program  of  the  coUoquim  thus  far  this 
year:  . 

Professor  A.  P.  Carmen,  Research  in 
Physics;  Dr.  Libman,  Discussion  of 
New  X-ray  Equipment;  Dr.  J.  Kunz. 
Recent  Optical  Experiments  and  the 
Theory  of  Relativity;  Dr.  F.  R.  Wat- 
son, Methods  of  Measuring  the  Ab- 
sorption of  Sounds;  Dr.  J.  B.  Taylor, 
Magnetic  Moment  of  the  Hydrogen 
Atom;  Professor  W.  A.  Noyes,  Val- 
ence; Professor  E.  H.  Williams,  Mag- 
netic Susceptibility  of  Rare  Earth 
Metals;  Professor  R.  H.  Baker,  Radia 
tion  of  Matter  from  the  Stars;  Joint 
Meeting  of  A.  I.  E.  E.,  Professor  E. 
B.  Paine,  Development  in  Transmis- 
sion of  Intelligence  Since  Early  Times; 
Report  of  the  Chicago  Meeting  of  the 
American  Physical  Society;  Dr.  C.  N. 
Wall,  Potentials  of  Infinite  Systems 
of   Point   Charges. 

Ciiic'.viio  Meetixg  of  Physicist.s 

The  141st  regular  meeting  of  the 
American  Physical  Society  was  held 
in  Chicago,  Illinois.  November  26  and 
27,  1926.  The  activity  in  research 
work  at  the  University  of  Illinois  re- 
sulted in  the  presentation  of  seven 
papers  at  the  meeting.  The  members 
of  the  faculty  of  the  department  of 
physics  who  attended  the  meeting 
are:  Prof.  A.  P.  Carmen,  Prof.  F.  R. 
Watson,  Prof.  J.  Kunz,  Prof.  W.  F. 
Schultz,  Prof.  E.  H.  Williams,  Dr.  R. 
F.  Paton,  Dr.  E.  E.  Libman,  Dr.  C.  N. 
Wall.  Or.  W.  H.  Sanders,  V.  M.  Albers, 
(;   M.   Uassweiler,  and  W.   D.   Lansing. 


Mechanical 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  two  gifts,  which  were  made 
to  the  College  of  Engineering,  were 
formally  accepted.  In  each  case  the 
Department  of  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing was  the  recipient.  The  Peoples 
Gas  ,  Light  and  Coke  Company  of  Chi- 


cago gave  one  of  the  gifts;  a  steel 
treating  furnace  valued  at  If.'iSO.  The 
other  gift  was  from  the  Alliaugh-Dover 
Manufacturing  Company,  it  being  a 
spur  gear  speed  reducer  valued  at  $135. 
Both  gifts  were  welcomed  by  our  ever- 
growing mechanical  department. 

At  the  November  meeting  of  the 
student  branch  of  the  A.S.M.E.,  Fred 
W.  Johnson  '27,  gave  an  illustrated 
talk  on  "An  Absorption  Refrigeration 
Machine";  K.  D.  Knoblock  '27,  de- 
scribed the  methods  used  in  boiler 
construction,  and  H.  T.  Kucera  '28, 
spoke  on  heating  and  ventilation.  The 
three  phases  of  engineering  discussed 
proved  to  be  very  interesting. 

J.  R.  Connelly  '27,  spoke  before  the 
society  on  "A  New  Design  of  Steam 
Shovel,"  on  December  1.  And  the 
"Piping  of  Crude  Oil,"  a  discussion 
of  the  transportation  phase  of  the  pe- 
troleum industry  was  given  by  R.  C. 
Hadley  '29.  Mr.  Hadley's  speech  is 
one  of  the  articles  published  in  this 
issue. 


Mining  Notes 

Early  this  semester  the  Miners  cart- 
ed a  keg  of  cider,  several  rounds  of 
doughnuts,  and  a  couple  of  cartons  of 
smokes  over  to  the  Union  Building 
where  the  Frosh  of  the  school  met  the 
upperclassmen  and  the  faculty  mem- 
bers of  the  Mining  Society.  The  good 
old  "All  for  one;  one  for  all"  spirit 
prevailed,  which  means  a  booming 
year  for  the  boys  from  Mathews  and 
the  Boneyard. 

The  first  business  meeting  of  the 
year  followed  the  old  adage  "Pleasure 
be'fore  Business"  by  taking  a  very  in- 
teresting trip  with  Professor  Drucker. 
"Around  the  World  in  165  Days"  was 
the  title  of  the  trip,  but  to  those  on 
board  the  time  was  entirely  too  short. 
Very  vividly,  the  society  saw  Hawaii 
with  her  surf-board  riders;  Australia 
with  her  vast  expanse  of  unexplored 
wilderness;  Africa  and  the  Kimberly 
fields;  France,  the  crossing  of  Trudey 
Ederle's  aquatic  speedway;  deah  ol' 
Lunnon  and  finally  home. 

Shortly  after  this  speech,  Professor 
Drucker  delivered  another,  though  less 
pleasant  one.  Namely  a  farewell  speech 
at  a  farewell  dinner  given  in  his 
honor.  The  occasion  was  his  depart- 
ure for  Pullman,  Washington,  where 
he  assumes  the  duties  of  Dean  of  Min- 
ing and  Geology.  Professor  A.  E. 
Drucker  came  to  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois in  1921.  He  might  very  appro- 
priately be  called  a  world  traveller 
and  metallurgical  engineer.    Professor 


Drucker  is  a  graduate  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  California  and  came  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  from  Platteville, 
Wisconsin,  where  he  was  a  professor 
in  Mining  at  the  Wisconsin  School  of 
Mines.  Some  fourteen  plants  and 
mills  are  accredited  to  his  ability  as  a 
designer.  As  an  originator  of  two  dif- 
tinct  processes  for  the  recovery  of  gold 
and  silver;  (1)  from  matte  sulfide 
from  cyanide  mill,  (2)  from  sulfide 
mill  concentrate,  he  has  won  recogni- 
tion in  metallurgical  circles.  Profes- 
sor Drucker  has  contributed  extensive- 
ly to  technical  literature.  The  depart- 
ment will  miss  him  sorely. 

Wednesday,  December  8th,  Professor 
I.  M.  Marshall  delivered  a  most  inter- 
esting talk  on  "The  Qualifications  of 
a  Mine  Executive."  When  Professor 
Marshall  is  scheduled  to  speak,  one 
can  always  look  to  something  inter- 
esting as  well  as  worth  while.  His 
experiences  in  the  field  are  such  that 
an  incident  of  his  life  usually  illus- 
trates most  realistically  the  point  he 
is  conveying  to  his  audience.  His 
classifications  of  the  executive's  re- 
quirements include  half  a  dozen  points 
(1)  ability  to  pick  men;  (2)  women 
influencing  his  life;  (3)  jealousy;  (4) 
loyalty;  (5)  welfare;  (6.)  non-partial- 
ity. At  a  glance  the  points  may  ap- 
pear far-fetched  to  one  who  was  not 
fortunate  enough  to  hear  the  speech. 
Contrarily,  they  are  more  or  less  vital 
factors  associated  with  the  lite  of  the 
average  miner. 

The  Mining  Society  is  endeavoring 
to  provide  the  campus  with  education- 
al films  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 
R.  E.  Lager  '27.  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, is  hoping  for  a  big  turnout  as 
every  effort  is  being  made  to  bring 
these  films  to  the  campus. 


Railway 

The  department  greatly  mourns  the 
death  of  the  late  Professor  J.  M. 
Snograss,  who  was  indeed  a  true  scien- 
tist and  teacher. 

On  December  2nd,  the  R.  E.  62  class 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Tuthill, 
made  several  test  runs  with  the  "Test 
Car"  between  Champaign  and  Dan- 
ville. The  data  collected  Is  being 
worked  up  by  members  of  the  class. 

Prof.  Tuthill  will  direct  another 
test  to  determine  the  power  consumed 
by  the  electric  heaters  in  heating  the 
"Test  Car."  This  will  duplicate  the 
situation  that  the  I.  T.  S.  has  when  a 
cold  interurban  car  is  to  be  heated,  for 
a  passenger  service  on  an  ideal  winter 
day. 


■Tanunr}!.  lf>27 


THE  TErnXOGRAPH 


87 


Senior  Inspection  Trip 

(Continued  pom  Page  16) 
because  of  the  enormous  quantities  of 
each  product  that  are  required,  but 
here  again  the  use  of  automatic  ma- 
chinery is  limited.  The  reason  is  that 
the  number  of  different  parts  made  is 
so  great  that  the  number  of  machines 
required  to  make  them  would  be  ex- 
cessive. Hence  the  work  is  done  large- 
ly by  hand,  but  the  parts  are  so  stan- 
dardized, and  production  is  in  such 
large  numbers,  that  the  cost  of  manu- 
facture per  part  is  low. 

In  the  electric  railway  field,  econo- 
my is  gained  by  the  use  of  modern, 
high  speed  equipment,  combining  the 
features  of  safety,  comfort,  and  speed, 
since  the  traffic  of  any  road  is  al- 
most directly  proportional  to  the  serv- 
ice it  renders.  Therefore,  the  one 
which  makes  the  most  money  (the 
ultimate  end  of  economy)  is  the  one 
which  gives  its  customers  the  most  for 
their  money;  this  statement  is  general, 
and  applies  to  any  one  of  the  fields 
discussed,  no  matter  what  its  peculiar 
problem  may  be. 


Mechanicals 

The  mechanical  engineers,  accom- 
panied by  Professor  Benedict,  and 
Professor  Leutwiler,  made  a  very  suc- 
cessful and  instructive  trip  to  Chi- 
cago and  Milwaukee. 

On  Wednesday  morning  the  Corwith 
Plant  of  the  Crane  Company  of  Chi- 
cago was  visited.  This  plant  is  one 
of  the  most  modernly  equipped  foun 
dries  in  the  world.  In  it  the  seniors 
saw  the  coordination  between  depart- 
ments, as  related  to  the  general  plant, 
worked  out  on  a  large  scale.  Raw  ma- 
terial entered  at  one  end  of  the  plant 
and  by  an  efficient  routing  system  it 
is  kept  moving  until  it  finally  came 
out  as  a  finished  product.  The  mold- 
ing done  by  this  company  was  of  a 
continuous  process.  The  molds  were 
made  and  then  placed  upon  a  moving 
conveyor  chain,  and  while  in  motion 
upon  this  chain  conveyor  they  were 
poured. 

Wednesday  afternoon  was  spent  in 
inspecting  the  assemble  plant  of  the 
Ford  Motor  Company  at  Ford  City. 
Illinois.  At  the  plant,  the  party,  under 
the  direction  of  the  guides,  traced  the 
routing  of  the  material  from  the  place 
where  it  entered  in  carload  lots  to  the 
point  where  the  automobiles  were 
driven  off  of  the  assemble  rack  under 
their  own  power.    After  this  the  party 


inspected    the    well    kept   Ford    power 
plant. 

Wednesday  evening  the  seniors  in 
mechanical  engineering  had  the  op- 
portunity of  hearing  Mr.  W.  L.  Abbott, 
chief  operating  engineer  for  the  Com- 
monwealth Edison  Company,  give  one 
of  the  principle  addresses  of  the  eve- 
ning. This  address  was  given  at  a 
dinner  tendered  to  all  of  the  seniors, 
at  the  Commonwealth  Edison  building 
in  Chicago,  by  the  Illinois  Public  Utili- 
ties Associations.  Mr.  Abbott  is  the 
national  president  of  the  A.S.M.E.,  and 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
University  Board  of  Trustees,  and  the 
president  of  that  group  for  several 
years. 

Mr.  W.  A.  Durgin  of  the  Edison 
Company  who  acted  as  toastmaster 
gave  a  very  interesting  account  of  the 
operation  of  a  modern  electrical  gen- 
erating plant  by  means  of  a  very  in- 
geniously electrically  operated  model 
of  the  generating  and  distribution 
system  of  Chicago. 

Thursday  and  Friday  were  spent  in 
visiting  plants  in   Milwaukee. 

Thursday  morning  the  mechanical 
engineering  group  went  to  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  plant.  Here  the  jhief  at- 
tractions were  the  large  size  products 
that  were  manufactured  by  the  com- 
pany. While  here,  the  student  engi- 
neers were  fortunate  in  seeing  several 
pressure  stage  turbines,  and  a  large 
ore  crusher,  under  construction,  as 
well  as  the  wiring  of  armatures  and 
transformers  and  many  other  interest- 
ing things. 

Thursday  afternoon  the  Falk  Corpo- 
ration was  inspected.  That  which  was 
most  interesting  at  this  plant  was  the 
cutting  of  herring-bone  gears,  rang- 
ing from  the  smaller  sizes  up  to  six- 
teen feet  in  diameter.  Other  attrac- 
tions W€fre  the  large  Diesel  Oil  engines 
which  were  under  construction,  and 
the  pouring  of  large  castings. 

Friday  morning  the  S.  0.  Smith 
Corporation  was  our  host.  Automobile 
frames  are  stamped  out  of  sheet  steel, 
formed,  and  then  assembled  by  perfect- 
ly synchronized  automatic  machinery, 
requiring  an  absolute  minimum  of  hu- 
man control. 

The  Lakeside  Station  of  the  Milwau- 
kee Electric  Railway  and  Light  Com- 
pany was  visited  by  Friday  afternoon. 
Here  the  seniors  traced  the  changing 
of  carloads  of  coal  to  electric  power. 
Starting  with  the  coal  as  it  entered 
the  preparation  house,  where  it  was 
pulverized,  the  engineers  followed  the 


coal  conveyor  up  to  the  storage  bin. 
and  from  the  storage  bins  to  the  fur- 
naces. Next  the  large  generating  units 
were  inspected  and  from  here  the  stu- 
dent engineers  were  given  the  oppor- 
tunity of  looking  over  the  switch 
room.  Other  points  of  attraction  at 
this  plant  were  the  recently  installed 
high  pressure  boiler  unit,  which  has  a 
pressure  of  1,200  pounds  per  square 
inch:  and  the  low  temperature  distil- 
lation plant.  Friday  night  the  group 
journeyed  back  to  Chicago. 

Saturday  morning  was  spent  at  the 
Illinois  Steel  Company.  Here,  the 
Bessemer  and  electric  furnaces  at- 
tracted most  attention,  while  the  roll- 
ing of  billets  into  rails  was  a  close 
second. 

The  inspection  trip  officially  ended 
after  completing  this  inspection,  and  it 
allowed  those  students  that  wished  to 
attend  the  Chicago-Illinois  game  ample 
time  to  get  there. 

The  students  were  well  pleased  with 
the  trip  and  said  that  they  were  well 
paid  for  the  time  and  effort  they  spent 
for  the  practical  knowledge  that  was 
gained.  The  instructors  in  charge, 
and  the  friends  of  Illinois — too  numer- 
ous to  be  specifically  mentioned  here 
— did  much,  the  seniors  decided,  to 
make  the  trip  pleasant  and  successful. 


Fraternity  Notes 

(Continued   from    Page   SSJ 
bana-Lincoln   Hotel.     Professor   H.   A. 
Brown   officiated   as   toastmaster   and 
provided   a    great   deal   of   amusement 
with  his  humorous  radio  stories. 

The  following  men  were  admitted 
to   membership: 

G.  R.  Morton  '28.  R.  E.  Berthold  '28. 
H.  H.  Slocum  '28.  E.  B.  Noel  '28,  J. 
C.  Springer  '28,  J.  Doak  '28,  T.  D. 
Hartsell  '28,  J.  H.  Swenson  '27,  R.  E. 
Tarpley  '27.  H.  H.  Wagner  '27,  T.  J. 
Pope  '27.  A.  C.  Baumann  '28.  A.  W. 
Howell  '28.  R.  W.  World  '28.  and  M. 
Rebuffoni   '28. 


Contemporary  Engineering 
Notes 

(Continued  from  Page  82) 
search  to  the  company,  along  with 
recommendations  for  the  manufacture 
in  commercial  quantities.  Acting 
under  such  advice,  several  Minnesota 
companies  have  put  millions  of  dol- 
lars into  benefication  plants,  and  in 
every  case  have  found  that  the  ex- 
penditure was  well  warranted. 

—The  Daily  lUini. 


ss 


Tnic  TKcirxonuAPn 


Jdinidri/,  1927 


Ber^ius  Process 

(Continued  from  Page  HI) 
sensitive  to  teinitci-.-itmi'  <li,tii;;('s  mid  ihmhiIi'cs  ex- 
jict  It'inpcratiii-t!  colli idl.  Ilvdioiicn  is  introdiiccd  ;it 
tiic  same  time  tiial  (lie  iiiixtnn'  (if  coal  and  oil  is 
iminped  info  tlic  aiilochiTc  wliicli  is  c(|iiiii|jcd  willi  a 
stiller.  l''rom  llic  first  vessel  where  the  pilcli  l'i)riiis, 
llie  mass  passes  lo  a  si'<-()ii(|  wiiere  the  additimi  (if 
liydroiicii  is  c(pm|)lete(l.  'riie  w  liolc  of  the  mass  is 
llieii  drawn  I'roiii  llic  \csscl  :iiid  Ircnicd  Id  olilain 
llie  j^asoline   and   nils. 

The  se<iiiid  raw  material  is  hydroi;eii  which  does 
iml  need  lo  lie  pine,  as  cniil  will  read  with  hydro 
Ueii  if  llie  laller  is  in  a  mixture  with  other  t;as. 
Jiisi  as  loni;  as  hydrouen  is  jiresent  in  snfficieiii 
(|iianlity.  'I'lie  j;ases  produced  in  the  original  licpie 
lacliipii  reaciidii  conlaiii  melliane  and  some  etlianc 
A I  1  101)  di^ii'es  ( 'entit;rade  one  molecule  of  metliaii:- 
reads  with  (ini'  iniilecule  <if  water  to  jjive  three  cf 
hydrogen  and  one  of  carlion  monoxide.  The  lattei' 
is  ti'ansformed  hy  the  action  of  another  molecule 
of  steam  at  a  temperature  of  TOO  dej^rees  Centigrade 
in  the  i)resence  of  a  catalyst  into  carbon  dioxide  and 
hydrogen.  The  reaction  between  ethane  and  steam 
is  quite  similar.  Another  source  of  hydrogen  sug- 
gested by  Bergius  is  to  divert  part  of  the  sutput  of 
an  ordinary  water  gas  plant  into  the  Bergius  process 
after  converting  the  carbon  monoxide  into  carbon 
dioxide  with  the  resulting  production  of  hydrogen 
as  mentioned  above.  The  gases,  methane  and  eth- 
ane, produced  in  the  Bergius  process  ai-e  then  fed 
into  the  city  gas  mains. 

Kesults  of  Ihc  liipicfadion  of  Iwo  ty|ies  of  ccial 
are  as  follows : 

Bit.  (las  Coal  I'itch  Coal 

Per  Cent  Per  Cent 

.Motor   spirit    15.0  l(;.."i 

Diesel   and  creos,)!;'  oil    15.0  I'D. I) 

Fuel  oil.  lubric.iting  oil.  pitch  I'O.O  1. ■...'. 

.\mmoiiia    00.5  00.7 

Wat.M-   08.0  11.:! 

Siilid   (irganic   matter 11.5  111. II 

Ash    10.0  10.11 

Fi-om  a  short  ton  of  coal  the  average  yield  is  1.") 
gallons  of  gasoline  boiling  up  to  1.S5  degrees  Fahren 
licit  and  having  ])ronounced  anti-knock  character 
istics. 

This  ])rocess  in  its  entirety  appears  to  be  both 
economically  and  .scientifically  sound.  At  the  i»res- 
ent  time  the  results  obtained  in  the  experimental 
l)lant  liave  been  sufficiently  successful  to  warrant 
the  consti-uction  of  commercial  units,  two  of  which. 
of  alioiil  1,000.000  barrel  of  oil  per  year  t.iial  capac- 
cily.  aic  now  being  erected  in  (iermany. 


Indianapolis  Water  Supply 

(Continued   from    P(i</e   7S) 
oix'rating  the  \alv<'s  can   be  seen  at   the  side  of  tli 
photograjih. 

Helow  are  given   a    few   slalislics  to   indicale  th 


FiGiKK  Three 
size  of  a  plant  which  is  required  to  supply  a  city 
the  size  of  Indianapolis.  Capacity  of  jiumping  units 
serving  the  distribution  system  including  new  units 
being  installed  at  Washington  and  Fall  Creek  Sta- 
tions, 100,000,000  gallons  daily;  caiiacity  of  filtra- 
tion  system,  48,000,000  gallons  daily;  capacity  of 


PiouRE  Six 
deep  well  .system,  25,000,000  gallons  daily:  capacity 
of  jiurified  water  reservoirs  (including  new  0,000,- 
000  gallon  reservoir),  24,000,000  galhms  daily; 
average  daily  pumjiage  entire  city,  38,510,000 
gallons;  maximum  daily  pumpage,  52,883,000 
gallons;  maximum  pumpage  rate  during  the 
sprinkling  hours,  108,000,000  gallons;  distribution 
system,  550  miles;  public  fire  hydrants  in  service, 
4,839;  total  number  of  water  customers,  66,104. 


Juiiudiji,  ID27 


Till;  'i'i:(iiN(»(ii;Ai'ii 


89 


A  sermon 
in  stones 


CECIL  RHODES,  the  diamond  kinff, 
had  a  real  idea  which  he  passed  on 
to  diamonds  in  the  rough. 

"Be  well-rounded  men,  broad  in  j'our 
sympathies, "  he  said,  and  he  made  this  the 
basis  for  selection  of  Rhodes  scholars. 

Surely  there's  a  lesson  for  every  man — 
graduates  alike  in  arts,  in  pure  science  or 
in  applied  science — to  balance  the  student 
in  iiim  with  the  athlete,  the  individualist 
witli  the  man  of  sociability,  the  specialist 
with  the  "citizen  of  the  world." 

For  Rhodes'  idea  was  no  theory.  It  is 
shared  by  hard-headed  businjss  men  today. 


tern  Ei€€tnc  €0Mj0>an\ 

Makers  of  the  Nation's  Telephones 


Number  64  of .    "ti-ries 


TIIK  TKCIINOdKAI'll 


■hniuiir}!.  I'.). 11 


N  OTHS 


i) 


H.  E.  Doherty,  e.e.,  '09,  is  now  a 
member  of  the  education  committee  of 
the  General  Electric  Company.  Sclie- 
nectady,  N.  Y.,  and  conducts  the  ad- 
vanced engineering  course  of  that  com- 
pany  for   student   engineers. 

Avery  liniiKliif/e.  c.e.,  '09,  is  a  Chi- 
cago skyscraper  builder  who  has  many 
monuments  to  mark  his  success.  Altho 
he  has  been  oui 
of  college  but  a 
few  years  he  has 
succeeded  in 
s  ur  round  ing 
himself  with  an 
organization  of 
men  of  action, 
men  of  judg- 
ment, men  of 
brains,  and  men 
of  couiiigp.  He  has  achieved  a  repu- 
tation of  the  kind  that  makes  owners 
willing  to  intrust  to  him  million-dol- 
lar  undertakings. 

He  was  born  in  Detroit,  but  soon 
moved  to  Chicago,  and  there  graduated 
from  the  Chicago  English  "high  school 
and  entered  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois as  a  student  of  civil  engineering. 
He  completed  his  technical  courses  in 
three  years  and  devoted  the  fourth  to 
cultural,  economic,  and  literary 
courses. 

Following  graduation  he  was  an  in- 
spector and  superintendent  for  Hola- 
bird  &  Roche,  a  firm  of  architects 
who  specialized  in  the  planning  of  city 
buildings.  After  three  years  with  this 
organization  he  became  superintendent 
and  builder  for  a  large  firm  of  con- 
tractors, John  Griffiths  &  Son,  and 
remained  three  years  with  this  organi- 
zation. He  worked  on  such  buildings 
as  the  Sherman  Hotel,  the  Morrison 
Hotel,  and  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 
In  191,'>  he  went  into  business  tor 
himself.  In  about  ten  years  he  has 
developed  to  the  point  where  the  pay- 
roll for  his  organization  is  approxi- 
mately $50,000  per  week.  His  com- 
pany is  erecting  all  new  Grant  Park 
bridges  in  Chicago,  and  built  the  new 
viaduct  and  drive  over  the  Illinois 
Central  to  the  outer  boulevards  along 


the  lake  shore.  (Excerpts  from  an 
article  written  by  E.  P.  Hermann  '13, 
after  an  interview  with  Mr.  Brundage). 

L.  E.  Curfman.  c.e.,  '01.  has  been 
made  associate  professor  of  civil  engi- 
neering at  the  Kansas  State  Teachers' 
College,  Pittsburgh,  Kansas. 

Carl  B.  Woodin,  c.e.,  '06,  is  a  struc- 
tural steel  checker  and  designer  for 
the  American  Bridge  Co.  His  address 
is  9S0  Maplewood  Ave.,  Aubridge,  Pa. 

Ed  Mehren.  c.e..  '06.  is  one  of  the 
vice-presidents  of  the  McGraw-Hill  Co., 
New  York,  publishers  of  many  engi- 
neering magazines  and  books. 

Dtriyht  L.  Smith,  e.e.,  '11,  has  been 
appointed  electrical  engineer  for  the 
Chicago  Rapid  Transit  Co.  He  has 
been  with  the  C.  R.  T.  Co.,  since  his 
graduation,  and  his  last  appointment 
before  the  present  one  was  assistant 
electrical  engineer. 

Sozahu  Funikaua.  arch.,  '13,  archi- 
tect at  Tokyo.  Japan,  recently  visited 
the  campus  and  presented  to  the  flick- 
er Library  a  portfolio  of  100  plates 
showing  the  imperial  palace  at  Pekin, 
China.  The  pictures  include  views  of 
the  palace,  the  ceiling  in  the  throne 
room,  and  the  huge  chandelier,  the 
throne  with  its  elaborate  carving,  the 
mirror  in  the  throne  room,  a  pagoda 
in  the  garden,  etc.  Most  of  the  plates 
are  in  sepia  tones,  but  four  of  the 
detail  illustrations  are  done  in  color. 
Furukawa  was  enroute  to  Washington 
where  he  will  investigate  new  methods 
tor   the   fire   testing  of  steel   shutters. 

Waltfr  Lloyd  Fisher,  ry.e.,  '14,  is 
now  assistant  engineer  in  the  main- 
tenance of  the  way  department  tor  the 
Peoria  and  Evansville  Railway.  He 
lives  at  3595  North  Dearborn  Street. 
Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

7".  .V.  MeVay.  cer.e.,  '14.  formerly  in- 
structor in  ceramic  engineering  at  the 
University,  has  been  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  associate. 

Edward  MuUiiiH,  a.e..  '17.  has  been 
married  to  Loretta  Kaler,  Rantoul.  He 
is  an  architectural  engineer  with  Eng- 
lish Brothers,  contractors. 

C.  L.  Conrad,  e.e.,  '22,  who  has  been 
with  the  Central  Electric  Co.,  at  Sche- 


nectady, N.  Y.,  has  taken  up  new  work 
with  the  Diamond  Foot  Blower  Co.,  at 
Chicago. 

A.  D.  Pickett,  a.e.,  '23  designed  an 
S-room  all-tile  house  rnnihiui""  Span- 
ish, Moorish,  and  Mexican  architec- 
ture for  the  Sesquicentennial  celebra- 
tion at  Philadelphia.  It  was  used  as 
an  exhibit  for  the  Associated  Wall  and 
Floor  Tile  Manufacturers.  This  "Casa 
Bonite"  (beautiful  house)  was  pic- 
tured in  the  August  issue  of  "The 
Architect." 


Charle.s  G.  Elliott,  c.e..  '77.  died  at 
his  home  in  Washington.  D.  C.  Sep- 
tember 14.  He  was  a  consulting  engi- 
neer, and  tor  many  years  had  been  a 
farm  land  drainage  expert  tor  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. He  also  served  the  department 
on  an  important  mission  abroad,  mak- 
ing a  study  of  the  drainage  conditions 
in  various  European  countries.  While 
at  the  University  he  was  editor  of  The 
mini,  president  of  the  Sophomore 
class,  and  a  member  of  the  Philoma- 
thean  Literary  Society.  He  showed 
his  versatility  at  commencement  by 
delivering  a  French  oration,  although 
he  received  his  degree  in  civil  engi- 
neering. 


■Idiniiirn.  1021 


TIIK  TKCIIXOCNAPII 


91 


yiii<t)T 

Ascenseur 

Ascensor 

Ascensore 

Elevador 

Lift 

Elevator 

OTIS 


Ihe  above  are  reproductions  of  the  Japanese,  Russian, 
French,  Spanish,  Itahan,  German,  Portuguese,  EngHsh, 
American  and  universal  equivalents  for  elevators. 

On  sea  or  on  land,  at  home  or  abroad, 
the  single  word  OTIS  is  sufficient. 


OTIS  ELEVATOR  COM     PAN 

Offices  in  all  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 


Tin:  ti:('iin(»<;i;ai' 


■hniiiiirii,   l'.),ri 


Voice — Mary,    what    are    you    doing 
down  there? 

Mary — The  best  I  can,  father. 

— California  Engineer. 


The  smallest  man  in  history  is  the 
Roman  soldier  who  went  to  sleep  on 
his  watch. 

— The  MiniiexDta   Techno-Loij. 


One — Say,  man,  you're  lazy. 
Two — How  you  misjudge  me. 
Three — What's  the  matter  with  you 
then? 

Four — Merely  constitutional   inertia. 
—Violet   Rail. 


Scott  wrote  the  Lady  of  the  Lake 
and  Longfellow  wrote  Evangeline,  but 
like  most  sorority  girls,  they  never 
answered. 


Liza — Whaffor    you    buy    dat    yutha 
box  o'  shoe  blackin'? 

Jane — Dat    ain't    no    shoe    blackin  , 
dat's  mah  massage  cream. 

— The  Kansas  Engineer. 

Steno — I   hear  he  drinks  something 
awful. 

Co-Ed — I'll  say  he  does;   I  tasted  it. 
— Violet  Ray. 


Two  kinds  of  boys  come  to  college; 
those  who  tack  up  hot  pictures  and 
those  whose  folks  come  down  for  the 
week-ends.       — California   Engineer. 


Bill  (in  a  hurry) — Operator,  give  me 
Grand  Central  22  double  2. 

Op— Grand  2222? 

Hill  (still  in  the  same  hurry) — Yes, 
and  snap  into  it,  I'll  play  train  with 
you  later.        — Penn  State  Engineer. 


Santord  McNutt  was  an  engineer. 
The    boiler    blew    up.    we    planted 
him  here.  — Violet  Ray. 


Tlie  parson  was  delivering  his  ser- 
mon, "So  the  Lord  made  the  Earth," 
he  said,  "and  then  he  rested.  Then 
He  made  man  and  again  He  rested. 
Then  He  made  woman  and  neither 
God  nor  man  has  ever  rested  since." 
— Violet    Ray. 


"Girls   are   growing   more    beautiful 
every  day,"   say  we! 
"Naturally."  say  you! 
"No,  artifically,"   say  we. 
We  win!  — Violet  Ray. 

A  few  minutes  after  an  alarm  of 
FIRE  was  given  in  a  hotel,  one  of  the 
guests  joined  the  group  that  were 
watching  the  fire  and  chaffed  them  on 
their  apparent  e.xcitement.  "There 
was  nothing  to  be  excited  about,"  he 
said.  "I  took  my  time  about  dressing, 
lighted  a  cigarette,  didn't  like  the  knot 
in  my  tie  and  tied  it  over — that's  how- 
cool  I  was." 

"You're  the  berries,"  remarked  a  fel- 
low guest.  "But  why  didn't  you  put 
on  your  pants?" 

— The    Kansas    Engineer. 


-Halt, 


if    you    move    you're 


Bandit- 
dead. 

Prof. — My  man.  you  should  be  more 
careful  of  your  English.  If  I  should 
move  it  would  be  a  positive  sign  that 
I  am  alive. 

— Minnesota    Teehno-Log. 


I  used  to  play  on  the  piano. 

Well,  why  did  you  stop? 

Mother   was   afraid   I'd   tall   and   hurt 

myself.  — Violet  Ray. 

There  was  a  young  man  from  the  west. 
And  he  courted  a  girl  with  great  zest: 
So  hard  did  he  press  her 
To  make  her  say,  "Yes,  sir." 
He  broke  all  the  cigars  in  his  vest. 
— Violet  Ray. 


Frosh — We're  having  a  dress  rehear- 
sal tonight.  What  kind  of  a  costume 
must  I  wear? 

Senior — Well,  you're  supposed  to 
look  like  a  rag  peddler,  so  put  on  your 
good  §uit  and  go  on  over. 


It  takes  nobleness  of  character  to 
keep  a  diary,  but  he  is  a  man  who 
can  keep  an  expense  account. 

— Violet  Ray. 


Stude — How  do  you  study  while 
your  roommate  is  typing? 

Ent — Simple,  I  read  a  chapter  be- 
tween clicks. 

— Minnesota    Teehno-Log. 

Don't  think  you  don't  have  to  sup- 
port the  Technograph  just  because  it 
has  a  staff. 


Prof. — If,  in  going  down  this  in- 
cline. I  gain  four  feet  per  second  what 
will  be  the  condition  after  twenty- 
five  seconds. 

Third  Seat  Back — You'll  be  a  centi- 
pede. — Violet  Ray. 


Say,  brother,  that's  a  wicked  pair  of 
shoes   you're   wearing   there. 

Yeah,  both  soles  gone  to  hell  al- 
ready. — The  Transit. 


Romeo — I  thought  you  had  a  date 
with  Helen  tonight. 

Rudolph — I  did.  but  when  I  saw  her 
leave  her  house  at  five  minutes  to 
eight  with  somebody  else.  I  got  sore 
and   called    it   off.       —The    Transit. 


A  small  boy  entered  a  bank  of  a 
thriving  town  and  walked  up  to  the 
cashier.  "Mister,"  he  said,  "I  want  a 
check  book  for  a  lady  that  folds  in  the 
middle.  — The  Kan.ias  Engineer. 


■f(i  iiHiiri/,  1927 


THE  TErnNOdKAPn 


93 


"From  Turret  to  Foundation  Stone" 


?««■ 


1?=, 


fiij 


1 1  m , 


I 


Complete  design  and  construction 
of  all  types  of  structures  are  in- 
cluded in  the  service  offered  by  The 
FoundationCompany.  Efficient  pro- 
duction in  industry  is  dependent 
upon  scientific  design  of  plant; — 
and  initial  cost  of  plant  is  depend- 
ent upon  economical,  rapid  and 
skillful  construction. 

Modern  factory  buildings  must  contain 
every  facility  to  meet  the  demand  for  ef- 
fective mechanical  operation,  and  for  con- 
sideration of  the  human  operator.  The  mill 
built  for  Courtaulds,  Limited,  at  Cornwall, 
Canada,  s  ia  model  of  such  facton,'  con- 
struction. 

The  construction  of  the  locomotive  erect- 
ing shops  of  the  Southern  Railway  at  At- 
lanta, Georgia,  is  a  notable  example  of 
complete  service  rendered  by  engineering 
contractor,  working  in  full  cooperation, 
in  both  design  and  construction,  with  the 
engineers  of  the  railway  company. 

Often  considerations  of  location  determine 
a  site  where  construction  of  the  foundations 
is  rendered  unusually  difficult.  The  New 
York  Telephone  Building,  of  which  Marc 
Eidlitz  &  Son,  Inc.  were  General  Contrac- 
tors, was  placed  where  the  Hudson  River 
used  to  flow;  yet  modern  methods  permitted 
The  Foundation  Company  to  construct  the 
substructure  reaching  to  rock  five  stories 
below  surface  level. 


These  are  but  a  few  of  the  types  of 
projects  construaed  by  this  organi- 
zation. 


THE    FOUNDATION    COMPANY 

CITY   OF   NEW   YORK 

Office  Buildings  .  Industrial  Plants  •  Warehouses  •  Railroads  and  Terminals  •  Foundations 
Underpinning  .  Filtration  and  Sewage  Plants  •  Hydro-Electric  Developments  .  Power  Houses 
Highways   .    River  and  Harbor  Developments    •    Bridges  and  Bridge  Piers    •    Mine  Shafts  and  Tunnels 


ATLANTA 

PITTSBURGH 

CHICAGO 


SAN   FRANCISCO 
LOS   ANGELES 
MONTREAL.  CANADA 


MEXICO  CITY 
LIMA.  PERU 
CARTAGENA    COLOMBIA 


LONDON.  ENGLAND 
BRUSSELS.  BELGIUM 
TOKYO,  JAPAN 


BUILDERS       OF        SUPERSTRUCTURES        AS        WELL       AS       SUBSTRUCTURES 


94 


THE  TKCHNiKJRAPn 


Januari/,  1921 


M.'.!JA!.-JJJ.'.'JJJ.\'MMiiiiiiiZ 


/UFKiN 


TAPES,  RULES,  TOOLS 

INSURE  YOUR  MEASUREMENTS 
On  Sale  Everywhere  Send  for  Catalog 

THE /UFK/M  PUL£  Qo. 

nA«.IN  \\V.  -MM  IIKJA.N 

New  York  Windsor,  Canada 


Oil  Pipe  Lines 


(Continurd  front  Paye  7-}J 
jjji'cnt  (IcmI  of  (>x]miisi()ii  niid  cDiiti-nctioii  to  be  ciircd 
for  ('\cii  llioiiuh  lilt'  line  is  two  or  Ilii-cr  fi'ct  liclow 
llic  .surf.u'e.  .Mixicin  wfliliiij;  is  rediicitig'  tliis 
trouble  a  great  (IcmI  ;iiid  lines  being  laid  now  are 
entirely  welded:  a  "N"  luitt  weld  being  the  usual 
j<jl>.  ^^'elding  is  one  of  tlie  nianv  new  methods  in- 
troduced to  save  time  and  malve  l)etter  jobs.  An  at- 
tempt is  made  to  save  i)i])e  and  eliminate  long  cir- 
cuit ions  routings,  hence,  in  rough  country,  there  are 
m,in\  long  and  sudden  dr()])S  in  levels  in  the  lines. 
If  poor  bracing  or  reinforcing  of  pipe  is  done  on 
these  droi)s,  excessive  stresses  occur  at  top  and  bot- 
tom, straining  the  connections  at  these  points.  There 
are  often  jjlaces  where  a  new  driving  road  or  rail- 
road is  built  over  the  lines  without  adequate  atten- 
tion being  given  the  lines.  Such  loads  as  ballast 
and  einlcinkments  may  rupture  one  or  more  of  the 
]ii|ies.  Also  there  have  been  instances  of  jtipe  rup- 
tures by  being  struck  by  a  plough  or  by  a  truck 
driving  over  an  exposed  line.  This  tendency  to 
leak  (II'  ci'ack  so  easily  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the 
high  ]iressures  carried  on  the  line. 

When  a  bicak  occnis  by  any  method,  the  farmer 
thi'ough  whose  land  the  line  runs,  or  the  company 
line  walker  rejjorts  it  at  once.  If  considei-able  oil 
i^cis  loose,  it  is  liable  to  cause  much  damages,  bi'iiig- 
inu,  on  law  suits  of  all  natures.    The  oil  is  saltv  but 


of  a  poisonous  nature,  causing  farm  stock  to  die 
when  they  drink  It.  It  is  also  highly  inflamable 
and  likely  to  cause  fires  if  it  gathers  in  wooded  creek 
bottoms.  Hence,  all  com])anies  \ia\e  large  law  de- 
partments. 

Tlie  smaller  ruptures  are  re])aired  tempoi-arily 
with  pressure  on  the  line.  If  it  is  a  i)it  leak,  it  is 
done  by  fitting  a  cast  iron  clamp  lined  with  a  lead 
plate  to  the  pipe,  tightened  with  "U"  bolts  encircling 
the  other  half  of  the  i)ipe,  and  caulking  the  lead 
gasket  ai'ound  the  edges  of  the  clamj).  In  the  mean- 
time the  oil  is  shooting  from  the  hole  under  500 
pound  pressure,  so  the  clamp  is  api)lied  to  the  other 
side,  tightened  to  a  loose  fit  and  slid  around  until 
under  the  hole.  Great  care  must  be  taken  in  work- 
ing with  the  clamp  because  of  the  velocity  of  the  oil 
issuing  from  the  leak,  also  becau.se  the  oil  gives  off 
a  gas  when  spraying  out,  which  numbs  one's  mind 
and  slows  his  actions.  The  high  velocity  makes  a 
stream  of  any  size  cut  like  a  knife,  but  luckily,  as 
said  before,  these  occur  mostly  at  the  bottom  of  the 
pipe  so  men  must  only  be  careful  about  getting  legs 
and  hands  near  the  hole.  The  oil  is  usually  of  as- 
phaltic  or  paraffin  base  and  contains  manj'  ingredi- 
ents Infectious  to  cuts. 

If  the  size  is  such  that  it  warrants  shutting  off 
the  oil,  the  gate-houses  come  into  play  in  shifting 
the  load  to  another  line,  empty  at  the  time ;  or  by  in- 
creasing the  load  on  each  12-ii)ch  line  taking  oil 


Established  1S67 


The  Vilter  Manufacturing  Co. 

1020   Clinton   St..   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Ice  Making  and  Refrigerating  Machinery 
Corliss  and  Poppet  Valve  Engines 

Branch  offices  in  all  principal  cities 
If  interested  write  for  bulletins 


.J(inu<i)\j,  1927 


THE  TECHNOGEAPH 


95 


(U 


Fbod^Thought 

An  independent  engineering  organization 
recently  made  a  survey  of  fuel  costs  in  the 
plant  of  a  nationally-known  company  that 
had  changed  over  to  gas,  for  a  large  part  of 
of  its  production  eighteen  months  previously. 
The  following  quotations,  taken  directly 
from  the  engineer's  report,  show  some  of 
the  advantages  effected  in  this  plant  through 
the  use  of  gas: 

''Cost  reduced  ISV 

''Annual  saving  $3,67632" 

"Net  yearly  return  of  102%  on  investment*' 

"Gas  more  dependable'' 

"Faster  heating" 

"More  accurate  temperature  control" 

Here  indeed  is  food  for  thought.  Perhaps  right  now 
you  are  wondering  what  gas  would  do  in  your  plant. 
Our  interesting  book,  "Gas — The  Ideal  Factory  Fuel" 
will  prove  helpful  to  you.     Why  don't  you  send  for 


your  copy  now; 


American  Gas  Association 

342  Madison  Avenue,    New  York  City 


9fi 


TIFK  TKCIINOCKAI'll 


■/(iniiiiri/,  1921 


Meet  Me  at  the 

MIDWAY 

The  Place  Where 
College  Men  Eat 


iMIl  South  iMHirtli  Street 


fnirii  two  S  iiicli  line; 
iiKiiii  :uiiinliii^  ti)  llic 
lii;iv   lie  ili\'ei'le(l    iiitii  ; 


Mild  li:i\iiij^  ;i  lillle  s|»iire 
ratio  (.f  111  to  ll-'S.  The  oil 
s(oni};e  t;iiik  ;it  llie  last  sta- 


tion; or  the  ])ressure  on  ail  tlie  oilier  lines  increased 
a  lillle,  lliiis  eariiifi  lor  the  liroken  line's  oil.  The 
oil  that  gets  loose  is  gathered  by  ditching  and  eitliei- 
Inirned,  or,  if  the  amount  justifies  it  is  ])uiu])e(l  hack 
into  aiiotiier  line  hy  a  high  pressure  portable  pump. 
'The  o])ei'atiou  of  pumping  is  preceded  by  drilling  a 
IkiIc  in  the  high  ])ressure  line,  which  is  uiiitpiely  ac- 
complished wilh  no  loss  of  oil  by  an  ingenious  device 
called  a  tajiping  macliine.  It  consists  of  a  clamp, 
similar  to  u  leak  clamp,  which  is  fastened  on  the 
pipe,  but  with  a  tlireaded  hole  through  it;  a  large 
gate  valve  is  coupled  to  this,  and  above  the  gate 
\alve  is  coupled  a  tight  chamber  on  the  bottom  of 
the  frame  for  holding  the  boring  bar.  This  bar 
with  the  hit  on  the  end  extends  through  the  whole 
leniilli  |o  the  iiipe,  and  is  sealed  with  jiacking  at  the 
to|i  of  the  chamber.  It  is  hand  operated  with  a 
handle  and  rachet  at  the  to])  of  the  frame. 

This  is  but  a  touch  of  the  problems  met  with  in 
|ii])e  lining.  Modern  advancements  and  methods 
lia\e  increased  its  efficiency  until  it  competes  favor- 
ably with  tanking  the  oil  by  railroad.  On  the  whole, 
it  is  an  industry  calling  for  numberless  branches  of 
engineering  and  commerce,  and  offers  a  rapidly  en- 
larging field  to  engineers. 


Pea  se  I  iii  p  o  r  t  c  il 
Draiving  I  n  s  t  r  «- 
nients  can  he  had 
in  hoth  semi-flat 
and  square  type 
styles  —  in  either 
single  pieces  or 
complete  sets. 


"CHICAGOJ 


Pease  Steel  Base 
Table.  Top  can  be 
raised  or  lowered 
any  distance  be- 
tween S5  and  46 
inches  from  the 
floor  in  from  16  to 
S&   seconds. 


A  Sound 
Beginning  And 
A  Finishing  Touch 
To  an  Engineering  Course 

Pease  Drafting  Room  Equipment 

\rr,v  piDlial)!^  Ilir  lirsl  tiiiir  ><pu  I'Vfi-  s:il  (low  ii  liclorc  a  tracins;,  oir^ 
set  ol  (liawiii;;  iiislriiriiiMits  IdoIxmI  llir  same  a^  aiiolJnM-  and  one  draw  ■ 
iiii;  laid.'  sccinid  no  diricrcnl  Iroin  (hi'  rs'sl.  Ildwcvcr.  ino^l  lilifly.  as 
with  (luiiisaiuls  ol  Kiiiinu'ciun;  .Sliidcnts  it  didn't  take  lon^  to  learn 
Pease  Drawing  Instriinienls  worked  smoother,  had  perl'e*-!  balance, 
were  more  durable  and  enabled  you  lo  draw  most  aceurately. 

Perhaps  you  also  lound,  Miat  Pease  l>i-awins  Tables  gave,  the  most 
solid  b'Ml  (IrauiMi;  surface  and  could  he  slantetl  most  conveniently  lo 
a  coniliii'lable  position. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  it's  the  same  with  all  Pease  Draltin;;  Kooin  Ktpiip- 
nient. — designed  e.spe<iall.v  to  answer  its  purpose  most  satisfactorily — 
in   either  the   class   room,   professional   or  <ommercial   field. 

Writr   for    CatahH/    l>i:  -il 

THE  G.  F.  PEASE  COMPANY 

831   North  Franklin  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois 


JiniiKin/.  HK27 


Till-;  TKCIINOdlJAI'II 


97 


Starved  Rock  Lock  and  Dam 

(Continued  from  Pfujc  Ci!) 
vi'Vdi-  was  installed  on  tlu'  ()])p(isito  side  of  llic  |ilanl 
to  liaiulle  the  ct'iiU'iit  which  is  to  lie  shi|i]ic(l  in  the 
bulk  and  is  hron,iiht  lo  the  jdanl  nn  a  standai-(i 
yanjic  railway  switch.  A  steam  enj;ine  which  ojiei' 
ated  the  s)iff-le<;'  derrick.  ei|nii)i)ed  with  a  claiu  shell 
bncket,  was  erected  beside  the  plant  to  handle  the 
j;ravel.  Directly  ojtposite  the  ])hint,  across  the 
standaril  jiauije  track,  the  watei-  tower,  with  a  ca- 
I)acity  of  (>,()()()  jiallons.  was  placed  on  lients  IS  feet 
above  the  i;round. 

Dniin^  the  month  of  8e])tend)ei'  proyi-ess  was 
held  uji  materially  by  excessive  rains  and  the  river 
which  had  been  at  an  elevation  of  from  44(5.0  to 
t4S.()  ft.  IhroTijihout  the  month  of  Ausiust  rose  to  an 
ele\ation  of  4.17.0  ft.  on  September  24  and  about 
noon  on  the  iotli  the  levee  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  the  lock  excavation  broke  and  filled  the  excava- 
tion, which  at  that  time  was  down  to  an  elevation 
of  42."). 0  ft.  in  some  places. 

A\'ork  was  immediately  started  to  repair  the 
break,  which  was  aliout  100  feet  in  lenjrth  and  down 
to  the  rock  which  at  that  point  was  at  elevation 
4o().0  ft.  A  derrick  was  ])bioed  on  a  barge  and  13  inch 
steel  sheet  ])iles  were  driven  to  form  a  cellular  cof 
ferdam,  having  cells  about  1(5  feet  by  20  feet.    This 


two    crush 

st.-ihlish  another  Wort 

uilt  by   AllisChalmeri 

A  carload  of  ore 

he   crusher 


500 


of 


s,    which    weigh    a    million    pounds    each. 
s  Record  for  the  lines  of  heavy  machincr) 
Manufacturing  Company, 
eighing  70  tons  each  can  l)e  dumped  into 
e.      Each    crusher    handles    from    2,000    ti. 


i(  , 


■</.-•  A',', 


..,; 


■,sh,-i 


ILLIS-CH/:iLMERS  MANUFACTURINGfO. 

MILWAUKEE.   V)/IS.    U.S.A.  >• 


RHOADS  TANNATE 
LEATHER  BELTING 


Good  Work  On  A  Hard  Job 

The  planer  belt  in  our  picture,  after  run- 
ning more  than  two  years,  on  this  heavy 
duty  steel  planer,  is  reported  as  "not  worn 
at  all,  practically  as  good  as  new."  And 
because  of  the  service  this  belt  was  giv- 
ing, they  placed  an  order  for  100  feet  each 
of  three  other  widths  of  Tannate  Belting. 

The  longer  life  and  stronger  grij)  of 
Rhoads  Watershed  Tannate  on  difficult 
drives,  wet  or  dry,  has  made  us  many 
friends  in  industry. 

Tannate  Belts  are  built  for  real  service 
and  are  always  sold  under  the  Rhoads 
Service  Guarantee. 


Vt7i('»  in  need  of  lure  U'allirr  use 
lilioads  Tannate  Lace.  It  often 
outlasts  rawhide  from  three  to 
five  times,  espeeiallii  in  in-t  or 
hot  iilaces. 


J.  E.  RHOADS  &  SONS 

■■iiii.\i>i:i.riii.\,  x->  .\.  Sixth  .St. 

\iw   York.    Illj   Beekman  St.     Atlanta,  78  S.   Forsyth  Si. 
1  hicago,  i>2  W.   Randolph  St.  Cleveland,   1200   W.   Ninth   St. 
l--;i>t..iv   .Ml. I    T.inncTv.    \Vilmiiii,.t...i.    Drl. 


<JS 


'III;  Ti:<ll\n(;K.\ni 


■/nil  11(1  r I/.  l!)2'i 


THE  ONLY  CLEANING  PLANT 
ON  THE  CAMPUS 

BRESEE  BROS.,  Cleaners 

4444_pHONE— 4444 
518  East  Green  St.  Champaign,  Illinois 


( CdiitiiiiKd   fiiiiii    I'rri-ioun  I'lii.ic) 

coft't'i- (hilii  \v;is  tlicii  fillrd  wilii  dirt  (liiinpcd  troiii 
;t  trestle  erected  over  llie  ((itfer-dani.  As  soon  as  the 
hi'eak  was  repaired  two  S  iiieh  centrifugal  i)uniiis 
were  installed  and  the  excavation  was  pumped  out. 
At  the  date  of  this  wrltiTig,  the  fore  part  of  Decem- 
ber, work  has  just  been  resumed  in  the  excavation. 
Drilling,  blasting,  and  excavating  are  now  proceed- 
ing as  before  the  break,  but  from  all  indications 
there  will  be  no  concrete  jioured  until  the  sjjring 
months. 

The  aggregate  to  lie  used  in  the  concrete  mix  is 
to  be  bank-run  gi'avel  obtained  from  a  ])it  nearby. 
The  cement,  as  stated  before,  is  to  be  sliip](ed  in 
Imlk  and  will  come  from  a  plant  in  LaSalle,  Illi- 
nois. The  mix  to  be  used  is  not  definitely  decided 
upon  as  yet,  but  will  probably  be  a  1:6  mix,  with 
water  cement  ratio  I)eing  about  0.9.  The  time  of 
mix  is  to  be  one  minute  or  slightly  longer.  All  of 
the  above  points  are  to  be  determined  later  by  the 
engineers  in  charge. 

The  supervision  of  the  work  is  carried  out  by  a 
staff  of  three  engineers,  consisting  of  a  resident 
engineer  and  two  assistants,  one  of  whom  is  the 
writer,  working  under  the  direction  of  Chief  Engi- 
neer of  Waterways  M.  (}.  Harnes  of  Chicago,  and 
District  Engineer  J.  B.  Bassett  of  Ottawa.  Illinois. 


Statistical  Methods  in  Ceramic  Research 

(Continued  from  Page  "ill 

luunber  of  tiie  bricks,  and  find  tiiat  they  are  jtosi- 
tively  correlated  before  the  coriections  are  applied 
by  means  of  the  formula  and  are  not  a|)preciably 
correlated  after  the  corrections  are  ajiplied,  we  can 
(•onsider  that  the  use  of  tlie  formula  is  justified. 

The  method  of  estimating  significance  which 
will  have  the  most  use  in  engineering  work  is  that 
of  "Student,"  which  can  be  used  in  estimating  the 
significance  of  an  arithmetic  mean  calculated  from 
a  small  sample.  Its  main  use  will  be  in  showing  us 
how  uncertain  such  \alui's  are.  In  some  cases  an 
I'stiniate  of  llic  significance  of  a  mean  value  is  of 
more  imitortancc  than  the  value  itself.  An  example, 
siinilai-  to  cue  given  by  Fisher,  will  make  this  clear. 
W\'  will  sn])]iose  that  two  determinations  of  the  in- 
crease in  strength  of  bricks  following  a  certain 
treatment  have  given  the  values  S%  and  and  9% 
oi'  a  mean  increase  of  8.5%.  A  similar  test  of  a 
different  treatment  gives  values  for  the  increase  in 
strength  of  8%  and  18%  or  a  mean  increase  of  1.3%. 
If  we  considered  only  the  mean  values  we  would  l)e 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  second  method  of 
treatment  was  superior  to  the  first.  However,  if  we 
calculated  the  significance  of  these  mean  values  us- 
ing  the   Small    Sample   theory,  we  would   find   that 


The  HAMELIN  STUDIO 

A  rtistic  Photographs 

111'  XoiiTii   Xini,  Stuki:'!',  Cii.vmi'.mcn,  Illinois 
Room  LML'  I'l'ice  Instate  Hnilding — In  tin    liiinimns  Ciiitir 


./(I  II  liar  I/,  1!>27 


TIM':  Ti:(IIX()(iKAl'II 


09 


Every  progressive  industry  needs  highly  trained 
engineers  who  can  concei\'e,  design,  and  manu- 
facture its  products.  Realizing  that  further  sci- 
entific developments  are  inevitable,  even  in  this 
age,  Ingersoll-Rand  Company  is  constantly  on 
the  lookout  for  young  engineers  whose  schooling 
and  training  ha\e  fitted  them  for  active  careers 
in  the  technical  field. 

Ingersoll-Rand  has  long  been  known  as  the 
world's  leading  manufacturer  of  compressed  air 
machinery  and  power  plant  equipment.  In  keep- 
ing with  this  position,  the  Company  maintains 
seven  manufacturing  plants  and  numerous  en- 
gineering laboratories  for  the  development  of  new 
compounds,  new  devices,  new  machines,  and  new 
methods. 

No  matter  what  the  field — whether  research, 
development,  manufacturing,  or  service,  1-R 
engineers  are  pla\ing  a  prominent  role  in  making 
each  installation  an  important  engineering  achieve- 
ment and  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  its  owner. 


Ingersoll-Rand  Company 


11  Broadway 


New  York  City 


principal  ciltc«    the   world   over 


\. 


An  Ingersoll-Rand  Surface  Condenser  of 
the  type  used  in  many  of  the  country's 
largest  power  plants. 

This  style  of  condenser,  a  development 
pioneered  by  InRcrsoll-Rand  Company,  has 
practically  revolutionized  central  station 
practice,  as  it  utilizes  only  about  half  the 
surface  considered  necessary  in  condensers 
of  the  older  designs. 


Ingecsoll-Rand 


inn 


'I'lii;  'n:<ii\<t(iK.\i'ir 


■liniiitirii.  19,27 


The  above  are  vahe 
index  pliers  frnm 
Jenkins  Booklets 


A 

short  course 
in  valves 

A  working  knowledge  of 
valves  and  valve  require- 
ments is  an  aid  to  the 
engineering  student. 

Learn  the  various  types  of 
valves.     Learn  the   types 
best    suited     for    each 
service  —  power     plant, 
plumbing,   heating  and 
fire    protection. 
Make  use  of  the  in- 
formation    Jenkins 
Bros,  furnish. 

Tell  us  the  kind  of 
building  in  which 
you  are  interested. 
We  will  send  you  a 
48-page  booklet 
which  describes 
and  illustrates 
Jenkins  Valves  for 
various  types  of 
buildings. 

JENKINS  BROS. 

80  White  Street New  York,  N.  Y. 

524  Atlantic  Avenue Boston.  Mass 

133  No.  Seventh  Street ,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
646  Washington  Boulevard,  Chicago,  HI. 

JENKINS  BROS..  LIMITED 
Montreal,  Canada         London,  England 


Always  marked  witK  tKe  "Diamond" 

enMnsVcilves 

f  SINCE  1864 


(lie  iiic;iii  incrcMsc  Idi'  llic  first  1  rcii I inciit  liiis  a  si^- 
iiiri(:iii(c  i^ixcii  liy  ilir  (•(|iialinii  /'=0.o;{  app.,  where- 
as I  lie  iiic.iii  incicasi'  I'cir  the  sccoihI  trcatincnt  lias 
a  sii;iiiricain-c  ^i\cii  li\  I  he  ('(iiial  imi  /'^O.l'.")  a])]!. 
In  iiihcr  wolds,  on  Ilic  li  ypoi  lirsis  lliat  ncitlicr 
licalinrni  canscil  an  increase  in  s(ii'ni;tli,  we  wmiM 
expect  III!'  I'irsl  mean  increase  to  liappen  liy  chance 
only  al'oni  three  limes  in  one  liiin(lre(l  trials,  where- 
as we  wiiiilil  e\|iect  the  secon<l  mean  increase  to 
hap|ieii  Ijy  chance  ahonl  I wcnt.y-five  times  in  one 
hlindriMl  trials.  The  mean  inei-case  for  the  first 
ti-catincnt  is,  therefore,  aiioiit  ei;;ht  times  as 
sienificaiit. 


New  Architectural  Building 

(Coiitinitcd  frnm  Patje  H3) 
\isini;  Architect,  associated.  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  Xo\cml)er  Hi  and  the  Iniildiii!^  contract  calls 
for  coini)letioii  -July  1,  I'.>1'7.  \\'itli  this  biiildinj;, 
Illinois  will  have  one  of  liie  best  ('(piipped  and  best 
ai-ranjicd  buildiiij:;s  for  Archilectiire  and  Kiiidre(l 
Snbjects  in  the  counlry. 


/liiiiitii-  h'tniKidinioff,  e.e.,  ':24,  who  comes  from 
Sofia,  IJnl.uaria,  was.  married  to  Tlielma  Kriiijis  in 
I'lbana,  on  Sepieinber  12.  Both  .Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Kama 
danoff  are  now  stud.vini;  at  Syracuse  I'niversit.v, 
while  he  is  eontiniiinu:  his  firadiiate  work  in  electri- 
cal  eliiJ  ilirerill". 


You  grow  'em 
We  cut  'em 


m,^^m?^i.£>t 


KANDY'S 

Barber  Shop 

(iLT)  East  (Ji-een  Street 
('liam]iai,eii,  1  llinois 


■/(iiiiKtri/.  1!>27 


Till:  Ti:('iix(»(ii; ATI 


New  Welland  Ship  Canal 

(roiiliniifil  from  I'liijt'  lUl ) 
llic  cscariiiiuMit  fidiii  lock  4  to  7  \v;iis  from  soli  drock. 
Ill  o]icii  cartli  wjilciwa.v  (lie  i-lijuiiiel  varii's  rnmi  L'.'i 
III  L'T'^  tVt't  ill  ilfplli:  il  nicasiiri's  '1M\  feel  in  widlli 
,'il  llic  liolloiii  anil  ;'.l(l  IVel  in  wiillli  al  llie  walei- 
line.  Al  lliose  poinls  w  liere  llie  cuts  were  inaile 
lliri)iiL;li  solid  rork.  verlical  relaiilinj;-  walls  were  ]irii 
\ided,  carried  down  lo  a  ;!(l  foot  (le])th  to  perniil  a 
:!()  fool  clianir.'l,  llie  same  as  now  lliroiij^li  llie  locks, 
wlien  liaff'c  condilions  warranl  such  addilional 
conslriiclioii. 

'I'liere  are   I  wo   lireakwaler  arms  al    I'orl    Weller 
I'lal  exleml    1  ^ .  miles  oiil   inio  Lake  Onlario  lo  |iio 


Lock  Number  Seven 


You  Are  Invited  to  Inspect  the 
New  and  Improved 

Fredrick  Post 
Slide  Rule 


This  new   rule  lias  some  decided  advanlaj. 

over  any  slide  rule  e\er  iiiarkeleil  liefore 

Mr.  Kealinii  will  he  jilad  to<;ive  you 

loniplele    details    on    the    I'osI 

Slide    llnle. 


Bailey  &  Himes 

THE   HTUDENT   (SUPPLY   .STORE 
606  East  Green  Street  Champaign,  Illinois 


Bell  and  Spigot  Joint 

THE  Bell  and  Spigot  Joint 
for  Cast  Iron  Pipe,  adopted 
over  one  hundred  years  ago,  is 
the  preferred  joint  today. 

It  is  tight,  flexible,  easily  made 
and  non-corrodible.  There  are 
no  bolts  to  rust  out.  It  makes 
changes  of  alignment  or  inser- 
tion  of  special  fittings  a  simple 
matter.  It  can  be  taken  apart 
and  the  pipe  used  over  again, 
without  any  injury.  It  is  not 
subject  to  damage  in  transit. 
In  fact,  it  embodies  practically 
all  of  the  desirable  qualities  in 
an  underground  joint. 

The  use  of  this  type  of  joint, 
together  with  the  long  life  of 
Cast  Iron  Pipe,  makes  for  ex- 
tremely low  maintenance  costs. 


The  Cast  Iron  Pipe  Publicity  Bureau 
Peoples  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago 


rj\!>T  IRON  PIPK 


Our  new  bnokkl.  "PUn- 
«,ng  a  WaUTWOrk, 
Syilrm."  which  covrn 
the  problem  of  water  for 
the  imall  town,  will  be 
sent  on  request 


THE  TErnNocRArn 


Jtinuari/.  1927 


Steel  Sheets  that  Resist  Rust! 

The  destructive  enemy  of  sheet  metal  is  rust. 
It  is  successfully  combated  by  the  use  of  pro- 
tective coatinf^s,  or  by  scientific  alloying  to  re- 
sist corrosion.  Well  made  steel  alloyed  with 
Coppergivesmaximum  endurance.  Insistupon 

KEYSTONE 

Rust-Resisting 
Copper  Steel 

Sheets 

Black  and  Galvanized 


Saality        

"^=      Service^      =" 

Keystone  Copper  Steel  gives  superior  service  for  roof- 
ing, siding,  gutters,  spouting,  culverts,  flumes,  tanks,  and 
all  uses  to  which  sheet  metal  is  adapted — above  or  below 
the  ground.  Our  booklet  Facts  tells  you  why.  We  manu- 
facture American  Bessemer,  American  Open  Hearth, 
and  Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets  and  Tin  Plates. 

Black  Sheets  for  all  purposes 
Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets 
Apollo  Best  Bloom  Galvanized  Sheets 
Apollo-Keystone  Galvanized  Sheets 
Culvert,  Flume,  and  Tank  Stock 
Formed  Roofing  and  Siding  Products 
Automobile  Sheets,  Electrical  Sheets 
Deep  Drawing  and  Stamping  Stock 
Tin  and  Terne  Plates,  Black  Plate,  Etc. 


Our  Sheet  iind  Tin  Mill  Products  represent  the  highest  standarc 
Gre  particularly  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  minind.  engine 
construction  fields.  Sold  by  leading  metal  merchants.  Write  neari 


of  quality,  and 
ring,  and  general 
it  District  Office. 


American  Slieet  and  Tin  Plate  Company 


Frick  Building.  Pittsburgh,  Pa 


nigTPifT  Sales  Offices^ 
Chicago  Cincinnati  Denver  Detroit       New  Orleans         New  York 

Philadelphia        Pittsburgh        St.  Louis 
Pacific  Coast  Representatives:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co.,  San  Francisco 

Los  Angeles       Portland         Se.ittle 
Export  Representatives:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co.,  New  York  City 


\i(lc  ^111  .<(!()  f(»(il  li:ii-l)()rway  fi>i'  lioats  using  the 
caiKil.  .\1  the  sontlicrii  tei'iiiiiius  ;it  I'ort  Collforno 
breakwaters  are  Imllt  oiil  alioiit  a  mile  in  the  lake 
to  ))i-()vi(le  a  harbor  for  vessels  eiitei'ing  or  leaving 
the  canal.  The  jjassageway  tlirough  this  harbor  and 
tlii-oiigh  the  first  two  miles  of  the  canal  has  been 
dredged  to  a  (lepth  of  L'Ti/w  feet  below  st;uidard  low 
water  Icm'I  lo  innvide  foi'  variations  in  the  heighl 
of  the  lake.  Al  the  end  of  the  two-mile  section  is 
lock  Xo.  S,  a  guard  lock  Iniilt  there  to  insure  the 
jiropei-  de|ilh  of  water  in  llie  rest  of  the  canal  above 
lock   \o.   7.     Tlie  laiiyc  of  lifts  in  this  lock  varies 


fejj 

LiH  K    NuMHKH   One,    IjOdkixc    Nohtii 

from  zero  to  eleven  feet  depending  upon  the  stage 
of  water  level  in  Lake  Erie.  It  has  the  same  section 
as  the  otliei'  locks,  but  it  is  1380  feet  in  length  and 
is  the  longest  lock  in  the  world.  The  gates  are  44 
feet  high  to  jirovide  foi'  v.-iriations  in  the  level  of 
the  lake. 

In  llMIl,  traffic  through  the  Welland  Canal  was 
apiu-o.ximntely  (>120,()()0  tons.  In  IDlT)  it  had  in- 
ci-eased  to  r),(;4tl,000  tons,  a  very  substantial  gain, 
made  u])  largely  of  grain  from  the  upper  regions  of 
Lake  Sii])erior.  This  ship  canal  cannot  serve  its 
greatest  efficiency,  however,  until  canals  of  similar 
size  are  built  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Most  of 
the   freight   that   will   i)ass   through   the  canal   will 


College  Publishing 
Company 


0 


/C     So.     /Cth     Street 


l're-1'rint  or  I'reliminary  iMlitions 

of  Text  Hooks 

and  Laboi-atorv  JIanuals 


I 


TITE  TErnXOGRAPH 


103 


To  the 
RAILROAD 

MENo/ 
AMERICA 


An  opportunity  is  ripe  for  saving 
about  seven -eighths  of  the  power 
now  needed  to  start  trains. 

Hence  heavier  freights  and  smooth- 
est passenger  service  are  practical 
with  present  motive  power. 

A  major  economy  can  also  be  ef- 
fected in  car  lubrication.  Most  of 
this  cost  is  avoidable,  with  every 
requirement  of  maintenance  and 
safety  being  met  by  journal  inspec- 
tion months  apart!  Yet  hot  boxes 
will  become  unknown. 

Indeed,  all  the  chief  causes  of  wear 
and  tear  disappear  from  trucks 
and  draft  gear,  as  the  old  sliding 
friction  in  journals  is  supplanted 


by  perfectly  lubricated  rolling  mo- 
tion, confined  entirely  to  hardened, 
ground,  special  alloy  steel,  of 
utmost  durability. 

An  established,  conservative,  highly 
successful,  world-respected  engi- 
neering institution  sponsors  all  this. 
It  is  being  accomplished  today  by 
means  of  Timken  Tapered  Roller 
Bearings.  They  have  become  uni- 
versal throughout  transportation 
and  other  industries. 

Data  on  Timken  Bearings  in  car 
journals,  and  any  desired  engineer- 
ing counsel,  are  at  the  disposal 
of  every  railroad,    the  timken 

ROLLER  BEARING  CO.,  CANTON,  OHIO 


/?>- 


^ 


ini 


TIM';  Ti:('llN"(Mil{AI'!l 


'^^ 


Judge  a  Qitter 
by  its  Chips 

THE  worth  of  a  cutter  is  measured  by 
its  chips,  and  the  costs  in  the  milling 
department  of  any  plant  are  measured  by 
the  "cut  ability"  of  the  cutters. 

Here  is  a  Brown  &  Sharpe  Staggered  Tooth 
Side  Milling  Cutter  taking  a  cut  1  %  "  wide 
and  2"  deep  in  steel,  and  the  chips  tell  a 
story  of  clean-cutting  performance.  But  the 
piaure  cannot  show  you  the  long  record 
of  steady  service  Brown  &  Sharpe  Cutters 
make  on  such  produaion  work,  when  every 
moment  gained  or  lost  shows  up  on  the 
cost  sheet. 

In  the  constantly  increasing  number  of 
plants  where  "rock  bottom  milling  costs"  is 
the  watchword,  you'll  find  much  of  the  cut- 
ter equipment  stamped  Brown  &  Sharpe. 

There  is  considerable  information  about 
cutters  in  the  No.  30  Small  Tool  Catalog. 
We  will  gladly  send  a  copy  at  your  request. 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  CO. 

PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


.Jfuniafji.  1921 

he  j^r-;iin  t'lniii  llic  ii|i|)ci'  cud  <il'  l.;il<f  Siiiirrior  hiMinil 
I'cir  .M<)nlic;il,  lor  cojisl  wise  (liitTic  of  ilic  Atlantic 
sc;ili<):ii-(l.  (ir  fill-  I  i-:iiis:i  I  l.-iiil  ic  sliipiiiciit  to  l']liro)K'aii 
inarUcls.  'i'licic  is  a  ^rcai  deal  of  auitatioii  foi' 
such  a  watci-wa.v  fi-oiii  Nlii]i|)cis  in  llic  (Jrcat  Lakes 
rri^ion,  and  many  ficncial  plans  lia\c  liccn  prepared 
for  sncli  an  nndeidakini;.     I'niil  sneli  plans  are  com 


Twin   Lock,   Ncmuku   Five 

l)lete(l,  however,  freiglit  will  be  delivered  throujili 
deep  water  as  far  down  as  Prescott  at  the  head  of 
tlie  canal  system  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  whence 
it  may  be  lightered  by  boats  of  the  present  size  to 
.>rontreal. 

The  magnitude  of  the  size  and  construction  of 
the  canal  is  ai)preciated  by  comparatively  few  of  oui' 
American  peo])le.  In  many  ways  it  equals  the  Pana 
ma  Canal  and  in  some  respects  even  exceeds  it.  The 
work  has  gone  quietly  along  without  a  great  deal  of 
publicity  from  our  American  newspapers.  The 
canal  will  be  completed  in  1930  if  plans  are  materi 
alized  as  they  have  been  laid;  and  when  it  is  finish- 
ed, it  will  then  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  engi 
ueering  achievements  of  the  twentieth  centnrv. 


Alfred  Fcllliciinrr.  arcli.  '95,  is  one  of  the  judges 
being  conducted  by  tlie  ](ublishers  of  Own  Your  Own 
Home,  and  architectural  magazine  in  New  York. 
The  awards  are  to  be  for  the  best  design  for  a  small 

home. 


Appreciated  Ijy  tlios 
in    a    itli 


wlio  enjoy  a  inll-cnokcrl  meal 
sdiit   flining   room. 


JdiiHiini,  1927 


TUK  TECIIXOORArn 


10.-) 


oA^ook 
for 
^^ads  Scholars 


Lesson  No.  1 

No  vitrified  brick  pave- 
ment ever  wore  out  from 
the  top  down. 

Lesson  No.  2 

The  ABC  of  Good  pave- 
ments is  Asphalt  for 
filler,  Brick  for  surface, 
Concrete,  Crushed  Slag, 
Crushed  Rock  (Sand  or 
Gravel)  for  base. 

Lesson  No.  3 

Vitrified  brick  builds  the 
only  pavement  with  two- 
sided  value. 


To  keep  taxes  from  climbing,  advocate 
VITRIFIED 


^^ 


i^^r  r^T-^^ 


OUTLAST 


THE 


NATIONAL  PAVINC;    BRrCK    MANUFACTl'RLRS   ASSOCIATION. 


BONDS 


BLDG.,  CLEVELAND.  OlIlOl 


1  or, 


Tin;  Ti:cu\(»(iKAi'n 


JiniiKtri/.  1921 


II.  (1.  W'dljnnii,  cci-.c.,  'L*:!.  wlio  \v;is  li)rin('ily 
uilli  till'  Utii-cau  of  Stjiiidnrds  ;if  Wnsliiiifftoii,  lias 
Uipiic  to  Ualliinorc  wlici'i'  lie  is  willi  the  I'oi'cclaiii 
lliiaiiicl    and    .Ml-.   Co. 

/'(/(/■  ('.  I'f<  li,  iii.c,  'i';$,  is  chief  (Miniiicer  for  the 
I'milaii  ( >.\yt;cn  Co..  and  lives  at  lit  Ti-owlii-idfic  St., 
< 'ainhfi(l}i(',  Afass. 


W'ilUdiii  11.  TlioniKiii.  -Ii.,  (• 
of  ciifiiiuH'i-iiif;  di-awiiiji  at  the 
1  ado  at   Hoiildi'i'. 


1'.,  "1.'4,  is  instructor 
I'liivcisil V  of  Colo- 


'I'ltoiiKis  IC.  I'liipiix.  c.c,  "07,  valuation  engineer 
the  state  tax  conmiission  at  Seattle,  M'asliin^ 
ton,  and  formerly  chief  eiifiineer  for  the  Public  Serv- 
ice Commission  of  Seattle,  died  February  22  in 
Seattle  at  the  a<;e  of  4(i.  lie  was  for  several  years 
lesident  enfjineer  for  the  Chlcafj;o.  Jlihvankee,  and 
I'njiet  Sound  Railway  at  Xorthbend,  Washinfiton. 
II(»  was  a  mendu'r  of  Sii^iiia  Xi  and  Si<;ma  Nn. 

Paul  N.  Dual,  a.e.,  '2"),  is  listed  among  the  ten 
graduates  of  the  University  who  passed  the  si)rin,u 
exfimination  given  by  the  professional  committc?^^  of 
architects  for  the  degree  of  architect. 

('.  F.  Hcndrick',  c.e.,  '20,  who  has  been  doing 
stiaictural  engineering  at  Asheville,  North  Carolina, 
has  gone  to  Chicago  where  lie  is  with  Albert  Kalin, 
sti'tictiiral  engineer. 

WUlhnn  Siiodf/rasK,  m.e.,  '!)2,  and  Mis.  Snod- 
Hiass,  who  were  formerly  of  Camaguey,  Cuba,  liave 
moved  to  Kast  Flat  Kock,  North  Caidlina.  .Mr. 
Snodgrass  specializes  in  sugar  factory  design  and 
construction. 

Charles  L.  Morgan  ,a.e.,  '14,  has  made  a  name  for 
himself  as  an  artist  and  architect  in  Chicago.  lie 
lecently  made  an  etching  on  copper  of  the  garden  of 
Olympia  Fields  Country  Club,  Chicago.  He  is  also 
widely  known  for  his  mosiacs,  his  distinctive  archi 
tectural  renderings,  and  his  e-\])osition  of  the  deco- 
i.itive  iiossibilities  of  the  new  material,  Cclote.x. 


B 


IDWELL'S 

ETTER 

CANDIES 


Made  Fresh  Daily 

CnAMPAIGN  tniBANA 

(11!)  511 

South  Wright  Street  South  Goodwin  Ave. 


^ 


THE 


^UBWSHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  STUDENTS  OF  THE 
:OLLEGE  or  ENGINEEBINC    UNIVERSITY  y ILLINOIS 


A 


^^^ 
''^/'/> 


Oa 


^^'- 


November 

1927 


MBER       OF        THE        ENGINEERING        COLLEGE       MAGAZINES       ASSOCIATED 

UNDED  ■  EIGHTEEN  •  HUNDRED  •  AND-EIGHTY-  FIVE 
)LUME:-XL  price- 30CENTS-  NUMBER  I 


q^.  BIGNESS 

of  LITTLE  thind! 


BOSTON 


NEW  YORK 


Re/nemher  ivhy  the  Lion  let  the  Mouse  escape'^  — 
Said  he  ^wouldn't  eve?i  make  a  good  mouthful !  But   j  ( 
ivhen  the  Lion  uuis  tangled  in  the  net,  the  insignifi- 
cant Mouse's  teeth  became  a  very  big  thing  indeed ! 


A  LL  "insignificant"  things  are  like  that! — for  in- 
A-%    stance,  Stockham  Fittings.  Sometimes  when  we 
talk  about  Stockham  Fittings  possessing  uniform 
structure,  greater  strength,  more  shock  and  rust  resist- 
ance, people  say,  "But  fittings  are  so  inexpensive  that  it 
doesn't  matter  if  workmen  do  discard  a  few!" 

Yet  that's  where  the  BIGNESS  comes  in!  Economy 
in  pipe  line  erection  and  repairs  is  largely  a  matter  of  the 
workman's  attitude — and  no  man  does  contented  work 
with  poor  pipe  fittings.  Then,  too,  endurance  is  de- 
pendent upon  original  quality. 

Accurate  alignment,  perfect  threads  and  flanges, 
chamfered  faces,  strength  far  in  excess  of  probable 
strain— THE  LITTLE  THINGS— are  right  in  Stock- 
ham Fittings. 

Stockham  Fittings  are  made  for  every  pipe  line  use. 
Cast  iron  and  malleable;  screwed,  flanged,  drainage. 
Cast  steel  flanged  fittings  and  flanges  for  high  pressures 
and  high  temperatures. 

Engineering  students  interested  in  piping  are 
invited  to  send  for  our  catalog.  It  contains 
drawings  and  illustrations  of  every  type  of 
fittings,  lists  of  sizes  with  dimension  tables, 
the  kind  of  information  that  is  invaluable 
for  making  plans  or  specifications  for  fittings. 

Stockham 

PIPE  ^  FITTINGS  COMPANY 

BIRMINGHAM,  ALA. 

Warehouses  with  Complete  Stocks  in: 
CHICAGO  LOS  ANGELES 


STOCKHAM  FITTINGS 


November,  192"^                                               THK  TKCHXOCKA  I'll  3 

@ H 

The  TECHNOGRAPH 

:  UNIVERSITY   OF   ILLINOIS  i 

I  .1/pm7)pc  0/  /7ie  Eiiyineeritu/  College  Magazines  Assockited  \ 

I  Voi.iME  XL  November,  1927  Number  1  = 


Contents  for  November 

("ovEi;  iiY  ^r.vcNi's  TiioMi'snx 

Tkansi'oktaiion    Ix   China ."> 

E.  (1.  YoHiif/ 

("I'Ti.ER   IlYnRo-ELEi'TRir   1  )F.vi;Lnr.M EXT y 

/.'.  n.  }Viisoii 

CoxcitETE  Reskaucii  As  a  Cakekk 13 

Hfirrison  F.  (liDuimiKni 

Prooress  Ix  Exact  Analysis  of  Flue  Gas IG 

F.  E.  Vaiidavrrr 

Tommy  '."il   Kecjisters '. ^ 19 

Editor:  AT 2() 

( "oLi.EdE  Notes 22 

Departmextal  Notes 23 

Coxtemporary  ExfiixEERixc  News 23 

Fraterxity  Activities 28 

Alimni    Notes 30 

Once  Overs 3(; 

Index  to  Advertisers 51 


Members  of  the  Engineering   College   Magazines  Associated 
Chairman:     Prof.  Leslie  F.  Van  Hagan,  College  of  Engineering,  Madison,  Wisconsin 

Armour    Engineer  Purdue    Engineering   Review 

The   Transit  Minnesota    Techno-Log 

Iowa     Engineer  Wisconsin    Engineer 

Colorado    Engineer  Tech    Engineering    News 

Nebraska   Blue   Print  Cornell    Civil    Engineer 

Sibley    Journal    of    Engineering  Kansas   State  Engineer 

Rose   Technic  Princeton   E.   A.    News   letter 

Michigan  Technic  The  Technograph 

The  Ohio  State  Engineer  Penn   State   Engineer 

The   Pennsylvania  Triangle  Kansas    Engineer 
University  of  Virginia  Journal  of  Engineering 

Published    quarterly    by    the    Illini    Publishing    Company.        Entered    as    second-class    matter    October 
30.    1921,    at    the    postoffice    at    Urbana.     Illinois.      Office    213    Engineering    Hall.    Urbana.    Illinois. 
Subscriptions    $1.00    per    year.      Single   copies    30    cents 


Tin:  'im:(IIN(m;i;.\i'ii 


Nnri  iiihir.  If): 


I 


The  Technogp^ph, 

Published  Quarterly  by  the  Students  of  the  College  of  Engineering — University  of  Illinois 


'Urbaxa,  Illinois,  November,  1927 


Transportation  In  China 

E.   (i.   Yo rxr; 

Rrxrarch  Profra.sor  of  Rail iiuii  Mivhaiiicnl  Eii(/iiirrriii(f 

{Tnustratcd  irifh  Photoc/rniihs  Inj  ihc  Author) 


Tlie  '•Rei)nb]ic""  of  ('liina  is  vi'iy  iniuli  in  the 
eye  of  tlie  world  at  the  present  time,  and  niifortn 
iiately  it  is  with  no  great  credit  to  itself.  ^Meaiis 
of  coninniiiication  have  in  all  ages  been  powerful 
factors  in  jiolitical  history,  and  it  is  nndeniai)le  that 
the  lack  of  these  means  is  in  some  measure  res])onsi- 
lile  for  China's  present  grief.  It  is  not  the  purpose 
of  the  wi'iter  to  bring  out  the  relation  between  i)oli- 
tics  and  trans])ortatioii,  though  this  will  be  to  some 
extent  necessary,  but  in  a  general  way  to  show  the 
facilities,  or  rather  the  lack  of  them,  that  is  making 
life  increasingly  difficult  in  that  corner  of  the  world 
where  one  fourth  of  its  population  lives. 

Water  ti-ansiiortation  may  well  be  considered 
first.  China  in  general  cannot  be  said  to  be  a  mari- 
time country.  The  coast  line  is  long,  true  enough,  but 
not  long  in  com])arison  with  the  great  inland  area, 
lluch  of  the  coast  is  bordered  with  low  ])laiiis.  and 
as  a  result  the  shore  line  is  relatively  smooth,  only 
.Mancliuria  and  Fukien  Provinces  being  notable  ex- 
ceptions. Natural  harbors  ai'c  few,  that  of  Tsingtao 
I  long  occui)ied  l)y  (iermany  and  later  by  the  Japa- 
nese) being  probably  the  finest.  Tientsin,  Shang- 
hai, Foochow,  Canton,  and  Xing])o,  five  of  the  great- 
est i)orts,  are  all  situated  on  rixcrs,  from  ten  to  a 
hundred  miles  inland:  TTankow  is  seven  hunrh'ed 
miles  inland;  Chefoo  is  on  a  shallow  bay  wlieie  the 
building  of  an  extensive  breakwatei-  lias  liecn  neces 
sary;  Swatow  alone  is  a  real  seaport  on  a  lair  hai' 
bor.  Daireii  and  Hongkong  are  excluded  as  being 
not  Chinese.  Within  his  coastal  waters  the  Chinese 
is  an  intre])id  and  skillful  navigatoi-.  (sixty  foot 
junks  sometimes  put  to  sea  when  the  storm  signals 
hold  six-hundi'ed-foot  liners),  but  with  boats  of  a 
maximum  length  of  a  hundred  feet  or  so.  he  fares 
no   further  abioad   than   .]ai)an,   T'ormosa,  and   the 


rhilii(])ine  gronji.  The  Chinese  junk  is  one  of  the 
most  effective  of  ])rimitive  boats.  Every  port  has 
its  ])articular  pattern,  but  there  are  consistent  gen- 
eial  characteristics:  heavy  timber  construction  with 
l)eg  and  wedge  fastenings  as  far  as  possible;  high 
forecastle  and  stern,  and  .a  very  much  exaggerated 
sheer.  All  of  the  boats  have  bluff  bows,  usually 
squarf,  while  most  of  them  have  relatively  shari) 
sterns!  From  two  to  four  masts  carrying  square 
bamboo-framed  sails  are  used.  Most  of  the  south- 
ei-n  juidcs  have  painted  eyes  near  the  bow,  to  hel]) 
see  where  they  are  going! 

The  most  imjtortant  rivers  fi-om  a  ti'ans|)ortatioTi 
standpoint  are  the  Peiho,  connecting  I'eking  with 
the  sea,  via  Tientsin,  the  Yangtzekiang,  and  the 
Chnkiang.  The  Yangtze  ("ho"  means  "river"  in  the 
north,  "kiang,"  in  the  south)  flows  two  thousand 
miles  fi-oni  the  mountains  of  Thibet  in  an  easterly 
direction  to  the  China  sea,  carrying  countless  mil- 
lions of  tons  of  yellow  n]tcountry  soil  with  it.  It  is 
nearly  as  effective  as  a  barrier  noi'th  and  south 
as  it  is  a  cai'rier  east  and  west,  for  its  lower  four 
teen  hundred  miles  arc  without  bridges.  The  Chu 
kiang  connects  (^anton  witii  the  sea.  Tientsin  and 
Canton  can  be  reached  by  ocean  going  boats  of 
moderate  tonnage,  sliijis  of  ;{,")()()  tons  reaching 
Tientsin,  the  Canton  limit  being  considerably  small- 
ei-.  On  the  Yangtze,  ocean  liners  can  go  to  Hankow, 
seven  hundred  miles  from  the  mouth,  dui'ing  the 
navigation  season  (Jfay  to  October)  and  coastwise 
vessels  can  ascend  the  ri\'ei'  at  any  time.  From 
IFunkow  to  Tchang,  three  hundred  miles  further  up- 
stream, small  steamers  navigate;  above  Ichang. 
through  the  great  gorges,  only  sjjecially  tlesigned 
boats  of  high  ])ower  and  light  draft  can  reach 
Chungking,  and  this  in  the  naxiuation  season  onlv. 


6 


Till-:  Ti:('iiN(Mii;Ai'ii 


Xdrcinhcr,  Jf).i7 


•  liiiik  liiiiric  is  unliiiKlcrcd  as  far  as  Icliaiij;;  al)()vc, 
iipstiTam  travel  is  acfomiilisliod  by  means  of  "track- 
ers"— tlie  most  marvelous  and  at  tiie  same  time  (lie 
most  brutal  exliibition  of  iniinan  streiif^tli  (lie  woild 
offers.  The  time  for  (lie  journey  from  Slian};iiai 
(I.L'OO  miles)  in  (he  dry  season  is  about  six  weeks, 
and  (he  exjieiise  apjiroaehes  that  of  a  trans  Pacific 
voyajic.  Frei<;hts  cori'esjiond  :  diiriuf;-  the  ramiiif  of 
l!»lll  I'l'  i(  was  found  more  economical  and  iiiiich 
ijuicker  (o  sliip  >;rain  from  the  United  States  to  (he 


The   Bue  Exi'ress — China's   Most  Famous  Thain — Leav- 
ing Chen  Men  Station,  Peking.    Chen  Men  Means  "Fkont 
Gate."     The  Gate  Tower  and  American  Navai.  Wireless 
Masts  Show  in  the  Background. 


Shantuni^'  coast  than  from  Szecliuan,  where  there 
was  plenty.  The  river  junks  are  smaller,  have  less 
sheer,  and  usually  but  one  mast.  (It  will  be  noted 
that  one  river  looming  large  on  the  map  has  been 
oniiKed — the  Hoangho,  or  Yellow  River,  is  of  little 
commercial  use:  .seasonable  variations  in  level  are 
are  so  great  that  when  low  the  water  may  be  scarce- 
ly continuous,  and  when  in  flood  navigation  is  im- 
possible.) 

China  is  probably  the  most  thoroughly  canalized 
country  on  earth.  North  of  the  Yangtze,  the  Grand 
Canal,  built  in  1215-1290,  and  used  for  centuries  for 
the  transport  of  tribute  and  vassal  envoys  to  Pe- 
king, is  one  of  the  greatest  existing  monuments  to 
human  endeavor.  It  is  now  largely  disused,  though 
jjortions  of  it  remain  navigable.  The  portion  of  the 
canal  south  of  the  river  (from  Chinkiang  to  Tlang- 
chow)  is  open  and  much  used.  In  other  regions 
south  of  the  Yangtze  the  existence  of  many  lakes 
and  rivers  invited  canal  connections,  and  the  mile- 
age of  this  communication  facility  is  reflected  by 
the  fact  that  a  recent  postal  report  gave  the  length 
of  water  post-routes  as  2i),000  miles.  Canal  boats 
are  usually  of  the  scow  tyi)c  with  mat  shelters,  but 
on  the  Grand  Canal  and  in  some  other  ]>laces  the 
amount  of  travel  wari'ants  the  use  of  regular  trains 
of  boats  towed  by  launches  and  providing  fairly 
comfortable  living  accommodations.  Canal  and  river 
voyages  in  some  ])ai'ts  of  the  country  (juite  gencialjy 


lirovide    jiienty    of    excitement    on    account   of    the 
routes  being  infested  with  bandits  and  pirates. 

The  building  of  roads  in  China  began  in  (lie 
semi-mydiological  days  of  (he  Perfect  Emjiorers, 
say  2r)(l()  H.  C.  The  usual  method  of  consti'uction 
was  the  laying  of  cn(  s(one  blocks  of  large  size  on 
fairly  well  prejiared  beds.  Willi  reasonable  atteii 
lion  and  occasional  realignment  of  the  foundation 
these  roads  were  very  good.  But  in  many  cases  they 
were  laid  from  a  city  where  some  local  jiotentate 
ruled  to  (hat  luler's  family  tombs,  and  when  that 
dynasty  jjassed  off  the  scene  a  new  set  of  tomlis 
arose  elsewhei-e  and  the  old  road,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  rain  and  frost  demonstrated  the  truth  of 
the  Chinese  proverb  that  "a  road  is  lieaven  for  one 
generation  and  hell  for  a  hundred."  Many  of  these 
old  roads  still  exist  and  some  have  been  put  into 
usable  condition,  but  usually  it  is  easier  travelling 
on  the  plowed  ground  by  the  roadside.  The  most 
notable  of  all  of  these  roads,  however,  was  not  a 
route  for  funeral  processions,  but  a  highway  from 
Peking  to  Seoul,  which  was  a  major  caravan  route 
for  a  millenium,  and  is  still  used  by  pack  animals. 
This  road,  where  laid  on  good  ground,  is  a  species 
of  macadam.  The  modern  era  of  road-building  in 
China  began  with  the  work  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  duving  the  famine  previously  mentioned.  Re- 
lief funds  were  put  into  roads:  famine  sufferers 
were  given  such  work  as  they  were  able  to  do,  and 
were  paid  in  grain.  In  this  way  four  hundred  miles 
of  good  dirt  roads  were  built,  in  the  provinces  of 
Shantung,  Shansi  and  Chihli.  This  work  was  a 
little  ahead  of  its  time,  however:  the  motor  car  had 
not  yet  taken  sufficient  hold  on  China,  and  many 
of  the  roads  were  totally  ruined  by  cart  traffic  be- 
fore they  came  into  better  use.  But  local  and  jh-o- 
vincial  (and  occasionally  military)  agencies  have 
taken  hold  of  these  routes  and  put  many  of  them 
back  into  good  shajie  as  well  as  extending  the  sys- 
tem; by  the  end  of  1921  there  were  4,000  miles  built 
and  an  equal  amount  under  construction.  The 
typical  native  cart  runs  on  tires  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  wide,  and  freciuently  studded  with 
sjtikes;  the  wheels  are  commonly  fixed  and  the  en- 
tire axle  rotates.  A  more  successful  road-destroyer 
could  scarcely  be  devised.  It  is  interesting  to  see 
the  country  carts  in  a  city  with  improved  streets: 
from  some  they  are  debarred,  and  on  others  they 
must  use  a  dust-  or  mud-wallow  made  by  their  kind, 
while  other  traffic  uses  the  improved  road.  Regula- 
tions concerning  tires  have  been  "promulgated"  oft- 
en enough,  but  a  government  has  to  do  something  be- 
sides "promulgate"  to  accomplish  such  a  change. 
The  cart-owner  sees  in  the  cost  of  a  new  ])air  of 
wheels  something  vastly  more  impoi'tant  than  the 


Xnrriiihrr.   If'.'l 


THK  TKCIIXOCKAPn 


right  t<i  use  the  ycjod  road.  In  the  etmntry  distriet.s, 
rehabilitation  of  the  roads  has  been  accomi)lished  in 
liart  by  the  use  of  a  culvert  bridged  by  two  stones 
witli  a  space  of  about  thirty  inches  between :  this 
absolutely  precludes  the  passage  of  the  cart,  while 
offering  no  difficulty  to  the  motor  or  the  pack 
animal. 

I'ack  animal  transportation  assuiiu's  consider 
able  importance  in  a  country  so  poorly  supplied  witli 
roads.  The  donkey  is  probably  the  most  important 
in  numbers,  though  the  camel  holds  its  own  in  dry 
north  China,  especially  in  the  territory  north  of 
Peking. 

5[an-])ower  transportation  is  of  greatei'  niagni 
tude  in  China  than  in  any  other  place  in  the  world, 
its  ([uantity  and  extent  being  beyond  the  conception 
of  anyone  who  has  not  seen  the  teeming  roads  of  the 
inland  provinces.  The  most  important  commodities 
carried  are  salt,  piece-goods,  and  fodder  for  animals 
— but  even  coal  and  stone  are  packed  in  some  places. 
A  strong  man  can  perform  about  one  ton-mile  of 
transportation  in  a  day  at  a  cost  of  his  wages  (ten 
to  twenty  cents  in  United  States  currency)  plus 
considerable  extra  expense  in  packing  for  this  kind 
of  shipment  if  the  load  is  of  value.  The  usual  meth- 
od of  carrving  is  bv  the  use  of  two  baskets  slung  at 


the  ends  of  shoulder  poles.  Anotlier  form  of  man- 
power transportation,  but  oiu^  which  requires  at 
least  the  semblance  of  a  path  is  the  use  of  the  wheel- 
barrow. The  barrows  generally  have  a  single  high 
wheel  over  which  the  load  is  nearly  balanced.  For- 
eign-concession laws  usually  limit  freight-loads  to 
four  or  five  hundred  pounds,  but  the  writer  has 
seen  a  barrow-man  in  Shanghai  wheeling  twelve 
women  passengers,  a  half  ton  at  least.  Hand-carts 
are  thoroughly  familiar  sights  where  roads  make 
their  use  possible,  and  these  are  piled  with  incredi- 
ble loads.  In  the  cities  and  in  interurban  traffic 
moving  over  passable  roads,  the  rickashaw  is  a  com- 
mon method  of  passenger  travel.  A  good  puller  can 
cover  six  or  seven  miles  in  an  hour  and  then  repeat 
it  on  a  drink  of  tea.  In  southern  cities  with  extreme- 
ly narrow  streets  and  in  general  over  unimproved 
roads  the  sedan  chair  carried  by  two  or  four  men  is 
common,  and  another  bad-road  method  is  the  u.se 
of  the  litter — an  abominably  uncomfortable  contri- 
vance swung  like  a  hammock  between  two  animals. 
Before  entering  the  subject  of  railways,  the  tele- 
graph, telephone  and  postal  systems  should  be  men- 
tioned briefly.  The  national  telegraph  system  has 
reached  almost  the  remotest  outpost  of  the  country 
since  its  operation  began  in  a  very  small  way  in 


Fkuhk  1 — Caxai.  Tr.vffic,  SiiAxr.ii.M. 

FiGtnK  2 — The  Road  Wreckeu — A  Nokth  China  Cart. 

PiouuE  3— Man  Power — Four  Men  With  An  Eight  Hindred  Pound  Load   (Load  Happens  to  he  a  Coffin.) 

PiGCRE  4— Animal  Po^\•EB— A  Camel  Caravan.  Halted  at  an  Inn  Outside  of  Peking. 


Tin:  'ri:cii\(t(;i;Ai-ir 


X'ln  iiihir.  /!).n 


1S7().  rractkally  tlii'  L-iiliiv  fi|uiiiiiifiil  is  iii()rt;;;i,ucil 
to  the  Japanese.  The  service  is  fairly  iiii)i(l,  but 
the  rates  excessive  accordiii';  to  our  standaids:  it 
is  no  tnmhle  at  all  to  piil  I'mii-  oc  live  dollars  into 
a  messajje  to  jjo  only  a  lew  Inindrcti  miles.  Someone 
asks  how  Chinese  characters  are  telcfiraplieil  ?  ICacli 
character  lias  a  series  of  four  figures  to  which  it  cor 
responds  in  the  code-book,  so  a  Chinese  inessafjc  in 
jrorse  code  reads  like  this:  V>:\T,  7(J'_*n  0<>:?7  ."jI'SI. 
Ingenious  and  id'acticall  China  is  \irtnally  not  on 
the  wireless  niai).  While  considciahlo  sums  have 
been  s|)ent,  the  net  result  is  an  inconiiilete  and  most 
ly  inoi)erable  system.  Tt  is  only  a  few  months  since 
the  ban  on  tlie  im])oi'tation  and  nse  of  private  I'c 
ceiving  sets  was  icuKni'd.  The  telephone  system  is 
also  a  governmenl  monopoly.  an<l  liei-e  ai^ain  the 
equi])ment  is  under  heavy  morliia;:e  lo  .lap.inese  in 
terests.  Local  lclc])hoiie  systems  in  llie  lare(.|- cKii.s 
are  passably  good,  but  lon^  distance  ser\  ice  is  |)iac 
tically  non-existent,  the  one  important  exception 
being  the  connection   bet  ween   Peking  and  Tientsin. 

The  ]iostal  sei\ice  was  fii-sl  organized  by  the 
Customs  Administration  in  187(i.  and  became  a  pub- 
lic facility  in  187S.  Previous  to  this,  mail  ti-ansport 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  Tni])erial  Couriei'  Service, 
and  a  multitude  of  ])rivate  jiosting  agencies.  The 
Customs  was  (and  isl  under  foreign  administration, 
and  foreign  administration  continuing  in  the  ]iostal 
service  after  its  sejjaration  from  the  other  organiza- 
tion has  made  it  ])ossible  for  the  ])ostoffice  to  ex- 
])and  into  a  very  successful  .system.  The  reason  for 
this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  foreign  officials 
were  independent  of  Chinese  "law"  and  other  im- 
l)ediments  under  which  native  officials  must  work. 
Postage  rates  are  very  low,  and  the  service  remaik- 
ably  safe,  considei'ing  the  frequency  with  which  it 
becomes  necessary  to  |)ost  such  notices  as  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"All  parcels  for  routes  in and Pro\- 

inces  are  acce]ited  at  shi]i]ier"s  risk  only,  due  to  ])re- 
valence  of  baii<litiv  in  this  renioii." 


The  genesis  of  China's  railway  system  is, found 
in  I  wo  fieqnently  repeated  stories.  The  first  of 
these  is  concci-ning  the  ill  fated  'Woosung  line,  ^^'oo 
sung  is  a  I'iver  porl  a  few  miles  below  Sliangli,-ii,  and 
a  niinature  line  was  constructed  connecting  the  two 
places  in  1876.  After  its  comidetion  it  ran  for  some 
days  carrying  all  who  c,ire<l  to  riile.  and  then  came 
the  tragedy  of  killing  .-i  man.  The  Chinese  anthori- 
lies  ]iroiMptly  closed  ilie  line,  later  pui-chasing  it  al 
full  \alne,  tearing  nji  the  track,  ami  sliip])ing  the 
entire  e(pii|>ment  to  I'ormosa.  Here  it  was  left  on 
an  e\|)osed  lieach  to  rust  away.  It  was  in)t  until 
lliiity  years  l.-iter  that  a  real  railway  connection 
between  the  two  ]iorts  was  made.  The  first  railway 
to  hax'e  a  iicrmaneut  history  in  the  line  which  is 
now  the  Peking-^Miikden.  This  road  started  in  18S1 
as  a  colliery  tramway,  connecting  the  mines  at 
Tangsh,-in  with  a  c.-inal  seven  miles  away.  The 
Chief  I'ngineer  of  the  mining  com])any,  a  Mr.  Kind 
er  I  IJritish)  contrived  out  of  odds  and  ends  a  small 
si.\-cou]ile  lank  engine  which  he  named  the  ''Rocket 
of  China."  As  tlii'  nse  of  any  lint  animal  ])Ower  <ni 
the  tiamway  was  expressly  forbidden  by  Tm])ei'ial 
Decree,  he  was  forced  on  at  least  one  occasion  to 
bury  his  locomotive  in  a  slag  hea])  until  after  the 
Imperial  Comni'ssioiiers  had  dejiaited.  The  line 
began  to  grow  ,is  a  railway  in  1887.  reaching  Tient 
sin  in  1888,  the  suburbs  of  Peking  in  189."),  was  built 
into  Peking  by  Ki-itish  military  eiigineers  during 
the  Boxer  uprising  in  lOflO,  and  reached  Mukden  in 
1!)0(3.  From  U)00  till  11)10  railway  .schemes  in  China 
were  almost  mushi'oom  growths,  but  a  few  of  real 
merit  matured.  Of  these  all  but  one  involved  the 
use  of  foreign  consti-nction,  ojieration  and  account- 
ing. With  minor  excejitions  all  of  the  ]ii'inci]ial 
systems  were  commenced  during  this  ])eriod,  ])rog 
ress  under  the  rejiublic  being  nearly  negligible.  The 
lines  are  all  government-0])ei'ated  and  theoretically 
government-owned,  though  the  e(piity  in  some  of 
them  is  as  sm.-ill  as  seven  or  eight  per  cent.  The 
(Continued  on  Paije  .'I'S) 


'i  Lkkt-    Tuk  Cmi.nksk  Sto.xk  Ro.mi  xi  Irs  Bkst   (P.\i..\ck  Enth.vnce,  Peking). 

I  KluilT — M.\N-   PowKK — A   Peki.vc   Rickshaw.     E.stim.\te.s  of  the  Ncmber  ok  Ricksh.vw   PcrrEits 

Rl'>'  AS  High  as  Sixty  Thousand.     The  City  Has  a  Scant  Million  Population. 


Xoccinbcr,  11121 


THE  THCll.NOCKAril 


Cutler  Hydro-Electric  Development 

l\.  1).  W'li.sox,  a.e.,  '27 
Ahxtracl  of  First  /^//cc  I'tiptr  in  Schiicfer  Essai/  Contest,  1926-27 


The  latest  aiMition  to  tlic  cliaiii  (if  ]ilaiils  owin'il 
and  ojieratcd  by  the  Utali  I'oNyer  and  Lijjlit  Conipaiiy 
is  the  ("utler  Ilydro-Eleetric  Development.  II  (iccn 
pies  the  h)west  possible  site  on  Bear  Kivcr,  hcini; 
located  in  Bear  Eiver  Canyon,  in  a  spur  of  the 
Wasatcli  Mountains,  fifty  miles  north  of  Of^di'ii, 
Utah.  It  is  designed  to  replace  the  anti(iuate(l 
AVheelon  Plant,  at  the  same  lime  making  the  con 
tinned  opei'ation  of  that  i)laiit  possible. 

The  natiiie  of  the  Wheelon  plant  has  some  bear- 
ing on  the  methods  and  ])rocedure  in  the  construc- 
tion of  Cutlet-,     h'or  the  older  ]ilant,  a  dam  of  about 


on  liy  drawing  water  from  either  canal  through 
iai-ge  circular  wooden  pipe  lines,  with  head  gates 
on  the  canals  directly  above  the  plant. 

Investigation  for  the  new  i)laiit  culniinali'd  in 
the  adoption  of  a  new  arrangement. 

The  new  dam  was  located  a  half  mile  above  the 
old  plant,  or  about  a  mile  below  the  older  dam.  A 
(piarter  mile  below  the  new  dam  was  discovered  a 
fairly  desirable  site  for  the  Cutler  station.  An  18- 
foot  diameter  steel  flow  line  was  designed  to  serve 
the  station,  leaving  the  old  canals,  their  route 
shortened  and  (heir  upjier  ends  suhtnerged  five  feet 


Left — Ci'TIEU  Station  Ne.vrini;  Comi'letkix. 

RldllT LdllKINli    UrSTHEAM     FlidM    THE    SllU.V.    TANK,    Sll(l\Vl.\(;    Ell,  1 1'lEEN-Fl  u  IT    Fl.dW    LlNE. 


twenty    feet    in    dciitli    was   located    at   the   upslreain  liciicatli    the   surface   of   the    new    reservoir,    to   serve 

end  of  the  c.inyon.     from   it   on  either  side  of  the  their  jiurpose  as  before. 

river   canals    were   cut    in    the   rock   of   the   canyon  Access  to  the  new  sites  was  not   to  be  had  easily 

walls,  or  constructed  as   wooden  flumes  across   the  or  cheaiily.    The  main  line  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line 

larger  draws,  completely  tlirongii  the  canyon,  at  the  Kailroad  jiasses  through  the  canyon  at  an  elevation 

mouth  <if  whicli  the  Wheelon  jilant  was  built.     Tl f  about  1200  feet  above  the  AVlieelon  jilant.     As  the 

canals,  however,  continued  on  from  this  jioint,  de  project  was  to  cost  above  five  million  dollars,  a  yard 
parting  from  the  geiu-ral  route  of  the  river  to  serve  <if  consideraiile  size  was  required  and  was  laid  out 
irrigated  districts  in  the  north  end  of  (Jreat  Salt  just  downstream  from  the  point  at  which  the  rail- 
Lake  Valley.  roa<l  enters  the  steeper  jjortion  of  the  canyon.  .\ 
The  Wheelon  station  is  located  on  the  brink  of  spur  was  laid  back  from  this  jioint  to  a  steel  and 
the  river.  As  the  canals  maintain  a  very  small  maciiine  yaiil  and  a  stiff  leg  derrick  set  u])  there  to 
gradient  through  the  canyon,  while  the  river  drojis  facilitate  the  unloading  of  the  heavy  e(pii]inient. 
very  rajiidly.  a  head  of  iL'Ofcct  is  at  taiiied  .-it  Wheel  Another  s]inr  was  laid  out   to  the  canyon   wall  and 


Ill 


Till':  Ti:cii.\(»(iKAi'ii 


\oi-r„ihrr.  nir, 


coiitiiiiKMl  oil  ii  trestle  div  eii(Mij;li  t(i  allow  the  (liun|(- 
inj;;  of  saud  aiul  two  f^i'ades  of  rock  into  bins  whose 
lower  "ends  were  about  20  feet  al)o\c  the  elevation 
of  the  old  canals  at  that  jtolnt.     (Kijjure  1  ). 

Storage  spaces  for  inachiiiery  and  liglil  e(|nii) 
nieiit  and  materials  were  set  aside  in  the  few  flat — 
oi'  neai'ly  flat — acres  that  adjoined  the  tracks  at  this 
point. 

Carpenter,  smith,  ami  niacliinf  shops  and  ware 
houses  were  set  up  near  Ihr  yai-ds,  and  were  ojier 
ated   ill   this   location    not    only   dnriiiL;   preliminai-y 


to  supply  liins  o]ipiisile  the  ]io\\er  house  and  similar- 
ly at  the  dam.  At  several  ])oints  crib  and  fill  were 
necessary  for  a  road  bed.  I'lymouth  gasolcTie  loco- 
motives were  iised  on  tiiis  half  mile  of  track,  hanlinj; 
usually  about  5  yards  of  material. 

From  tlie  storage  bins  (of  slight  capacity  i  at  the 
dam,  saud  and  rock  were  allowed  to  run  into  batcher 
cars,  designed  to  hold  the  capacity  of  one  mixer 
in  i(ro|)er  pro])ortions.  The  batcher  was  jtulled 
(piickly  back  and  forth  on  a  sliort  track  to  the  mi.\- 
crs  I  I'Mgure  '2).     Two  large  mi.\ei-s  were  set  u|)  and 


Ckntek — Bear  Riveh  CaiNviin.     Old  Canals,  ami 
New  Dam  in  Early  Stage. 

Lli't  and  Right — Progress  Snapshots  at  Cut- 
ler Dam,  July  and  August. 


work,  but  to  some  extent  through  the  entire  job, 
due  to  lack  of  desirable  space  in  the  canyon. 

A  road  with  very  steep  grade  was  constructed 
rrom  the  yard  to  the  site  of  Cutler  station.  (See 
general  map).  The  old  roads  serving  AVheelon  plant 
were  some  advantage,  but  were  in  great  need  of  im- 
lirovement.  At  Cutler  station  the  new  road  branch- 
es, one  spur  following  the  river  up  to  the  dam,  and 
tlie  other  crossing  over  and  going  downstream  to 
an  area  set  aside  for  the  offices,  (]uai'ters,  commis- 
sary, dining  hall,  etc.  The  construction  of  the  roads 
and  of  the  camp  was  in  itself  a  project  of  no  small 
magnitude,  and  required  much  of  that  valuable  con- 
struction element, — Time. 

Another  important  ])art  of  thd  preliminary  work 
was  the  perfecting  of  the  gravity  material  handling 
system  for  the  concrete  dam  and  station  substruc- 
ture. The  storage  bins  for  sand  and  gravel  were  lo- 
cated as  previously  described  above  the  old  canal 
on  the  left  of  the  canyon  outlet.  Advantage  was 
taken  of  the  terrace  effect  of  the  canal  bank  in  build- 
ing a  narrow  gauge  track  from  beneath  the  bins 
to  a  point  near  the  left  end  of  the  new  dam.  It  was 
necessary  to  build  a  switch  out  over  small  trestles 


fed  by  gravity  through  an  automatic  dumping  de- 
vice from  the  batcher  car.  From  the  mixers  a  chute 
was  constructed  to  a  trestle  traversing  the  canyon 
floor  at  a  height  of  20  feet.  On  this  trestle  another 
gas  locomotive  and  car  received  the  mix  and  hauled 
it  to  the  various  distributing  towers  which  were 
used  at  diffei'ent  points  and  stages  of  construction. 

The  towers  were  constructed  of  wood,  with  ele- 
vating and  distributing  equipment  resembling  thai 
of  the  Insley  Comjiauy,  which  demands  no 
description. 

Cement  for  the  dam  could  not  be  handled  as 
easily  as  the  sand  and  aggregate.  It  was  unloaded 
from  rail  road  cars  aiid  .stored  in  an  ui)per  ware- 
hou.se,  or  hauled  directly  by  truck  to  the  point  at 
which  the  road  to  the  jxiwer  house  crossed  the 
canal  and  narrow  gauge  tracks.  Here  a  switch  was 
constructed,  and  the  cement  was  loaded  on  flat  cars 
and  hauled  to  a  storage  bin  directly  above  the 
mixers. 

As  the  wagon  road  was  not  complete  before  ex- 
cavation at  the  dam  was  in  progress,  access  to  that 
point  was  for  a  time  very  difficult.  A  steam  shovel 
was  brought  carefully  along  the  winding  and  pre- 


Xnrrtiihrr,  19.21 


Tin;  'ri:('iiN(»(;iiAi-ii 


11 


cjiridiis    luniow    i;;mu('    luiitc.    ;iii(l    lowcicd    to    llic  Ilori/.nntal   keys  hclwccii   the  siiccossivc  i>(>iirs.  ;ni(l 

lixcr  wilh  cmIiIcs.  vciiical  keys  Ix'tween  sections  wcic  prKvidi'd  ;il   in 

Tlic  (l.ini  is  ;ihont   110  feet  liii;li,   100  tVi'l   l(in.-,  of  tcrvjils  (if  from  10  to  20  IVct.  nil  keys  licini;  jiliont    1 

;i   (■(inihinniiiin  ;ircli   anil  jiravity  ty])e,  (iO  feet    tlii-n  I'imiI  hy  l'  fed  in  section, 
at  the  liase     ll  contains  ."lO.OOO  vanls  of  concrete. 


Solid  lieaiin;:  rock  was  i|uickly  nncovered  at  tlie 
site  <if  llie  dam  e.xcepl  at  two  points.  In  those  two 
cases  sand  jiockets  were  disco\-eied  aftei-  constiaic- 
lion  liad  fi'ached  an  ad\anced  stai^c.  and  caused 
some  delay  in  iieini;  complelely  excavated.  Hnt  the 
rock  lied  is  not  imper\ions  al  any  point,  and  the 
flooi-  of  the  canyon  was  1h(ironi:lily  drilled  and 
uriinfe(l  over  its  enl  ire  w  idlh. 

The  irnmlilini:  and  daniicrons  condilion  ot  ihe 
rock  in  Ihe  canyon  was  alsn  the  warrant  for  anotli 
ci-  important   part  (it  the  entire  project.     .\s  the  new 


The  intake  is  consti-ucted  as  an  inteijral  jiart  of 
the  dam.  ]iroti'U(lintj  niistream  into  the  resei-voir  and 
feedinji'  directly  to  the  flow  line.  In  section,  the 
flow  line  de.scribes  a  ipiarti'i-  arc  liack  (if  the  fare  of 
the  dam,  comiiiiu  up  vertically  within  the  intake 
structure.  An  IS  foot  diameter  steel  circular  liate 
seating;  ali<iut  1-"i  feet  lielow  the  surface  of  Ihe  reser 
voir  controls  the  flow  in  the  p<i\ver  house.  A  I'd 
ton  fiantry  ci-ane  sittini;  u]ion  the  intake  handles 
the  screens,  while  the  uale  is  ei|uippecl  with  electric 
hoists. 

At  each  end  of  the  dam.  steel  -ales  wer.-  installed  '•''^''''vi'-  would  raise  the  old  one  liy  five  feel,  and 
to  control  flow  thnmiih  the  old  canals.  A  spillway  •"l^  •""■'■  i'  'i  mil''  i"l"  "i''  <anyon.  Ihe  O.S.L.  R.iil- 
.section  eiiuipjied  with  four  :',0-fo(it  tainlor  -ales  is  '"•■"'  <''"ii|"niy  feared  undemiinin-  and  erosion  of 
provided,  and  these  -al.-s  are  operale.l  hy  .1  drum  ""■'''  '"'"'  '"'''  =''  various  points  due  to  the  new  ele 
hoist  travelling  on  a  track.  vat  ion  of  the  river.     Aliout  a  (pnirler  mile  of  rein- 

Tn  construction,  the  ,irc  of  the  dam  was  divid.'d  *■"''■'■''  <«>"crete  retaining  wall  averajjini;  1  Ti  feet  in 
into  .sections  of  about  ::o  feel  and  treated  as  a  por  '"''-'"  "'='*'  J>*-cessary  to  safe-uard  their  ri-hl  of 
tion  of  a  ]iolyi;on.     l  See  ]'''igures  1  an<l  ."i  i .     AA'ofideii       ^^>i.^- 

jianel  forms  were  used  where  jiossilile.  most  of  them  lO.xcavalion    for    Ihe    power    house    sulistructure, 

aliont  <i  feet  s(|iiai'e.  so  that  jionrs  of  (i-foot  depth  and  for  the  cut  where  Ihe  flow  line  jiiereed  a  pro- 
were  made  usually.  Tlu'ee  tiers  of  such  forms  w cic  jeclinii  sptir  of  rock  liefor(>  dro|i|iinf;  to  the  station, 
necessary  in  the  iiourint;  of  any  section.  .Miernaie  was  more  difficult.  A  liliie  (piartz  rock  was  encoiin- 
sections  were  liuilt  uji  first,  in  j;eneral,  and  the  re  tered,  its  hardness  heini;  smli  that  air  di-ills  were 
mainint;  .sections  filled  in  later.  The  flume  .section  requiring  re-shariiened  steel  after  iir<ij>ressing  only 
was  omitted  until  the  construction  sluiceways  were  a  few  inches.  The  rock  was.  nevertheless,  full  of 
com]ih»ted  through  the  liase  of  the  s]iillway  section.      tronlilesome  sprinj^s.  most  of  which  had  to  lie  piped 


A/0     y5C/)LC 


YAQ.03 


0. 3.  L  15.13..  ^  Jpue3  -hh-h- 
Old  W/k^-on  Bo/ipj  ^^— 
Nerw       ■■  ■•      — 

Canal:>  *  Olp  P£N^rocK5' 


Le^enp-- 


LmiT3      or     NEiV  QE5lLRVOIIi.  ~. 

Narrow  (^au^c    Tracks  —°- 
Qii/£:q.    Channcl  s::S^~r: 


RDW 


12 


TiiK  Ti;cn.\(Mii{Ai'ii 


A, 


lu.n 


iiilo  (lie  tail  i;ic('  licloic  |)(iiiiili^  nt'  the  siihstnicdiic 

\\'liil('  ('\c.-i\  :i  I  iiiii  was  in  |]|ii;;irss  llic  cariicntci' 
slicip  was  liiisy  liiiililinj;  I'drMis  I'di'  llic  diat'l  t\ilics 
and  li.vdiainnncs.  TIm'si'  l'(irn:s  wi'ic  linill  ciilin' 
for  each  nnil  im  a  lar'i^c  idaU'drni,  and  in  sncli  a 
manner  llial  tlic.v  cnnld  he  easily  disseniliied  into 
sections  small  enonjili  for  lianlinji  on  \va<,'ons.  The 
sections  wei'c  (|uiekly  reassemliled  in  place  when  ex- 
cavation was  coinplele,  and  form  wofk  and  ponrini; 
at  the  jiowei-  honse  jirojiiessed  i-aiiidly.  Wherevei' 
jtossible,  foi'm  work  was  liuill  np  as  l)o\('s.  jianels, 
etc.,  ill  advance  of  its  i-eqiiirenieiil,  and  ninch  time 
was  saved  by  having-  foi'iiis  (piicldy  in  place  aftei' 
precedinj;  jtours  wei-e  snfficiently  cnred  to  allow 
workiii}!  over  them,  I'oni'  tiionsand  yards  of  con- 
crete were  poured  in  llic  liisl  sla^c,  all  during  the 
winter  months  and  rc(piiiiiii;  jirolcclion.  All  jjours 
except  two  were  covci'imI  with  canxass  and  kept 
warm  by  steam;  coke  burnini;  salamanders  were  set 
up  when  extremely  cold  wi'atlier  tiireatened,  altho 
no  temperatures  lower  than  1(1  degrees  Fahrenheit 
lielow  zero  were  exiterienced.  At  that  time  the  ])eaks 
of  the  hydraucones  were  left  in  doubtful  condition, 
and  were  removed  and  i('])oured. 

The  erection  of  the  steel  superstructures  was  fa- 
cilitated by  stiff  leg  and  guy  derricks  that  had  serv- 
ed in  the  excavation  and  pouring  as  well.  A  portion 
of  the  west  end  of  the  roof  framing  was  left  out 
until  it  was  possible  to  i)lace  the  two  bridge  beams 
of  the  100-ton  crane,  with  251011  auxiliary.  To  re- 
sist the  weight  and  impact  of  this  machine  in  action, 
the  superstructure  steel  is  of  a  sturdy  mill-bent  type. 
The  columns  are  40  and  50  feet  high,  the  trusses 
with  a  si)an  of  60  feet.  The  power  house  is  12;i  feet 
long,  90  feet  from  bed  rock  to  roof  ridge,  and  has 
8  bents  in  its  frame.  (Figure  (i).  Cable  galleries 
just  above  the  draft  tubes,  and  first  and  .second  floor 


aliDM'  these,  were  cnniplctcd  as  a  jiarl  of  the  sub- 
structure fii'st  stage.  .\  lliird  I'loor,  foi'ining  in  real- 
ity a  roof  I  interior!  t'oi'  tlic  Inis.  operating,  and 
I  i-anst'oi'mcr  rooms,  was  supported  upon  the  extci' 
ior  ,-ind  one  interior  In-iel;  iiiasoniy  wall  extending 
the  full  len-lh  of  the  station,  ami  when  complete 
was  found  a  con\-enienl  jilace  for  woi-kiiig  on  and 
assembling  hea\y  niacliineiy. 

Four  hundred  eighty  Ihousaiid  bricks  weic  re 
(piired  in  tin-  architectural  masonry.  .\  dark  i-ed 
face  brick  was  used,  and  a  yellow  coninion  brick,  lo 
be  ])ainted,  for  interior.  The  hou.se  is  trimmed  with 
teri-a  coda.  The  I'oof  is  composed  of  precast  gyj)- 
sum  chamiel  tyle,  sujjported  on  channel  luirlins, 
with  s]ians  of  alimil  (i  feet.  T{an<lom  cojijiei-  shing 
les  on  roofing  ]ia|ier'  com]ilete  the  ensemble  of  the 
building. 

The  valve  chamber  at  the  rear  of  the  ])ower  house 
contains  a  HS-ton  Butterfly  valve  for  each  of  the  14- 
foot  ])enstocks.  It  was  necessary  to  move  these 
valves  through  the  power  hou.se  and  swing  them 
from  the  chamber  roof  framing  before  the  scroll 
cases  could  be  as.sembled. 

The  steel  scroll  cases  were  assembled  and  rivet- 
ted  together  and  to  their  respective  speed  rings  with 
the  usual  difficulties.  After  being  thoroughly  in 
spected,  caulked,  and  tested,' about  half  of  the  u](- 
per  side  of  each  case  was  covered  with  three  layers 
of  cork,  neatly  fitted  and  glued,  to  provide  against 
cracking  of  the  surrounding  concrete  due  to  tern- 
])erature  changes  in  the  steel.  The  pit  liners  were 
then  set  on,  the  generator  barrels  formed,  and  the 
remaining  1,000  yards  of  concrete  for  the  station 
was  completed  in  a  series  of  carefully  planned  ])ours, 
embedding  the  scroll  cases. 

Two  units  were  provided  for  and  installed,  each 
of  22.500  II.  1'.  capacity.  The  turbines,  scroll  cases, 
(Continued  on  Page  38) 


Left — Sand  and  Gravel  Bins. 

Right — Left  Canyon  Wall  at  Dam:   O.S.L.R.R.  Embankment  and  Cutler  MixiNt;  Plant. 


Xorrnihcr,  HK^l 


Till']  Ti:<'lIX(Mi|{Al'll 


13 


Concrete  Research  As  a  Career 

ITAnRISON"    F.    CiONNKKMAX,    CO.,    "OS 

M<niii(i<r  iif  the  I\<si(ir(h  Ldhfinitari/.  I'orlliiiiil  Ci  iiiriif  Assttfitilion.  ('hic(if/fi 


Editor's  Note:  The  Portland  Cement  Association,  founded  in  1903,  is  the  educational,  promotional  or- 
ganization of  the  cement  indu-itry  and  is  one  of  the  pioneer  trade  associations  of  the  United  States.  Its 
laboratory  and  research  department,  organized  in  IHlil.  has  prohahly  done  more  to  increase  knowledge  of 
cement  and  concrete  and  improre  the  use  of  this  important  building  material  than  any  other  agency. 
Most  notable  among  its  accomplishments  u-as  the  discovi'ry  and  popularization  of  the  Water-Cement  Ratio 
Lair,  irhich  has  revolutionized  concrete  making.  Mr.  Gonnerman  has  been  connected  with  the  laboratory 
of  the  Association  since  1022,  and  is  note  Manager  of  the  Laboratory. 

;\[()st   (if  lis,   ill  our  nnder-gradiiate  c()lle<;e  dnys  iiiciif    ami    coiicrctc    an    intiM'cstiiij;    and    alisoi-liint; 

ill  ]iarti(iilar,  arc  iindined  to  think  of  reseaieh  ;is  a  woi-i-c. 

sdinowhat    impractifal,    dreamy    sort    of   jirotVssion  Tiidustry  today  is  interested  in  research,  as  snch 

wliicli  we  associate  witli  stuffy  corner  laboratories  laboratories  as  are  maintained  by  tlie  Portland  Ce- 


]ircsided  over  by  sui)erannnated  "iirofs,"  ^y^^  pii 
lure  irray-haired  octogenarians  who  iuixc  i:i\(ii  n 
a  c  t  i  V  c  associa- 
tion w  i  t  h  their 
fellow  entjineers 
in  order  to  con- 
dnct  involved  iii- 
vestifiations  of  ab- 
struse subjects  of 
which  no  ordinary 
person  e \  e  r 
thinks.  We  real- 
ize, of  course,  that 
it  is  a  highly  im- 
portant field  o  f 
endeavor  to  whicli 
some  day,  w  h  e  ii 
we  too  have  ac 
quired  gray  hair 
a  n  d  a  grizzled 
hcai-d,  we  may  de- 
cide to  turn  oui' 
attention.      I!ut 

for  the  present,  we  ]irefer  to  think  of  going  out  and 
building  great  dams,  biadgcs.  skyscrapcis :  to  hear 
the  chng  and  rattle  of  tlic  c(incrcte  mi.xer  and  se<' 
things  I'eally  hajiiieu.  ^^■c  want  practical  results, — 
action ! 

I've  been  out  of  college  now  more  years  than  per        _.   ,  ..^ , , 

hajis  I  care  to  l)rag  about,  luit  1  h.iven't  develojied  a  learn  something  about  the  organization.  The  as 
Van  Dyke  nor  given  u])  association  with  good  live  sociation  is  a  cooperative  body  sn])]ioi'ted  by  more 
engineers.  And  yet  T  have  been  engaged  in  re  than  ninety  |icr  cent  of  the  ]tortlaiid  cement  manu- 
search  and  laboratory  study  for  some  years  and  am  factiircis  of  llie  <oiintry.  It  has  nothing  to  do  with 
connected  with  an  organization  which  makes  it  its  manufacturing  or  selling  of  cement,  but  is  con- 
business  to  investigate  those  very  com])le.\  matcri-  cerned  entirely  with  research,  educ.it ion  and  j)ro- 
als,  Portland  cement  and  concrete.  Xor  do  I  see  motion.  To  carry  on  this  work  it  employs  some 
many  grizzled,  gray-haired  men  alioiit  nic:  for  the  ."i."iO  pcojile.  of  whom  more  than  KIO  arc  trained  en- 
most  part  we  are  active,  interested  young  men  (no  ginccrs.  The  research  deiiartmeiit  employs  PJ,  of 
matter  what  our  agei    and   we  find  research  in  ce       which  nuinlici-  7  arc  working  in  A\'asliington  in  co- 


A  View  of  the  Physical  Testing  Laboratohv  dv  tiik  Pdim.ANi 
Cement  Association,  Showing  Some  of  tiik  Tksting  Maciiink.s 


iiiciit  Association,  the  General    Electric  Comi)any, 
ilic  Ea.stman  Kodak  romi)any,  (Jeneral  Jlotors  Tor- 

por.ition,  and  doz- 
ens of  others 
show.  In  the  busi- 
ness world  of  to- 
day the  value  of 
facts  and  figures, 
of  absolute  truths, 
is  realized  more 
than  ever.  V  o  r 
that  reason,  I  be- 
lie\-e  such  organi- 
zations will  con- 
tinue to  t  h  r  i  V  e 
a  n  d  grow,  a  ii  d 
will  continue  t  o 
offer  an  interest- 
ing field  of  en- 
ileavor  f  o  r  the 
technically  train- 
'(1  nil  i  V  e  r  s  i  t  y 
graduate. 
Hecatise  the  Portland  ("eiiicnt  Association  em- 
ploys many  engineers  and  men  of  technical  tr.-iin- 
ing,  and  licc.-iiisc  ii  not  only  carrit's  on  jinre  re- 
search, but  .-iiiplics  till'  findings  of  its  laboratories 
to  actii.il  work  with  C(»ncrete  in  the  field  liirough 
its  staff  of    ll.'.~)  engineers,   it   nia\    interest  vou  to 


11 


rill-:  'i'i:(iiX(»(;i;Arii 


Xoniiihcr.  li).n 


()|M'r.il  ion  \\  illi  Ilic  lIurcMii  of  StMiidaids  on  tlic  con 
stitution  of  |K)i-tl:iiul  cciniMil.  The  laboratory  is  In 
cali'd  in  tlic  Associalion's  new  Imildinj;  at  'X\  AVcsl 
( i  land  A\  cnuc,  <  'liica^o. 

Kcscanli  and  {.alinratoi-y  wnvk  was  lic^nn  by 
llic  I'lnlland  ('cnii'nl  AssnclalidM  in  lHHi.  when  a 
lalmralciry  was  cstalilislnMl  in  r(iii|ici-a  I  ion  uilli  tiu' 
Lewis  Inslilnli',  a  Iccliniral  scImpuI  in  ('liicaiio.  ('arc 
fnl  scicnliric  \\(iri<  was  dime  I'ldni  llic  lic'^inninti :  in 


An    Kxcki.i.enti.y    EiiUiri'ED   Chumicai,    Lah(ii{.\I(iuv.   of 

Wnicii    A   Corner  is   Here   Shown,   is   Maintaineii   hy 

iHE  Portland  Cement  Association, 


fact,  for  liic  first  two  years  of  its  existence,  dnrinj;' 
wliiidi  time  more  tlian  1(10, ()()()  tests  were  made,  not 
a  siiiyle  liulletiii  oi'  re])or(  was  issued  by  the  Labor- 
atory. A  fdiiinhition  of  facts  was  established  diirinj;' 
liiis  time,  howe\-er,  wliicli  lias  moi'e  tliaii  justified 
the  care  witli  wiiicii  every  step  in  tli(>  iuvestij;atiou 
of  cement  and  concrete  was  done.  At  the  close  of 
I!)2."),  a  new  build iiiy  was  erected  by  the  Association, 
wliicli  iindnded  a  place  for  its  own  laboratory,  and 
on  .Iiine  .".(),  I!»L'(;.  the  co(i|iera  t  i\-e  a,i;reement  with 
iicwis  inslitiile  was  terminated  and  the  worlv  of 
ilic  l,abi>r,itory  was  continued  by  the  Association 
with  all  of  its  I  >e]iartmenls  under  (lie  same  roof. 
This  ])ei'mitted  of  increased  contaci  with  field  ]irol)- 
lems  and  i;-reater  eoopeivition  with  tlie  otlier  De- 
|iarlmeii(s  of  the  Association. 

The  first  fjreat  work  of  the  research  laboratoi'y 
was  the  establishment  of  the  role  that  the  walei' 
content  of  a  mi.\ture  jdays  in  uoverninj;  tlie  streniith 


of  concrete.  The  now  widely  Unown  water  cement 
r.-ilio  method  for  coiil  rollini;  the  strength  of  con 
crele  by  reunlatiiiL;  llie  amount  of  inixiiii;  water 
used  in  ;i  b.-itcli  liaxiiiL;  definili'  cement  conleiil  was 
de\(do|ied.  This  niclliod  lias  been  ;.;i\en  wide  {iiib 
licily  in  the  riiilcd  States,  and  ils  use  is  i|iiile 
rapidly  siip|il,anl  iiii;  the  old  rule  iif  llninib  jiraclices 
in  proport  ionint;  concrete.  It  is  willionl  doubt  the 
L;re.a(esl  contribution  made  in  n^cent  years  to  con 
ciete  en;;iiH'eidnii. 

l']stablishmeiit  of  technical  theories  is  not  con 
sidei'ed  a  final  i;oal  in  this  Laboratory.  We  feel 
that  the  utilitaidan  \aliie  of  researcli  lies  in  its  ]irac 
tical  ada]itation  to  actual  use  in  c'increte  makiiiii. 
One  of  the  most  \aliiable  con!  ribiit  ions  of  our 
chemists,  the  coloriniet  ric  test  fur  ortian-c  impiiri 
ties  in  saml,  is  a  test  that  can  be  performed  easily 
in  the  field.  .\iiy  inspector,  with  a  dollar's  worth  of 
eipiipinent,  which  can  be  purchased  in  •■ilniost  any 
di-iie  sloi-e,  is  now  able  to  make  an  accurate  deter- 
minatiiui  of  the  purity  of  the  sand  he  is  nsini;.  Its 
simplicity  and  a<iaptability  to  practical  use  has 
made  it  ])o])ular  not  only  in  this  country,  but  all 
over  the  world. 

In  the  eleven  years  in  whicli  I'e.search  has  been 
carried  on  by  the  Association,  more  tlian  r.()(),0(»() 
tests  have  been  completed  which  haxc  iiiv(d\('d  the 
makint''  of  about  ;*>()(), 000  concrete  ami  mortar  test 
specimens.  These  tests  are  now  beinii  cai-ried  for 
ward  at  the  rate  of  about  40,000  a  year,  A  .series 
of  17  bulletins  has  been  publislied  covering-  most  of 
the  I'esearches,  and  these  have  been  sujiplemented 
by  numerous  technical  jiajiers  and  discussions  jire- 
jiured  for  enji'ineerini:;  societies  and  ])eriodicals. 

h^very  facility  for  careful  scientific  investijjation 
is  ]n'ovided  the  i-esearch  staff  in  the  new  Associ 
ation  Building-.  The  chemical  and  jihysical  labor 
atories  occujiy  more  than  19,000  square  feet  of  floor 
S])ace,  takin;;-  u])  the  entire  basement  floor,  first 
floor,  and  jiart  of  the  second  floor.  The  basement 
is  used  for  storaiit"  iT'd  prejiaration  of  concrete  ma 
terials  and  for  niakinj>'  and  curing  mortar  and  eon 
Crete  sjiecimens.  A  cement  testing  room  20  l)y  L'S 
feet,  a  moist  room  14  by  58  feet,  for  curing  test 
s])ecimens,  a  room  20  by  20  feet  for  volume  change 
studies,  and  a  room  8  by  20  feet  for  low  temiieia- 
tuie  tests  are  housed  there, 

A  commodious  aggregate  testing  room,  jihysical 
laboratory,  and  machine  shop  are  located  on  the 
first  floor  of  the  building.  The  testing  lalxnatory 
houses  a  300,000,  a  200,000,  and  a  r)0,000  ]ioniid  uni 
versal  testing  machine,  all  motor  driven,  and  a  200, 
(too  pound  hydraulic  testing  machine,  and  much 
other  eiiuipment.  The  laboratory  has  its  own  ma 
chine  shoj)  containing  large  and  small  lathes,  a  mill 
ing   machine,   Imffer  and  polisher,   drill   press   and 


\(irc)iih(i\  t'-hll 


Till':  ti:('iix()(;kai'ii 


ir, 


other  finiipiiu'iit.  Mdst  (if  ilic  s]i('ci;il  :iii|iara1ns 
needed  by  the  department  is  inaih'  in  liic  siiop.  The 
chemical  laboratory,  occnpyinji  a  iiortidn  (if  the 
second  floor,  is  especially  \vellequip])ed  for  rcscMich 
and  analytical  work  on  concrete  and  its  constilii 
(Mit  materials.  It  has  many  conveniences  lunisna! 
in  laboratories  of  its  size,  inclndin<f  dislilied  water 
distribution  and  special  devices  for  snpplyinj;  hot 
and  cold  Avater  and  compressed  air  at  convenient 
points. 

Investigations  of  oni-  research  staff  have  {iono 
into  almost  every  conceivable  field  of  concrete  work, 
^fnch  i)ioneer  work  has  been  done  in  develoi)inj;  and 
standardizing  methods  of  testing  concrete  and  con 
Crete  materials.  In  a(l<lition  to  tho.se  already  named 
may  be  included  many  stndies  which  have  prolnnnd 
ly  affected  concrete  engineering  in  this  conntry. 
Among  the  more  important  researches  aic  included 
stndies  in  the  design  of  concrete  mixtni'cs:  curing 
of  concrete;  wear  tests  of  concrete:  effect  of  vibra- 
tion and  pressnre  on  strength  of  concrete;  effect 
of  fineness  of  cement;  modulns  of  elasticity  of  con- 
crete; storage  of  cement:  effect  of  hydrated  lime 
and  other  powdered  admixtnres:  flexnral  strength 
of  concrete;  effect  of  tanie  acid  on  strengtli  of  con- 
ci'ete;  tests  of  imi)nre  wateis  for  mixing  concrete: 
calcinm  chloride  as  an  admixtnre  in  concrete:  cnr 
ing  of  concrete  roads  by  means  of  calcinm  cliloiide: 
effect  of  end  condition  of  test  cylinder:  effect  of 
size  and  shape  of  sjiecimen  :  tests  of  bond  lietween 
concrete  and  steel;  time  of  mixing  concrete;  field 
tests  of  concrete;  concrete  of  high-early  sti'cngtli 
from  Portland  cement;  field  tests  of  concrete  ex- 
jiosed  to  snl]diate  soils  and  waters;  effect  of  age, 
cnring  condition  and  weathering  on  the  strength  of 
concrete;  water-cement  ratio — strength  relation  for 
mortars.  I'l-actically  all  of  the  completed  stndies 
have  been  published  in  bulletin  form. 

Numerous  bibliographies  on  cement,  conci-ete, 
and  I'clated  subjects  have  been  pre])ared  in  conni'c 
lion  with  these  stndies.  In  addition,  routine  tests 
on  more  than  ;'.,()((()  samples  of  sand  and  l,.")(IO  sain 
pies  (if  coarse  aggregates  liave  been  performed. 

.\n  interesting  study  of  the  chemical  laboratory 
at  the  present  time  is  the  investigation  of  cdinpo 
sit  ion  of  colors  foi-  poi-lland  cement  .-ind  pertna 
nence  when  ex]i(ised  to  weathering  action.  The  use 
of  cdlois  in  cement  mortars  and  in  cdncrete  has 
iieen  increasing  in  I'ecent  yeai-s  and  a  demand  for 
inure  reliable  infdrniation  as  to  their  siiilaliilily  has 
l.een  crealed.  In  our  tests,  analyses  of  sexcral  linn 
died  ((dor  samjiles  have  been  made  and  exposure 
tests  of  mortars  colored  with  them  are  now  in  prog 
ress.  Cdiisiderable  time  will  be  re(piii'ed  lo  cdiii 
plele  Ihe  study,  as  results  are  necessarily  delermin 
ed    by  exposure  over   a    long   jieriod.     The   .Munsell 


system  is  being  used  fdr  descriliiiig  and  recording 
the  colors. 

Much  of  the  attention  of  the  laboratory  is  now 
being  devoted  to  a  study  of  volume  change  in  con- 
crete and  mortars,  a  problem  which  has  grown  in 
interest  in  recent  years.  Ivxteiisive  tests  are  under 
way  to  detei-mine.  if  jiossilile,  I  lie  causes,  effects, 
and  methods  of  control  of  expansion  and  contrac- 
tion, particularly  during  the  early  jieriod  of  harden- 
ing of  concrete. 

For  two  and  ,i  half  years  the  Portland  (Vment 
Association  has  been  engaged  in  an  exhaustive  in- 
vestigation into  the  constitution  of  portland  cement 
clinker  in  conjunction  with  llie  I'liited  States 
Hiireau  of  Standards.  The  joint  resources  of  this 
goxernmental  bureau  and  the  research  de])artmcnt 
of  the  Associati(ui  make  it  ])ossibh;  to  conduct  this 
investigation  on  a  larger  scale  than  ])ossible  hereto- 
fore, making  use  of  the  most  complete  modern  equip- 
ment that  has  ever  been  gathered  in  one  laboratory 
for  such  a  stiidv.     The  work  is  being  done  at  Wasli- 


300.000    P(ir.Ni)    tiMVKUSAi,   Tkmim.    M  v. 
Used   fob   Compression   Tests   or 

CoNCUICTE    Sl'ECI.ME.NS. 


ington,  l(.  ('.,  where  seven  Association  men  are  work- 
ing in  cooper.il  ion  with  several  employed  by  the 
lliireaii  of  Standards.  Although  the  work  may  still 
be  said  lo  be  in  its  i)i-eliminarv  stages,  several  papers 
li.ive  been  published  detailing  results  of  some  of  the 
early  researches.  These  include  studies  of  the  sys- 
tem Cat)  I'\'.(),-Si()^;  influence  of  magnesia,  ferric 
oxide,  soda  and  potash  on  combination  of  lime 
(Continued  on  Page  SJ/J 


16 


MIK  Ti:('IIN<M;i;Ai'ir 


iiih,r.  inr, 


Progress  In  Exact  Analysis  Of  Flue  Gas 

I',  i:.  \ani)avi:ku,  U.S.,  'l'l',  .M.S.,  ':.':: 

(Jllii'l   Cllriiiist.   'rrsHiii/   fAlhorafcil/  <tj   llli'  A  IlirricdII   <I<IK   Assiiciillioil 


Till'  {iiTHU'sf  |ii-()f;i('ss  ill  the  c.nmcI  :iii;il,vsis  iif 
flue  };jis  lia.s  becii  iiiikIc  in  llic  l:isl  (en  ycnis  liy  dc- 
vclopin^  iipiiaratiis  fur  dclcriiiiniiiL;  ciilion  inimo.x- 
idc  in  (inaiititii's  as  Idw  as  O.ltdl  Id  0.(10:.'  o(  one  jici- 
cent  (ir  one  l<i  Iwn  pai-ls  |i(m-  100,000.  Tiiis  (M|ni|i 
nient  is  so  st'iisili\c  Ilial  it  sliows  the  iin'scncc  o( 
carbon  monoxide  in  liic  air  "f  iiidiislrial  districts. 


C.\Hlill\   DldXlDK  Ari'AI!.\TlS 

residence  sections,  and  streets  of  the  business  sec- 
tions of  large  cities.  Tobacco  smoke  has  such  high 
concentrations  of  this  gas  tliat  these  instruments 
would  not  be  able  to  indicate  tlie  total  percentage 
before  reaching  flic  upper  limit  of  tiieir  calibration. 
The  usual  types  of  apparatus  such  as  the  Orsat, 
modified  Orsat,  Burrell,  or  Haldane  would  not  even 
detect  the  percentages  that  are  regarded  as  large 
amounts  for  such  instruments. 

Credit  for  developing  the  carbon  inoiio.xide  re- 
corder is  due  the  Bureau  of  Klines  and  the  Mine 
Safet.y  Appliances  ('oinjiany.  The  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards ])erfecle(i  the  iodine  ]ieiit(i.\ide  and  the  ther- 
mal conducti\ity  apjiaratus.  Minor  modifications 
and  adajitions  of  these  instruments  to  large  volume 
routine  testing  of  gas  ap])liances  have  been  made  by 
the  Testing  Laboratory.  They  are  the  only  types  of 
apparatus  on  the  market  at  jiresent  that  are  suit 
able  for  determining  the  comjileteness  of  combustion 
of  gas  nndei-  the  methods  outlined  in  the  ]iresent 
.\.(!..\.  apiiii>\al  i('(|iiirements  foi-  gas  apjiliauces. 
\'arioiis  comniitlees  on  requirements  set  a  standard 
of  jiractically  no  carlion  mono.xide  with  the  maxi 
mum  allowed  under  aiiv  condition  of  test  of  0.001 


III'  ijiii'  pel-  cent  ciiiK-entration  in  a  1,000  culiic  fool 
i-ooiii,  anil  ill  niiisl  cases  O.Oi;  of  one  jier  cent  cai'lion 
monoxide  airt'ree  in  liie  proiluets  of  combustion 
marks  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  in  the  exact  an- 
alysis of  flue  gas  from  gas  a]iiiliances. 

W'lien  a  re(iuirement  such  as  the  one  above  is 
piaceci  on  an  air-fi'ce  basis,  the  results  obtained  by 
analysis  are  multijilied  by  an  air-free  factor.  This 
factor  deiiending  u]H)n  the  excess  air  in  the  sample 
may  \ary  from  aiiju'oximately  two  to  ten;  conse- 
(pieiitly,  if  the  maximum  allowable  amount  of  car- 
bon monoxide  is  0.02  of  one  ]ier  cent  air-free  and 
the  factor  is  ten,  the  maximum  allowable  concen- 
tration in  the  samjde  would  be  0.002  of  one  per  cent. 
A  concentration  of  0.003  of  one  jier  cent  would  give 
0.03  of  one  per  cent  air-free  and  the  ajipliance  be 
ing  tested  would  not  be  approved.  In  other  words, 
the  analytical  api)aratus  must  be  accurate  to  at 
least  0.002  of  one  i)er  cent  or  two  i)arts  in  100,000. 

The  iodine  jientoxide  method  is  jirobably  the 
basic  one  for  determining  carbon  monoxide  because 
it  does  not  depend  on  other  apparatus  for  calibra- 
tion. It  is  reliable  and  accurate  to  about  0.002  of 
one  per  cent.  Facilities  for  standardization  of  solu- 
tions and  a  chemist  are  required.  The  time  for  one 
determination  \aries  from  20  minutes  to  two  hours. 


Recouui.nc  Cakbon  Monoxide  Appakatus  De- 

VEI.OI'KIl    liY    THE  U.    S.    BlREAU   OF   MlNES. 


depending  (Ui  liie  e<iiicentration  of  carbon  monoxide 
in  the  samiije,  a  high  concentration  neces.sitating  a 
longer  time.  An  exjierienced  man  can  run  machines 
making  apiiroximately  30-40  determinations  a  day 
])ioviding  the  concentration  in  each  sample  is  not 
greater  than  0.02  of  one  per  cent. 

Determining  carbon  monoxide  by  means  of  iodine 


Xdrriiibir,  1021 


THK  TEniNOGRAPII 


17 


])eiito.\i(U'  is  not  a  new  ini'tliod,  tlic  react  imi  heiiij; 
described  by  Dltte  in  1870.  Since  tliat  time  many 
investigations  have  made  use  of  tliis  reaction.  It 
was  not  until  a  short  time  after  the  World  War, 
however,  that  a  compact  apparatus,  such  as  shown 
in  the  illustration,  was  perfected  by  the  Hui-eau  of 
Standai'ds.  This  method  depends  on  the  selective 
oxiilation  of  carbon  monoxide  by  iodine  peiitoxide 
at  ai>])roxiniatcly  o02  dej^reesF.,  and  is  explained  by 
tlie  following  reaction  :     I.O,,  +  5  CO  =  _5C(\+I,. 

Tlic  iodine  lil)erated  is  sublimed  and  collected 
in  a  10  per  cent  potassium  iodine  solution.  The 
amount  of  iodine  collected  from  a  measured  volume 
of  the  products  of  combustion  is  titrated  witli  O.OOl 
X  sodium  thiosulfate  using  potato  starch  as  the  in- 
dicator. From  the  amount  of  sodium  thiosulfate 
used  the  percentage  of  carbon  monoxide  in  the  sam- 
ple can  be  computed. 

The  operation  of  this  apparatus  is  explained  as 
follows:  Before  the  sample  reaches  the  iodine  jient- 
oxide,  it  must  pass  through  a  purifying  system  to 
remove  such  gases  as  might  react  with  iodine  pent- 
oxide.  It  passes  successively  through  a  chromic 
acid  tower  to  further  remove  aldehydes  and  niis.itu 
rated  hydrocarlions  and  the  same  moisture;  then 
into  a  V-shaped  tube  where  a  small  amount  of  solid 
potassium  hydroxide  is  placed  at  the  entrance  to 
remove  acid  gasses  such  as  sulfur  dioxide,  sulfur 
trioxide  and  some  carbon  dioxide;  the  remainder 
of  the  tube  is  filled  with  phos])liorus  pentoxide  to 
completely  dry  the  sample  which  next  enters  the 
iodine  pentoxide  U-tube.  This  tube  is  immersed  in 
an  oil  bath  at  oO'J  degrees  F.,  and  maintained  at  this 


TiiiciiMAi,  CoNDicTivrrY  Ai'r.\R.\Trs  foh  Cauhun 
Dioxn)E  AND  Carbon  Monoxidk. 

tciiiperatun'  by  an  electrically  coiil  rolle(l  llicrmn 
slat.  After  the  sample  has  been  taken  into  the  :ip 
paratus  the  whole  system  must  be  jmrged  out  with 
a  gas  free  from  carbon  monoxide.  This  insures  that 
all  the  sami>le  is  passed  thi'ough  the  iodiiu'  pent 
oxide  and  that  all  the  liberated  indine  is  purged  out 
of  the  U-tnbe.  Air.  free  fi'oni  this  oxi<lc  of  carhciii  oi- 


nitrogen,  may  be  used  for  i)urging.  It  was  found 
necessary  in  our  Testing  Laboratory  to  use  nitrogen 
for  the  reason  that  pure  air  cannot  always  be  ob- 
tained. This  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  most  indus- 
trial districts  have  furnaces,  switch  engines,  coal- 
fired  boilers,  etc.,  which  inccimpletely  burn  a  large 
share  of  the  fuel  supi)lied  them.  Nitrogen  is  used 
as  a  purging  agent  and  is  taken  into  the  ap])aratus 
directly  from  comi)ressed  Tiitrogen  cylinders  through 
a  sulfuric  acid  bottle  and  a  trap  to  prevent  excess 
pressure.  In  the  hands  of  a  skilled  operator  this 
apparatus   is  an   accurate   and   dependable   nuMliod 


Iodine  Pkntoxidk  Ai'I-ahatis  koh  Detkkminim 

completknesk  of  combistion,  perfected 

and  buu.t  by  the  united  states 

Bureau  of  Standards. 


of  determining  the  ])resence  of  carbon  inoiioxide  in 
very  small  percentages. 

Although  the  thermal  conductivity  method  for 
gas  analysis  has  been  investigated  by  various  labor- 
atories for  a  number  of  years,  its  most  satisfactory 
application  shown  in  the  photograph  was  only  re- 
cently developed  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards.  As 
the  name  iiiiplies,  the  analysis  of  the  gas  is  deter- 
mined by  the  rate  at  which  heat  is  carried  by  the 
gas  at  standard  conditions.  The  standard  method 
of  evaluating  thermal  conductivity  is  by  measure- 
ment of  the  lieat  carried  over  a  fixed  area  between 
two  points  in  the  conducting  medium,  with  the  tem- 
perature at  these  ])oints  fixed.  In  this  instrument, 
however,  only  one  temjierature  is  fixed  and  the  oth- 
er temperature  is  determined  by  the  thermal  con- 
ductivity of  the  gas.  This  second  temperature  is 
the  determining  point   in  the  analysis. 

The  essential  parts  in  the  analysis  apparatus 
are  two  cells  and  a  graduated  slide  wire.  Each  cell 
has  a  fine  |ilatiiiiim  wire  stretched  along  its  axis, 
along  which  cnricnt  flows  at  a  constant  voltage.     If 


IS  Tin:  Ti;(ll.\(Mi|;Al'|l  \nrfiiihrr.   I!).''! 

(lie  cell   is   filled   \\  illi  i;;is  ^iiid    is  l<c|]|   :il   ;i   ccilisl.iiil  ((iiiN  ciiiciil   :iii(i   i;i|iiii.     Tlir  ilclcitiiiii.i  I  ion  of  carlioii 

tl'lllixTiltiirc,   heal    (;is  :i   rcsnll   of  llic  i-uirciil  I    will  ilioxiilc    is    ;is    ;icciii;ilc    as    tl |i|iai-,il  lis    auaiiisl 

In-  comliicti'd    fmni    llic   win-   \>\    Ihc  j^as   id    llic  cell  wliicli    il    is    calihialcd.      Tlit-    n-adiiius    iiiav    Ik-    oh- 

wjlll    niilil    the    Icnipcral  lire    of    ihc    wire    rcaclics    a  laini'd   as   l<i\\    as  (l.(i|    uf  niic   \irv  nail,     (hi   accdiiiit 

|ioillt    \vln'|-c    Ihc    rail'    al    wiiidi    lii-al    is    carried    is  uf   llic   lypc  of  comiImisI  imi    fiiiiiacc   llic   readiims  oh 

('(lual  to  tlic  rale  of  heal    lilicia  I  ion   l,v   ilic  ciin-ciii.  sci\<.,l   ai-c   really    lliosc   foi-   inodiids  id'  incoiij|ilcie 

Tlic  e(|nililii-imii  leiii|icial  me  is  f  ixcd  \>\  iIiccoihIiic  coiiiImisI  ion    wliicli    inilndi'  carlion    monoxide,   liydro 

livily    and    in    liiiu    liy    ihe   c(iin|iosil  ion    of    llie   ^as,  ;;cn.    and    aldehydes.      However.    lliis    is    a    desirahle 

If  a  cell  held  al  conslanl   lelii|ierat  lire  is  sealed  with  feallire    in    view    of    Ihe    fact    (hal    aii|iliances   should 

some   fjas   ■'<"«'li    :i^   ''li''.    •■H"!    ciirrelil    is    |i;issed    al    a  he   desi'.;ne<j    lo    hiirii    Ihc   uas   coinplelely.      l-'iirlher. 

constant   v(illaj;e.    ihe   leiniicral  iirc   of    Ihc   idatiniiin  il    can    he  said    Ilial    if   liy<lro-en   and    aldchy.lcs  arc 

wire  and   con.sccim'ntly   its   rcsislance   is   fixed.     Hy  |iresent.   carhon    nionoxide    is   also   |ireseni    and    Ihc 

arraiii;iii^    the   second    cell    so   ihc   s,ini|de    to   he   an  readinji   is  an    indication   of  ihal   u.is. 
aly/.cd  can   lie  introduced  and  coin|iarine    the  resist  The  carhon   nionoxide  recorder  was  developed   hy 

aiice  of   its   wire  a,i.;ainsl    that    of  tiic  sealed   cell,   we  ihe  nnicaii  of  .Mines  and  Ihe  .Mine  Safely  .\|i|diance 

have  ,1   means  of   fixini;   I  lie  coiidiicl  ivity  and   licnce  ( 'ompaiiy  shoil  ly  after  the  ^\'orld  War.     It  was  first 

the  analysis  of  the  sample.     This  is  carried  out    in  nsi'd   to  measure  carhon  monoxide  in  parts  ]ier  mil- 

analysi.s  of  carh lio.xide  plus  air  mixtures  as  I'ol  lion    from    antoinohile   exhaust    j:as    in    the    Liherty 

lows:     The  wii'es  of  life  two  cidls  are  joined  as  two  Tiiiiii(ds  at    ritlshnrjih.      h'oi'   routine   Icstiiii;'  of  L;as 

adjacent    arms    (d'    a    Wheatstone    hrid.uc    the    slide  appliances   it    is   used   in    the   riulit    way.      It    should 

wire   forniini:'    the   olher    Iwo   arms.      The   hridL;e    is  never  he   used    in   any  case   wIiimc  a    sliolil    inci-easc 

halanccd  hy  mcins  id'  a  galvanometer.     As  Ihe  car  in  the  draft   ahovc  the  a|ipliancc  will  aid  the  ajipli 

lion   dioxide   conlent    of   the   sample   \aries.   the   re  aiicc.      In  such  a  case  the  true  o]ieration  of  the  ap- 

sistance  ratio  lictween   the  cidls  likewise  varies  and  ]diance    would    not    he   ohtained.      It    is   iiossihle   to 

the  adjustment   of  the  slide  wire  cliaii.i;('s.     Calihi-a  make  :'.()  to  -1(1  detei  ininat  ions  a  day  w  itli  one  record- 

tioii  is  made  from  the  slide  wire  readiiii;s  fin-  known  ,.,■.     Its  sensitivity  is  oni'  jiait  ]icr  million  and  it  is 

mixtures.  safe  to  say  thai   il   is  accnrate  t le  jiart  jier  100,- 

For   the   determinat  ion   of  carlion    monoxide   the  (MM).      The   iccorder   is   calihialcd   ai;aiiist  an   a|)|ia 

aiTan;;ement    is   varied   as   follows;      I'.otli   cells  are  ratus    ca]iahle    of    measuiin-    carhon    mono.xidc    in 

arranji-ed  for  the  introduction  of  the  sani|dc.  .and  a  small  |)ercciita,ues  such  as  the  ii>dine  pentoxide  or  a 

comhustion  fiirnac<'  is  placed  helween  till- c(dls.    The  piccision    <lilutioii    aipparatiis.      Tf    the   recorder    is 

procedure  consisls  of  iiassin-   the  -as  in  order  thru  handled  correctly,  calihration  will  he  necessary  only 

a  c(dl,  The  conihnstion   furnace.  ,ind   Ihe  second  cell.  i  wo  or   three   times  ,i    year. 

stol)])ini>-   the   <>as   flow    when    (he    system    is    full    of  ^    measured   ainounl    of  -as   is  jiasscd   llirou-h   a 

sainjile.      The   sample    for   analysis   consisls   of   air.  ,-ii;iiyst    callc<l    hopcalite    I  an    intimate   mixture   of 

iiitrotien.  carhon   dioxide  and  jiossihly  carhon   nn>n-  ,.,,,,,„.,.   ,,xidc   and    mau-anesi-   dioxide  i    maintained 

oxide.      If  the   last  -as   is  present,   it    is  hiiriied   on  ^n  o|o  decrees  I-\.  hy  a  steam  hatli,  the  carhon  inoii 

passinsr  tlii-od.-li  the  comhustion  furnace  to  carhiui  ..^j,],.   i„.i„„    selectively   oxidized   liy   the   ho]icalite. 

dioxide  and  the  analysis  of  the  mixture  in  Ihe  two  -pi,,.    ,.,.„.tioii    liherates    heat    which    is   transmitted 

cells  is  different.     The  conductivity  of  (he  niixtur.'  ,,,  .,  ii,crmo|)ile  imhedded  in  the  hoiicalite.  The  e.m.f 

is  lower  in  cell   No.  '2  than   that   in   \o.   1   since  car  -enerated  is  ircorded  hy  a  reciu-din.i;  i)otentiometer. 

hoii   dioxide   has  a    lower  conductivity   than   carhon  Before   the  -as   reaches   the  hopcalite  it   must  pass 

monoxide.     'I'Ik'  hrid-e  is  halaiiced  and   the  readin-  iinoii-li  the  f(dlowin-- .system  :    A  small  i)umi),  motor 

noted.     Next,  the  order  of  -as  flow  is  reversed  and  driven,  to  draAv  the  .-as  from  the  ajiidiance  and  to 

the  system  ai;ain  filled  with  samjile.    ('.dl  No.  1  now  ,■,„.,.,.  ;,   ||ir<ni-h  the  system:  two  bottles  filled  with 

has  the  lower  conductivity  -as  and  No.  L'  the  lii-lier.  „|.|^^  „.,„,|   ,,,  (Hf,.,.  j,,,|j,i  p:,,ticles  and  acid  sjiray  ; 

just   the  reverse  of  the  fornu-r  <-asi'.     As  a   result  of  .,    ,.,,,|ister  containiii-    -ranular  activated   charcoal. 

tlie  iuterehaniie.  the  hrid-e  is  iinhalaiice<l  and  must  ^,„|,|    |i„„,_   .m,]   ^ihsorhent    cotton    to   take  out    some 

be  adjusted  to  a  new  readin-  mi  the  slide  wire.     The  ,,|'  ,1,,,  iiy,|,.,,(arhoii  va]iors:  ,i   water  well   to  adjust 

difference  hclwccn  this  and   the  first  readin-  is  the  n,,.   ,..,,,.  ,,(■  „.,j,   n,,„. .   .,,,  ,„.i|i,.e  type  of  flowmeter 

indication  of  the  amount  of  carbon  monoxide.     This  ^.j,],  „ater  filled  manometer  to  indicate  flow:  reser 

indicatiiui   is  translated  into  ]ierceiitafie  by  calihra  ^.,,|,.  ,,|-  „..|t,>,.  drainin-   into  the  water  w.dl   to  kec]! 

tion  asainst  chemical  ap|iaratus  such  as  the  iodine  ronstant    lemperature  and   pressure  on   the  -as:   re 

[lentoxide.  ccptacle  containiii-  calcium  chloride  (o  furdicr  dry 

Since  both  carbon  dioxide  and  carbon  monoxide  ,|„.  „.,^.  .,  steam  bath  surroundin-  copper  coils  and 
can  be  determined  iji  the  one  instrument,  it  is  very  (Continued  on  I'ik/c  'iX) 


XoiTiiihrr,  I!121 


THK  Ti:('IIX(»(!HAI'H 


1<» 


Tommy  '31  Registers 


A     cjirciM'    :is    :i     liii;li-lii;lil     of     llic    ciiuiiiccriiii;  li;nl    tdlil    liiiii    that    a    fellow's   l)i'st    adviser   was   his 

wi>il(l    had    been    iiro))hesied    for    Toniniv    li.v    e\fry  fatlier.  and   if  lie  was  e\cr-  in   troidde  lie  siioidd  f^o 

citizen  (d'  .Milton  ("enter  from  old  man  Slocnin.  who  to  liiiii.     Somehow  the  ad\ice  didn't  seem  to  fit.  The 

|)rovide(l  transportation   for  tiie  town's  refnse  and  'I'e(hno,i;ra]di  salesman,  who  really  had  some  human 

ashes,  to  .lake  Tooley,  editor  and  printer  of  the  .Mil  points,   saw   his  evident  trouble,  and   directed   him 

ton  Center  Weekly  Trtimiiet.  to  T.    1!., — "The  place,"  he  explained,  "where  they 

Tlie  success  of  a  major  ojieration  liy  Tommy  on  put   on  the  'Thermodynamics  Burles(ine'." 

his   father's    I'ordson    and    the   fact    tliat    he    w.is   a  His  advisei'  made  short  work  of  him  and  he  soon 

wonder  when  it  came  to  re])airin<;  lawnmowi-rs  had  found    himself   hack    in    Knp;ineerin<;    Hall    lookinj;- 

(•inched  their  beliefs  and  the  whole  town  tnrne(l  out  for    the    tallv    i-oom.    L'lL'.      .\t    the   second    flooi'    he 


to  bid  its  hero  fare 

well  when  he  left  foi- 

college.     The  roll   of 

the    enjjineerinjj    de- 

p  a  r  t  m  e  n  t  at  the 

state  .University  was 

to  be  ilhiminated  by 

the  name  of  the  com 

ini;   Edison,   I  h  c 

mayor    said     as    the 

train     mo\ed     away. 

The    way    to    En- 

i;ineerinii'    Hall    was 

fratight  with  danjjer 

durini;     registration 

day.    Tommy    fotind. 

llos]iital  Association 

hij;hwaymen,    1 1 1  i  o 

thutts,  Illinois  T'nion 

iitinmen,    and    Siren 

foot-pads    filled     the  „    , 

Smk  LdciKKD  So  Pretty  .\xd  So  Innocent — How  Was  Tommy   m  K> 
shadowy   jdaces,   and  that  She  Was  One  of  Those  D.^ncbrocs  Outi    .Aia  iiitkcts? 

scarcely    had    he 

stepped  into  the  l)nildino'  when  a  biu  brute  pounced  felt  a  hand  rest  li^hlly.  e\-ei-  so  Ijjihlly.  on  his  arm, 

on  him,  sliotitinji-  wildly,  "Ha\c  you  ^ot  your  Tech  and   he   turned    to   look   down    into  a   jiair  of   larjie, 

iioj;rai)h  yet''"  soulful,  blue  eyes  uazinii  at    him  a|)iiealinf;ly  from 

••"Sly  what'.'"  asked  Tommy   weakly.  the  person  of  a  fair  coed,  to  all  aiipe;iraiu-es  oiu>  of 

"Vour  Technofii-aph,"   said    the  salesman   with   a  tlic  kind    that    is  described   in  cuireni    literature  as 

sujierior  and  kiiowiuj;  air:  a   wily  j;rin  was  spread-  haxinu  "dimpled  knees."     She  looked  so  pretty  and 

inu  over  the  salesni.in's  fealui-es — here  was  his  meat.  so  innocent — how  was  Toniuiv  to  know   lliai  she  was 


heard  a  r  a  u  c  o  u  s 
shriek  :  "(iet  y  o  u  r 
Techiuit;ra]ih  hen'." 
Tommy  was  (piick  to 
see  his  mistake  in 
urchasini;  the  Tech- 
iioj;rai)h  downstairs, 
"I'm  terribly  sor- 
ry," he  apologized,  '"I 
didn't  know  that  you 
w  e  r  e  su])])Osed  t  o 
u  y  the  m  here." 
Then,  as  an  after 
thonjiht,  "Do  Tou 
know  whei'e  212  is'?" 
For  some  unknown 
reason  the  salesman 
hap]iened  to  know 
this  and  gave  him 
the  information. 

He  had  scarcely 
sidled  .-iway  from 
the     desk      when     he 


"Xo  euiiineer  can  get  along  without  the  Techno 
grajih,"  |)ronounced  the  salesman  solemnl.v,  and 
Tommy  (piaked  al  the  thought  that  he  never  would 
have  been  able  to  be  a  snccessfn]  engineer  if  he 
hadn't    met    this   fellow.      Oh    well,   Inck   ahvavs   did 


one  of   those   danuerous  i;irl   .-irchitecls'.' 

•■('ould  you  lell  uie  where  room  L'I2  is'.'"  she 
murmured  with  a  smile  at  once  demure  .-ind  ap- 
pealing. 

ToMiniy  jioinled:  it  wasn't  sate  for  liini  to  s]ieak. 


bre.nk    Tommy's    way,    ami     now    he    would    li.-ive    .i       she  thanked   him  and   went    to  llie  lallv   I'ooiu,  Tom- 


T(chiio</r<i  ph. 

After   he   had    received    a    yard    of   |)aiier    which 


my   followed    like  .1    liner  being   lowed    by   ;i    tug. 

.Miraculous  as   ii    nia\'   seem   Tomni\    finally   fin- 


someone  h.id  referred  to  as  his  "study  list."  he  i-e  j^hed  his  registering  and  was  ready  to  jiay  Iiis  fees, 

jiaired   to   the  corridors   once   more.      Someone   had  ||,.  „;,s  on  jiis  way  to  do  this  when  again  he  felt  a 

tobl    him    thai    the    next    stejp    was    to   see   his    "ad  |j.|,,   i,,,,,.],  ,,„  i,is  sleeve.     Again  he  saw  the  vision, 
viser."      I'.efore   he    left,    everyoiu'    in    Milton   Center  iContiiiuet!  on  Ihujr  -ir.i 


TiiK  Ti:(iiX(Mii;.\i'i[ 


Xorniihrr,  W.^1 


THE  TECHNOGKAl'lI  STAFF 


K.  F.  Toi>n  '2S Editor 

F   E.    Holinstrand   '28 Associate  Editor 

I.  W.  Schoeninger  '28 Associate  Editor 

H.   E.   Rittenliouse  '29 Assistant  Editor 

M.   B.   Fierke   '29 Assistant  Editor 

M.   Thompson   '28 Art  Editor 


C.  F.  GEBiiARnT  '2S RumncHH  Mdnafia- 

R.   H.   Landon   '28 Associate  Business  Manager 

R.   F.   Morrison   '29 Circulation  Manayer 

R.    B.   Sawtell   '29 National  Advertising  Manaper 

M.    S.    Anderson    '28 Local  Advertising  Manager 


ASSISTANTS 

H.   Ryerson   '28,   N.   Burnam   '29,   L.   Winget   '30,  G.   E.   Sorenson   '.'!0,   J.   V.   Manley   '29, 

j.  W.  DeWoU"  '30,  C.  Cederblom  '31,  A,  Doescher  '30,  .1.  Webb  '30,  D.  E.  Heiman 

'29,  J.  Martin  '29,  O.  W.  German  '30,  R.  Mullady  '30,  R.  Bruhnke  '30, 

R.  Hainsfurther  '30,  R.   L.   Smith   '31.  K.   Lind   '31,  and 

C.  Danielson  '31. 

DEPARTMENTAL  REPRESENTATIVES 


G.  C.  Gairing  '28 Architecture 

R.    Roup    '28 Ceramics 

T.   S.   Watson   '28— Chemical 

W.   G.   Flagg  "28 Civil 

L.  H.  Hull  '28 Electrical 


F.  M.   Morgan  '29 General 

J.  Manley  '29 General  Engineering  Physics 

G.  M.  Kendrick  '28 Mechanical 

G.  A.  Peacock  '28 Mining 

R.  H.  Tull  '28 Ruiluay 


Mississippi  Flood  Control 

Cunf;ressiii;in  h'ciil  liiis  cnllcd  tojietlier  tlie  lion.se  cdinmittcc  on  flood  control,  of  wliitli 
he  is  chairman,  foi'  a  session  before  the  ojjeuiug  of  Congress  in  Deceniliei'.  The  committee 
will  endeavor  to  deteimine  tiie  most  effective  plan  to  permanently  safeguard  the  Mississippi 
valley  against  another  disaster  so  that  this  plan  may  \n\i  before  Congress  at  the  earliest  pos- 
sible moment.  It  is  planned  to  get  all  the  information  |)ossible  before  the  committee,  and 
also  to  present  the  i-eport  of  the  army  engineeis  of  the  Mississipjd  Kiver  Commission. 

The  people  of  the  mid-west,  and  especially  mid-west  engineeis,  are  particularly  in- 
terested in  what  the  committee  will  decide.  The  Chicago  flood  conti'ol  conference,  which  was 
confronted  by  a  maze  of  flood  relief  plans,  found  no  cure-all.  and  merely  resolved  that  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  federal  government  to  fiud  the  best  method  and  ap])ly  it,  regardless  of  cost. 
It  is  certain  that  the  house  committee  will  also  be  confronted  with  a  terrific  demand  for 
hearings  on  different  ]dans. 

One  of  the  leading  jilans  for  flood  control  has  been  ])repared  by  J.  E.  Kemper,  a  civil 
engineer  with  the  National  I'^lood  Prevention  Committee.  He  has  proposed  two  spillways 
to  disjiosp  of  the  estimated  maximum  flow  of  3,000,000  cubic  feet  of  water  ]ier  second  at  the 
inoMtli  of  llic  l\cd  IkiviT.  One  would  be  located  below  New  Orleans,  and  the  otlici'  would 
leave  the  rivi'i-  twelve  miles  beyond  Baton  Rouge.  This  would  enable  the  main  river  to  carry 
l,(;0(),()Oti  (  iiliic  feet  per  second  in  safety.  The  Atchafalay.-i  would  be  imi)roved  to  carry 
(100,00(1,  and  a  new  channel  emi)tying  into  Vermilion  bay  would  be  constructed,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  levees  set  two  miles  back,  to  take  care  of  the  remaining  800,000  cubic  feet. 

The  i)lan  also  proposes  the  construction  of  an  auxiliary  by-])ass  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river  from  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ked  river.  This  auxiliary  would 
tend  to  i)revent  damage  along  the  stretch  past  Greenville.  Vicksburg,  and  Natchez.  The 
water  brought  down  would  be  discharged  through  the  Alcliafalaya  and  X'erniilion  Ray  out- 
lets without  re  entering  the  Mississippi  proper. 

Mr.  Kemper  estimates  the  cost  of  these  works  at  liSl.-.d.OdO.OOd :   this  does  not  apjiear 


Xovrmhrr.  1!U7  TTTK  TErnXOGRAPn  21 

liij^li  wliLMi  u()in|)ai-0(l  with  tlu'  liciicfils  expected  to  result.  He  re^Mnls  his  plnii  as  a  first  ste]) 
toward  effective  control,  and  im  (hnihi  tlie  fhmd  eonmiission  will  find  its  features  worthy  of 
careful  consideration  and  study. 

The  committee  intends  to  investigate  for  at  least  a  m(»ntli  before  any  recommeiida 
tions  are  made.  Eu{;;ineers,  and  also  the  imblic,  will  await  their  findings  with  inten.se 
interest. 

We  Experiment 

When  Thr  Trcluiofiniph  was  estahlished  forty  years  ago  it  was  litei-illy  the  product 
of  the  entire  Engineering  Scliool.  which  was  hut  a  miniature  of  the  school  today;  now  it  con- 
sists of  the  material  sui)i)lied  or  unearthed  by  a  relatively  small  staff.  Then  the  students 
felt  an  inherent  sense  of  res])onsil)ility  for  the  sncces.s  of  the  magazine,  and  this  interest 
made  it  a  very  vital  part  of  the  College;  now  the  students  ''accejit"  Thr  Trrhiiograph,  along 
with  G.  E.  D.  and  T.  &  A.  i[..  as  one  of  the  necessary  benefits  or  e\  ils  accom])aiiyiug  an  engi- 
neering education  a(  the  T'niversity. 

Thr  Trchnofjiaph  is  still  the  only  medium  through  which  the  knowledge,  the  out.stand- 
ing  ex])eriences.  and  the  activities  of  lUini  Engineers  may  be  presented  to  the  whole  College. 
Why  shouldn't  it  still  be  as  vital  a  part  of  the  School  as  it  was  forty  years  ago?  Two  oxit- 
standing  rea.sons  apparently  provide  an  answer  to  this  question:  first,  the  students  no  long- 
er feel  themselves  as  res])onsible  for  the  success  of  the  magazine  as  they  did  when  there  was 
but  a  mere  handfull  of  engineers  at  Illinois;  second,  many  of  the  articles  appearing  in  Thr 
Tcchnograph  are  too  technical  to  appeal  to  the  average  undergraduate  who  jirefers  that  his 
reading  outside  of  class  be  of  the  type  that  is  easily  and  quickly  grasped. 

It  is  argued  in  this  connection  that  the  best  way  to  directly  appeal  to  the  under- 
graduate is  to  print  light,  descrii)tive  articles,  long  accounts  of  student  activities,  and  an 
abundance  of  student  humor.  While  this  would  no  doubt  be  to  the  student's  liking,  it  is 
readily  seen  that  such  material  would  have  little  or  no  apjieal  to  the  alumni  and  faculty. 

A  comiiromi.se  between  the  two  must  be  effected  in  such  a  way  that  both  factions  may 
find  an  active  interest  in  the  magazine.  This  issue  is  on  the  order  of  an  exjieriment :  it  is 
one-third  compo.sed  of  strictly  technical  articles,  one-third  of  descriptive  articles  which  are 
readily  understood  and  appreciated  by  undergraduates,  and  one-third  of  student  activities 
and  humor.  Whether  or  not  the  experiment  is  successful  will  be  evidenced  by  the  student 
reaction  to  the  issue. 

The  Engineering  Open  House 

A  sanctuary  of  renewed  inspiration  for  discouraged  future  Edisons.  three  hours  of 
amazing  wonders  for  the  yokel,  a  display  of  science's  marvels  for  the  layman,  and  an  eve- 
ning's entertainment  for  the  bored  commerce  student — what  is  it?  It's  the  Engineering  Ojien 
nouse,  held  biennially,  to  be  staged  early  in  December. 

"Away  back  in  the  mouldy  and  dusty  archives  of  time,  about  l!)()(i,  the  Physics  de- 
jiartment  of  the  University  annually  brought  out  its  apparatus  from  dark  store-rooms  and 
l)laced  it  on  display.  The  laws  of  jdiysics  were  proved  and  rejtroved  a  hundred  times  before 
the  dozens  of  wondering  visitors,  and  the  event  was  christened  tiie  (>i)en  House.  A  decade 
later  the  Jlechanical  engineering  de])artment  gazed  with  covetous  eyes  at  the  Open  House 
held  annually  in  the  Physics  Laboratory  and  sought  to  develop  one  of  its  own — and  the  Me- 
chanical Engineering  Open  House  was  brought  into  the  world. 

"Since  1921  the  whole  engineering  college  has  co-o])erated  to  make  jHissible,  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  the  most  magnificently  grand  and  utterly  stupendous  exposition  of  the  won- 
ders of  modern  science  and  industry.  Are  you  going  to  miss  it?  Have  a  thought  for  your 
own  mental  growth  and  hearken  to  the  wisdom-speaking  voice  of  your  intellectual  curiosity. 
I  knew  you  would  I  Tickets?  Kight  this  way.  Don't  crowd,  boys.  Seats  in  the  main  tent." 
Foolishness?  Xot  a  bit  of  it.  The  interest  evidenced  in  the  coming  ()])en  Hon.se  points 
the  way  to  a  com])lete  sticcess,  and  we  really  want  to  see  it  go  over  big.  It's  one  of  the 
worth  \\hile  things  on  the  campus. 


'I'lii:  ti:(IIN(h;i;ai'ii 


\<>lr„lhrr.    I'.in 


COLLEGi: 
NOTES 


Prizes  in  the  Shacfer 
Competition  Increased 

This  year  Mr.  John  V.  Schael'er. 
President  of  the  Cement  Gun  Construc- 
tion Company,  Chicago,  is  offering  a 
first  prize  of  150.00  and  a  second  prize 
of  $25.00  for  the  two  hest  papers  by 
students  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
describing  some  practical  engineering 
experience.  In  previous  years  the 
prizes  have  been  $25.00  and  $15.00. 

The  conditions  governing  the  con- 
test require  that  the  writer  be  a  stu- 
dent of  the  University  beyond  his 
freshman  year  in  the  College  of  Engi- 
neering. The  essay  must  describe  an 
engineering  project  on  which  the  writ- 
er has  been  personally  engaged,  and  it 
should  be  accompanied  by  photographs 
and  drawings  made  by  the  writer. 

As  regards  mechanical  make-up:  It 
must  be  between  1,500  and  2,500  words 
and  it  must  be  written  either  in  long- 
liand  or  on  a  typewriter  by  the  con- 
testant himself.  No  stenographer  may 
be  employed.  Eight  and  one-half  by 
eleven  inch  paper  should  be  used,  and 
there  should  be  a  margin  of  one  and 
one-fourth  inches  on  the  left.  Each 
essay  must  show  the  name  and  ad- 
dress of  the  writer. 

The  three  judges,  who  will  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Engineering,  will  make  their  awards 
on  the  basis  of  logical  arrangement, 
completeness  of  description,  diction, 
grammar,  spelling,  excellence  of  the 
sketches  and  drawings,  and  accuracy 
of  detail. 

All  papers  must  be  sul)mitted  to  the 
Dean  of  the  College  of  Engineering  not 
later  than  5  p.  m.,  on  Thursday,  Janu- 
ary 5,  1928. 

The  Technogiaph  is  particularly 
anxious  that  as  many  students  as  pos- 
sible enter  the  contest,  and  hopes  to 
print  several  of  the  essays  submitted, 
including  the  prize  essay,  during  the 
year.  It  is  certain  that  the  experi- 
ence which  would  be  gained  by  writing 
such  an  essay  would  alone  repay  a  stu- 
dent for  his  effort. 


Michel  and  Hall  to  the 
Rescue 

Dear  readers,  there  are  among  us 
contemporaries  who,  despite  the  mod- 
ern trend  toward  greed  and  selfish- 
ness, possess  gentleness  and  courage 
of  character  that  put  to  shame  the 
chivalry  of  medieval   days. 

Two  20th  century  knights,  Sir 
Michel  and  Sir  Hall,  were  traversing 
a  muddy  stretch  or  road  known  as 
West  Green  street,  mounted  on  Sir 
Hall's  trusty  steed,  Chevrolet,  when 
their  eyes  were  greeted  with  the  sight 
of  four  fair  maids  walking  through 
the  ooze  toward  the  city.  Without 
hesitation,  and  urged,  no  doubt,  by  the 
chivalry  of  the  great  hearts  beating  in 
their  noble  bosoms,  the  riders  offered 
assistance   to  the   danger-beset   ladies. 

Soon  the  fair  ones,  too,  were  mount- 
ed on  hardy  Chevrolet  and  the  sextet 
started  galloping  toward  town.  The 
strength  of  that  famed  steed  is  uni- 
versally known,  but  a  monstrous  mire 
ensnared  him  in  its  slimy  talons  and 
the  threshing  of  his  mighty  sinews 
was  to  no  avail. 

"Tis  through  no  fault  of  our  mount 
that  we  are  stuck,"  quoth  gallant  Sir 
Michel,  "Forsooth,  I  will  away  to  pro- 
cure relief."  And  he  struck  forth 
through  the  mud.  The  milestones  ap- 
peared even  as  a  picket  fence  so  rapid- 
ly did  the  knight  rush  toward  his  goal. 
At  the  Castle-Michel  he  lept  onto  his 
little  Ford,  the  diminutive  mount,  sur- 
passed in  dependability  by  none,  and 
spurring  the  steed  to  its  utmost  he 
returned  to  the  stricken  group  almost 
instantly.  He  found  Sir  Hall  unharm- 
ed  despite  his   perilous   situation. 

The  question  of  transferring  the 
ladies  across  the  mud  to  Ford  was 
solved  by  the  small  but  powerful  Sir 
Hall  when  he  gathered  the  fairest 
into  his  arms  and  stepped  off  slowly 
toward  the  waiting  mount.  One  by  one 
the  maidens  went  through  the  ordeal, 
and  leaving  Chevrolet  to  a  sad  but  in- 
evitable fate  the  party  drove  home- 
ward through  the  dusk. 


And  who  were  the  fair  ones,  you 
ask?  I  do  not  know,  nor  any  other, 
probably  not  even  the  Heaven-sent  Sir 
Michel  and  Sir  Hall.  But  that  is  not 
the  point  of  my  tale;  I  merely  wish  to 
prove  that  we  still  have  with  us  ;he 
chivalry  of  an  epoch  long  dead. 


Promotions  of  Instructors 

Ten  faculty  members  of  the  engi- 
neering school  have  received  promo- 
tion in  rank,  according  to  a  report  is- 
sued by  the  office  of  the  dean  of  the 
college.  Those  who  have  been  raised 
in  rank  are  as  follows:  L.  C.  Dillen- 
bach,  from  associate  professor  to  pro- 
fessor of  architectural  design;  C.  A. 
Keener,  from  instructor  to  associate 
in  electrical  engineering;  J.  0.  Krae- 
henbuehl,  from  instructor  to  associate 
in  electrical  engineering. 

R.  P.  Hoelscher,  from  assistant  pro- 
fessor to  associate  professor  of  general 
engineering  drawing;  J.  A.  Poison, 
from  associate  professor  to  professor 
of  steam  engineering;  C.  W.  Ham. 
from  associate  professor  to  professor 
of  machine  design;  W.  H.  Severns, 
from  assistant  professor  to  associate 
professor  of  mechanical  engineering; 
M.  0.  Ningard,  from  assistant  to  in- 
structor of  mechanical  engineering. 

R.  F.  Paton,  from  associate  to  as- 
sistant professor  of  physics;  H.  M. 
Westergaard,  from  associate  professor 
to  professor  of  theoretical  and  applied 
mechanics. 


In  desperation  Prof.  M.\r.shall  of 
the  Mining  department  issued  a  stern 
verbal  ultimatum  to  his  classes  the 
other  day.  He  said,  "I  don't  mind 
your  chewing  tobacco  in  class  but  I 
won't  stand  for  your  spitting  in  the 
table  drawers." 


Pick  up  the  marbles,  Lindy.  you 
win.  Arot  ST  Lindbkro  thought  that 
the  Technograph  was  an  electrical  re- 
cording instrument. 

(ContinneO  on  Paye  33) 


Xoi'viiilii  I',  111''! 


Tin:  Ti:(iiX(t(iHAi'[i 


RT 


DEPARTMENTAL 

NOTES 


Physics 


The  activities  in  physics  in  general 
and  particularly  the  scope  of  the 
course  given  the  formidable  title  of 
General  Engineering  Physics  on  the 
Dean's  grade  cards  are  not  widely 
known,  judging  from  the  lack  of  com- 
prehension of  the  average  undergradu- 
ate when  the  conversation  turned  to 
these  subjects.  We  members  of  that 
course  are  wont  to  explain  in  answer 
to  that  curious,  dumb-but-won't-admit- 
it  look  that  it  is  the  hardest  course  in 
the  University — which  is  in  itself,  of 
course,  very  helpful. 

The  course  in  General  Engineering 
Physics  is  a  link  between  pure  physics 
and  engineering.  It  is  arranged  to  af- 
ford an  extensive  (ask  a  student) 
foundation  for  work  in  either  engi- 
neering or  physics,  especially  in  the 
research  branches  of  those  fields.  To 
quote  from  the  University  Bulletin, 
the  object  of  the  curriculum  is  to  fit 
persons  "for  investigation  of  general 
engineering  problems  calling  for  a 
knowledge  of  physics  and  mathe- 
matics." 

The  students  who  are  the  objects  of 
this  training  are  few — this  semester's 
registration  total  is  eleven — but  they 
pride  themselves  on  quality  rather 
than  quantity.  Their  average  last  year 
for  both  semesters  was  better  than  B! 
This  was  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the 
course  consists  of,  as  requirment  for 
graduation:  36  hours  of  physics,  26 
hours  of  mathematics.  1!)  of  chemistry 
12  of  electrical  engineering.  S  of 
French  or  German,  and  6  of  non-tech- 
nical electives:  all  this  in  addition  to 
the  usual  basic  courses  in  rhetoric, 
physical  education,  military  and  hy- 
giene! And  yet  five  students  of  a  total 
enrollment  of  twelve  graduated  last 
year. 

The  activities  in  physics  consist  of 
the  Physics  Colloquium  which  meets 
every  Thursday  evening  at  seven 
o'clock  in  room  100  Physics  Labora- 
tory, and  the  Journal  Club,  meeting 
Saturdays  at  eleven  o'clock  in  room 
208  of  the  same  building.  Both  meet- 
ings are  open  to  everyone. 


The  Pliysics  Colloquium  is  devoted 
to  the  presentation  of  the  work  or  ex- 
perience of  the  various  members  of 
the  department,  or  from  time  to  time 
that  of  some  outstanding  physicist. 
The  speakers  at  the  first  two  regular 
meetings  of  the  colloquium  were  Dr. 
G.  W.  C.  Kaye  of  the  British  National 
Laboratory,  and  Professor  C.  T.  Knipp 
of  the  physics  department  of  this  uni- 
versity. Dr.  Kaye  gave  a  series  of  three 
lectures  on  the  recent  applications  of 
X-rays  and  the  nature  and  scope  of 
the  work  being  done  by  the  labora- 
tory with  which  he  is  connected.  Pro- 
fessor Knipp's  talk  was  given  on  the 
subject,  "A  Year's  Experience  in  the 
Cavendish   Laboratories." 

The  purpose  of  the  Journal  Club  of 
the  physics  department  is  to  present 
reports  of  such  articles  in  current 
magazines  as  would  be  of  interest 
to  the  physics  student.  These  reports 
are  customarily  given  by  the  graduate 
students  and   assistants. 


Civil 

Enrollment  figures  in  the  depart- 
ment of  civil  engineering  indicate  an 
increase  of  31  this  semester  over  the 
number  registered  in  courses  the  first 
semester  of  last  year.  This  semester's 
enrollment  is  341,  while  last  year's  was 
310. 

The  number  of  freshmen  has  fallen 
off  this  semester  about  one-third,  but 
all  other  classes  show  a  considerable 
increase.  Nineteen  are  taking  gradu- 
ate work  this  year. 

Enrollment  this  year  is:  freshmen, 
9.5:  sophomores,  77:  juniors,  84:  sen- 
iors. 66;  and  graduates,  19.  The  en- 
rollment last  year  for  the  first  semes- 
ter was:  freshmen.  132:  sophomores, 
6.5:   juniors,  74:   and  seniors,  39. 

Three  new  books  are  being  prepared 
by  men  connected  with  this  depart- 
ment. Professor  Crandell  has  started 
to  revise  the  highway  portion  of  the 
A.  S.  C.  E.  "Pocket  Book";  this  may 
not  be  completed  for  two  or  three 
years.  Professor  Wiley  has  his  book, 
"Highway  Engineering"  almost  ready 
for  the  press,  while  Mr.  E.  E.  Bauer 


has  placed  his  manuscript  for  "High- 
way Materials"  in  the  hands  of  the 
publishers.  This  will  be  available  next 
semester  for  use  in  place  of  the 
mimeographed  copies  now  used  in  C. 
E.  95. 

Professors  Huntington.  Cross.  Wil- 
son, and  Pickels  attended  the  A.  S.  C. 
E.  convention  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  the 
second  week  in  October.  Professors 
Cross  and  Wilson  were  on  the 
program. 


Architectural 

At  the  close  of  the  spring  semester 
last  June,  Kerth  and  Rowland  made 
their  respective  ways  to  the  schools 
at  Lake  Forest.  They  went  there  on  a 
scholarship  which  is  awarded  annual- 
ly  to   two   seniors   in   the   department. 

The  summer  sketch  prize  was  won 
by  Johnson. 

Confer,  Serpito,  and  Kloppenburg. 
men  who  have  but  recently  graduated 
from  the  University,  passed  their  ex- 
amination at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
hoard  and  are  now  licensed  architects. 
Ralph  Kloppenburg  is  now  instructing 
in  the  department  and  has  done  some 
very  good  work  on  architectural  jobs 
he  has  had  in  the  Twin  Cities. 

The  promotions  list  compiled  during 
the  summer  states  that  Dillenbach  is 
now  a  Professor  in  Architecture. 


Mechanical 

A.  S.  M.  E. 
The  activities  of  the  student  branch 
opened  this  year  with  a  smoker  at  the 
M.  E.  laboratory  on  Thursday,  Sep- 
tember 29th,  held  in  conjunction  with 
Pi  Tau  Sigma,  honorary  mechanical 
engineering  fraternity.  About  seventy 
five  students  were  present,  and  also  a 
large  number  of  the  departmental 
staff,  several  of  whom  gave  brief  talks 
on  the  value  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  as  a 
means  of  becoming  better  acquainted 
with  the  opportunities  awaiting  a  stu- 
dent upon  completion  of  his  under- 
graduate work.  Prof.  B.  W.  Benedict, 
director  of  the  shop  laboratories,  out- 
lined   the   growth    of   the   department 


24 


Mli;  TKCIINOCKAI'II 


X>,n  iiihn\  li).ll 


since  the  time  of  its  inception  by  Prof. 
Itoliinson.  DoUKlinuta,  cider,  and  tlie 
smokes  were  served  immediately  after 
the  meeting. 

At  the  regular  meeting  of  October 
5th,  F.  E.  Hangs  '30.  told  of  his  work 
with  the  Pierce  Petroleum  Corpora- 
tion at  Tulsa.  Oklahoma.  With  the  aid 
of  colored  chalk  drawings  he  described 
the  plant  layout  and  the  refining  pro- 
cess from  the  time  the  crude  oil  en- 
tered the  plant  to  where  the  gasoline, 
lubricants,  and  by-products  were  se- 
cured. 

President  J.  W.  Savage  has  plans 
for  a  number  of  interesting  meetings 
this  semester.  Probably  two  of  them 
will  be  devoted  to  short  talks  by  the 
students  on  summer  work  of  an  engi- 
neering nature,  while  an  attempt  is 
being  made  to  secure  for  a  future 
meeting  a  four  reel  film,  "Steam,"  re- 
cently completed  by  the  Babcock  and 
Wilcox  Co.  This  picture  shows  in  ani- 
mated form  what  takes  place  in  a 
large  boiler  unit,  including  boiler, 
super-heater,  air  pre-heater,  and  stok- 
er, and  also  gives  the  latest  methods 
of  boiler  manufacture. 

Ni;w    iNSTIilCTdUS 

The  following  three  men  have  been 
added  to  the  department  this  fall  as 
instructors  in  steam  engineering: 

L.  D.  Golden,  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas  in  1926.  Mr.  Golden 
spent  the  last  year  as  an  instructor 
in  mathematics  at  that  institution. 

R.  F.  Larson,  an  Illinois  graduate  of 
1923,  has  returned  as  an  instructor 
after  spending  four  years  in  the  en- 
gineering field.  He  was  employed  by 
the  Standard  Oil  Company  at  Whiting, 
Indiana,  and  the  Dearborn  Chemical 
Co.,  Chicago,  to  do  research  work  on 
lubrication.  He  was  also  connected 
with  the  Newport  Boiler  Co.,  Chicago, 
as  a  heating  engineer. 

J.  R.  Armstrong,  who  received  his 
B.  S.  at  Purdue  University  in  1927. 
was  in  the  sales  department  of  the 
General  Electric  Co.,  at  Port  Wayne, 
Indiana,  during  the  past  summer. 
Nkw   Eqi'ii'mrxt 

The  foundry  laboratory  has  recently 
purchased  a  new  Booth  Electric  Fur- 
nace, to  be  used  for  experimental  and 
research  work.  It  operates  on  110  volts 
at  185  amperes,  and  is  capable  of  melt- 
ing sixty  pounds  of  iron  or  steel  in 
about  thirty  minutes.  The  laboratory 
has  also  been  presented  with  a  Mc- 
Hvine  Moisture  Recorder  tor  the  de- 
termination of  the  moisture  content 
in  molding  sands. 

The  installation  has  just  been  com- 
pleted  at   the    power   laboratory   of   a 


motor  driven  centrifugal  pump,  cap- 
able of  delivering  250  gallons  of  water 
per  minute  at  2,000  R.P.M.  and  200 
pounds  per  square  inch  pressure.  In 
addition  to  the  customary  dummy  pis- 
tons, it  is  provided  with  double  Kings- 
bury thrust  bearings.  The  pump  dis- 
charges through  a  series  of  valves  in- 
to an  orifice  tank,  thus  making  it 
possible  to  regulate  the  pressure 
against  which  the  pump  must  operate 
and  to  measure  the  quantity  of  water 
delivered. 

There  has  also  been  received  as  a 
gift  from  the  Oakland  Motor  Co.,  a 
cutaway  chassis,  similar  to  those  dis- 
played at  the  automobile  shows.  The 
machine  is  finished  in  nickle  plate 
and  colored  enamel,  and  reveals  the 
construction  details  of  every  working 
part. 


Mining 

September  27th  the  Mining  Society 
held  the  first  meeting  of  the  year. 
The  officers  for  the  coming  year  are: 
E.  W.  Cooney,  president;  S.  F.  Swain, 
vice-president:  W.  L.  Lindsay,  secre- 
tary-treasurer. Members  of  the  fresh- 
man class  were  welcomed  into  the  so- 
ciety and  made  acquainted  with  the 
faculty  and  upper-classmen.  Profes- 
sor Callen  spoke  on  the  benefits  and 
purposes  of  the  organization.  Profes- 
sor Marshall  gave  advice  concerning 
the  affiliation  of  the  local  students  as 
junior  associate  members  of  the  Am- 
erican Institute  of  Mining  and  Metal- 
lurgical Engineers. 

On  October  11th  the  Miners  had 
their  annual  fling.  Cider  and  dough- 
nuts brought  the  gang  out  en  masse 
in  spite  of  the  rain.  Professor  Mar- 
shall, who  spent  the  latter  part  of  the 
summer  on  an  inspection  tour  of  the 
eastern  mining  districts  of  Canada 
with  the  Canadian  Institute,  recounted 
some  of  his  experiences.  The  informal 
talk  dealt  largely  with  the  men  with 
whom  the  speaker  had  come  in  con- 
tact during  the  tour:  Englishmen, 
silk-hatted  and  swaggering  fresh  from 
a  London  fog.  South  African  diamond 
men,  Australians,  men  from  the  Malay 
States  and  Rhodesia,  Canadians,  Am- 
ericans, and  knighted  members  of  In- 
stitute: members  from  every  corner 
of  the  earth  where  mining  is  carried 
on  and  that  includes  every  nook  where 
civilization  has  reached  as  well  as 
many  where  it  has  not.  President 
Cooney  appointed  a  committee  to  bring 
to  the  campus  several  educational  mo- 
tion pictures  obtainable  through  the 
Bureau  of  Mines. 


Chemical 

The  Chemical  department  has 
started  the  work  of  the  year  1927-28 
off  with  a  bang.  All  the  students  of 
the  different  branches  of  the  Chemi- 
cal department  seem  to  have  their 
hands  full  at  the  present  time  and 
no  doubt  will  for  the  remainder  f>f 
the  year. 

Accurate  figures  for  this  year  aren't 
available  as  yet  but  looking  over  last 
year's  figures  we  find  that  there  was  a 
total  of  2,867  undergraduate  students 
and  112  graduate  students  registered 
in  the  different  chemistry  classes. 

In  the  teaching  staff  there  were  six 
professors,  seven  assistants,  forty-two 
half  time  assistants,  eighteen  quarter 
time  assistants,  ten  Fellows,  six  Schol- 
ars, and  nine  research  assistants. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  di- 
visions of  the  Chemistry  department 
is  its  research  department.  The  serv- 
ice rendered  to  mankind  by  this 
branch  is  so  great  that  it  cannot  be 
estimated  in  mere  words.  Thus  re- 
search goes  along  with  the  teaching 
and  wonderful  things  are  accom- 
plished. 

The  department  of  Chemistry  is  in- 
valuable to  students  of  Engineering, 
Ceramics.  Agriculture,  Home  Eco- 
nomics, pre-Medical,  and  pre-Dental. 

It  is  a  valuable  department  and  a 
part  of  the  fame  of  the  University  of 
Illinois  is  due  to  her  Chemistry. 


Electrical 

El.ECTKKAI.    ENC.INEERINU    SOCIETY 

An  informal  meeting  and  open  house 
was  held  by  the  E.  E.  Society  in  the 
E.  E.  Lab.  on  Friday  evening,  Septem- 
ber 23.  The  meeting  was  an  informal 
get  together  of  the  old  members,  and 
also  in  the  nature  of  a  reception  to  the 
freshman  E.  E.  class. 

Difficulties  in  the  way  of  an  E.  E. 
show  for  this  year  were  presented  by 
Professor  E.  B.  Paine,  head  of  the  E. 
E.  Department.  Professor  Paine  also 
suggested  some  ideas  which  need  some 
thought  and  time  to  work  out. 

Professor  Morgan  Brooks  of  the  E. 
E.  department  showed  an  interesting 
method  of  cutting  paper  strips  so  that 
only  one  edge  remained  on  the  strip. 
He  also  showed  several  methods  of 
cutting  paper  strips  so  that  interlink- 
ing loops  and  lengthened  loops  were 
formed. 

Professor  C.  T.  Knipp  of  the  Physics 
Department  told  of  some  of  the  inter- 
esting incidents  of  his  trip  abroad 
during  the  past  year. 

Dean  M.  S.  Ketchum  of  the  College 
(Continued  on  Paye  32) 


iiihrr,  10.2: 


THE  TEdlNOOKAPn 


ONTEMPORARY 

ENQINEERINQ^NEWS- 


i 


Electric  Drive  for  Motor 
Busses 

With  the  recent  rapid  expansion  of 
motor  busses  in  the  transportation 
field,  particularly  in  the  larger  cities, 
traffic  conditions  demand  a  vehicle 
of  large  seating  capacity,  which  ma- 
terially increases  the  weight  and  this 
in  turn  requires  more  engine  power. 
As  these  applications  are  being  made 
largely  by  transportation  men  accus- 
tomed to  rail  operation,  schedule 
speeds  comparable  with  those  obtained 
on  rail  lines  are  demanded.  To  meet 
these  requirements,  busses  seating  C7 
passengers  were  developed,  equipped 
with  six  cylinder  engines  of  sufficient 
capacity  to  handle  not  only  the  addi- 
tional weight  of  the  larger  vehicle, 
but  to  obtain  higher  rates  of  accelera- 
tion, and  in  some  cases  higher  free 
running  speeds. 

This  development  of  the  larger  ve- 
hicle brought  more  forcibly  to  the  at- 
tention of  the  operators  and  the  de- 
signing automotive  engineers  that  the 
means  of  transmitting  power — the 
clutch  and  gear  shift — was  not  all  that 
is  desired  for  the  modern  high-powered 
vehicle.  It  is  only  to  be  expected  that 
as  the  electric  motor  in  rail  transpor- 
tation and  the  internal  combustion 
engine  in  the  automotive  field  were 
each  in  its  own  way  the  principal  con- 
tributing factors  toward  the  many 
changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the 
transportation  field,  that  these  two 
should  form  a  union  to  meet  this  new 
requirement  of  modern  transportation. 
While  the  internal  combustion  engine 
has  been  brought  to  a  degree  of  per- 
fection where  its  reliability  need  be 
no  longer  in  question,  to  best  utilize 
its  constant  torque  characteristics  for 
transportation  purposes  with  its  re- 
quirement of  widely  varying  torque 
and  speed  it  is  necessary  to  provide 
some  means  of  changing  the  torque 
ratio  between  the  engine  shaft  and 
the  driving  wheels.  As  the  torque  of 
this  type  of  engine  has  definite  limits 
the  engine  would  necessarily  be  very 
large,  unless  some  means  is  provided 
for   increasing   the   torque,   and    it    is 


for  this  reason  that  some  methud  cil' 
changeable  gear  reduction  is  in  almost 
universal  use.  In  theory  as  well  as  in 
practice  the  success  of  electric  drive 
has  been  thoroughly  demonstrated  by 
long  experience  with  electric  appar- 
atus in  transportation. 

The  electric  drive  tor  motor  busses 
includes  a  direct  current  generator 
which  is  connected  to  an  internal  com- 
bustion engine  and  which  supplies  the 
current  to  D.  C.  series  motors  of  a 
type  common  to  street  railways.  Elec- 
tric reversing  and  series  parallel 
switches  provide  tor  directional  move- 
ment and  customary  motor  combina- 
tions. Variation  in  the  speed  and  the 
torque  of  the  driving  wheels  is  very 
smoothly  accomplished  throughout  the 
entire  range  by  simply  varying  the 
voltage  of  the  generator.  This  may  be 
done  by  manual  control  of  the  gener- 
ator excitation  or  may  be  obtained 
automatically  by  designing  the  gene- 
rator with  a  drooping  characteristic 
so  that  the  voltage  will  vary  inverse- 
ly with  the  current  demand. 

The  question  might  well  be  asked, 
why  use  electric  drive  involving  some- 
what greater  weight  and  cost?  Some  of 
the  reasons  are  —  better  schedule 
speeds  in  frequent  stop  service,  less 
number  of  engine  revolutions  and  low- 
er peak  engine  speeds  to  cover  a  giv- 
en mileage,  less  mechanical  strain  on 
the  engine  driving  mechanism  and  on 
the  tires,  and  more  important  —  a 
smoother  acceleration  and  greater  com- 
fort for  passengers. 

From  an  engineering  viewpoint, 
compare  the  sharp  surges  which  occur 
in  every  acceleration  as  the  gears  are 
shifted  and  the  clutch  engaged  with 
the  electric  drive  which  starts  off  and 
continues  to  maximum  speed  with  a 
gradually  increasing  torque  without 
at  any  time  putting  a  severe  strain  on 
the  mechanism;  dynamotor  tests  show 
that  the  electric  drive  cuts  the  peaks 
of  torsion  about  60  per  cent. 

As  the  overall  efficiency  of  the  elec- 
tric drive  is  about  75  per  cent,  which 
is  less  than  mechanical  transmission 
on    direct   gears,    it   would   seem   that 


fuel  efficiency  would  be  less.  However, 
the  fuel  consumption  caused  by  the 
electric  drive  beyond  that  otherwise 
used  is  only  that  required  by  the  ad- 
ditional weight  of  equipment.  As  the 
average  fuel  cost  per  bus  mile  is  four 
and  one-half  cents,  any  factor  which 
affects  fuel  consumption  ten  per  cent 
will  affect  costs  only  about  one  and 
one-halt  cents  per  bus  mile.  The  most 
important  item  in  cost  is  that  of  crew 
expenses,  which  are  about  fourteen 
and  one-half  cents  per  bus  mile.  As  the 
electric  drive  increases  the  speed  to 
about  ten  per  cent,  the  crew  cost  per 
bus  mile  is  reduced  one  and  one-half 
cents.  The  fixed  charges  are  affected 
in  the  same  ratio,  for  as  the  schedule 
speed  increases  the  number  of  busses 
required  for  service  decreases. 


$500,000  for  Gas  Research 

The  application  of  gas  to  innumer- 
able processes  of  industry  opens  a  field 
of  practically  unlimited  proportions. 
Today  the  American  Gas  Association 
is  spending  $500,000  on  scientifc  re- 
search to  develop  suitable  appliances 
using  gas  for  many  of  industry's  heat 
probleriis  that  have  been  troublesome 
tor  years.  In  1910  only  five  per  cent 
of  the  gas  output  was  sold  to  industry, 
or  7,500,000.000  cubic  feet.  In  1926, 
twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  gas  was 
sold  tor  this  purpose,  representing  an 
increase  of  1.500  per  cent  since  1910. 
The  latest  estimate  places  gas  as  a 
useful  fuel  in  more  than  21,000  in- 
dustrial and  factory  operations. 


A  Little  "Popular  Science" 

Electrical  devices  so  delicate  that 
they  "see"  and  "hear"  were  demon- 
strated at  the  sixth  annual  Radio  Show 
in  Chicago.  The  man  in  charge  of  the 
apparatus  has  offered  to  defy  the  elec- 
tric chair,  and  will,  at  some  time  dur- 
ing the  show,  allow  himself  to  be 
strapped  in  the  chair  and  2,000  volts 
of  electricity  will  be  applied  at  the 
terminals. 

The  electrical  devices  include  the 
Coolidge   cathode   ray,    known   as   the 


2G 


riii;  'i'i:(iiN(t(;i;Ai'ii 


.\^ 


ihrr,  lu.n 


"death  ray,"  which  enii)h>.vs  a  poten- 
tial of  350.000  volts  and  is  so  power- 
ful that  when  directed  at  pieces  of 
crystal  they  glow  as  it  red  hot,  and 
continue  to  glow  for  half  an  hour 
although  they  are  not  hot.  Another 
piece  of  appartus  is  so  delicate  that 
the  noise  made  by  a  flower  growing 
may  be  heard  by  means  of  it;  this  is 
made  possible  by  amplifying  sound 
200.000.000    times.— r/iicnf/o    Trihuur. 


New  "Hudson"  Type 
Locomotive 

Complete  tests  have  been  made  of 
the  new  "Hudson"  type  locomotive, 
which  is  to  haul  long-distance  passen- 
ger trains  on  the  New  York  Central 
and  Michigan  Central  Railroads.  The 
"Hudson"  type  was  designed  by  the 
engineering  department  of  the  New 
York  Central  in  collaboration  with  the 
American  Locomotive  Company.  The 
new  locomotives  are  95  feet.  11  inches 
long  over  the  couplers,  as  compared 
with  78  feet,  2  inches,  the  length  of 
the  "Pacific'  'type  of  locomotive,  which 
it  is  to  replace.  At  a  speed  of  6G  miles 
per  hour  the  new  locomotive  develops 
its  maximum  of  4.073  cylinder  horse- 
power and  3.500  horse-power  at  the 
draw-bar.  an  increase  of  about  76  per 
cent  on  the  "Pacific"  type. 

— The  Eiiniiu'ii'- 


Ice-Cooled  Air  for  Mines 

Work  is  being  carried  on  in  the  Vil- 
lage Deep  Mine.  Transvaal,  at  a  depth 
of  7.650  feet,  where  the  rock  tempera- 
ture is  about  100  degrees  F..  with  the 
help  of  ice-cooled  ventilating  air.  The 
method  consists  of  placing  the  ice  in 
the  delivery  ends  of  15  inch  ventilation 
pipes.  The  air  coming  from  the  pipes 
passes  over  the  ice  and  is  then  con- 
centrated on  the  spot  where  work  is 
progressing.  The  method  has  proved 
most  effective,  and  has  succeeded  in 
lowering  the  temperature  at  least 
seven  degrees.  By  increasing  the  quan- 
tity of  ice.  a  reduction  of  sixteen  de- 
grees has  been  obtained.  More  than 
four  tons  of  ice  are  used  daily. 

—The  Enu'ineer. 


Thermal  Expansion  of 
Glaze 

The  Bureau  of  Standards  has  suc- 
ceeded in  measuring  the  thermal  ex- 
pansion of  tiny  pieces  of  glaze  less 
than  seven  one-thousandths  of  an  inch 
in  length.  The  actual  change  in  the 
length  measured  was  about  one  two- 
hundred-thousandth  of  an  inch.  Prac- 
tically all  materials  expand  with  heat 


and  contract  with  cold.  In  most  sub- 
stances the  change  is  very  small  but 
in  certain  cases  a  knowledge  of  the 
exact  amount  of  the  change  in  dimen- 
sion with  variation  in  tiMiipcralure  is 
most  important. 

In  the  manufacture  of  glazed  cera- 
mic wear,  for  instance,  the  expansion 
of  the  body  and  glaze  must  be  ap- 
proximately equal  or  the  latter  will 
crack  during  tiring  or  in  service.  The 
Bureau  explains  that  this  cracking  of 
the  glaze  is  similar  to  the  pushing  up 
of  ice  on  a  pond  in  severe  weather: 
in  other  words,  nearly  all  cracking  ap- 
pears to  be  in  the  nat\ire  of  thrust 
cracks. 

The  difficulty  is  to  secure  samples 
of  glaze  sufficiently  long  to  permit 
measurements  of  their  thermal  expan- 
sion with  any  accuracy.  This  the 
Bureau  has  succeeded  in  doing  by 
using  the  interference  of  light  waves 
as  the  method  of  measurement.  No 
more  precise  method  for  determining 
small  changes  in  length  is  known  to 
scientists.  In  fact  the  changes  in  these 
samples  would  have  been  too  small  to 
be  detected  by  any  mechanical  means. 
— Ceramic  Induxtry. 


Co-operative  Graduate 
Work 

The  University  of  Pittsburgh  has  for 
many  years  followed  the  co-operative 
plan  in  its  school  of  engineering. 
Heretofore  the  plan  has  applied  to 
undergraduate  work  only.  In  January. 
1927.  the  graduate  school  of  the  Ilni- 
versify  of  Pittsburgh  and  the  Westing- 
house  Electric  Company  effected  an 
agreement,  whereby  certain  features 
of  the  educational  program  of  the 
Westinghouse  people  are  identified 
with  the  graduate  school.  Certain 
Westinghouse  engineers  are  given  reg- 
ular University  appointments  and  re- 
ceive resident  University  credits  for 
work  done  within  the  walls  of  the  in- 
dustry and  under  the  guidance  of  the 
practicing  engineers.  The  work  leads 
to  an  M.  S.  or,  if  supplemented  with 
sufficient  campus  work,  to  the  Ph.D. 
degree. 


An  En^^ineerinji  Museum 

Considerable  interest  attaches  to  the 
engineering  museum  at  Munich,  Ger- 
many, because  of  three  projects  of  a 
similar  nature  in  this  country  for 
Washington,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 
The  widespread  building  of  this  fam- 
ous German  museum  houses  not  only 
models,  but  full-sized  operating  equip- 
ment pertaining  to  all  the  major 
branches  of  engineering.     It  is  not  so 


much  a  repository  of  historic  relics 
as  an  active  constructive  and  educa- 
tional force  in  German  industrial  and 
engineering  life. 

That  a  museum  in  this  country  of  a 
similar  type  would  exert  the  same 
sort  of  educational  influence  in  the 
engineering  field  seems  certain,  and 
it  is  believed  such  an  institution 
would  soon  take  its  place  as  an  edu- 
cator  of   the   first   magnitude. 

— Industrial  Gas. 


Building  to  Last  a  Thousand 
Years 

The  Bank  of  England  is  construct- 
ing for  itself  a  new  home  that  is  plan- 
ned to  last  one  thousand  years.  The 
$25,000,000  structure  is  being  built  in- 
side of  and  above  the  present  building 
without  interfering  with  banking 
operations. 

The  framework  for  domes  and  the 
arches  is  costing  more  than  the  actual 
domes  and  arches  will  cost  when  final- 
ly built.  In  some  parts  of  the  bank 
solid  arches  and  walls  have  been 
erected  as  samples  and  will  be  torn 
down  and  replaced  by  others  made  of 
thousand-year  material. 


"Cohk"  Pe.\ioci<  is  donated  a  carton 
of  Good  Lather  chewing  tobacco  for 
his  lightning  slide  rule  operation. 
After  five  minutes  of  rapid  calculation 
in  finding  the  quotient  of  2200  by  22 
be  arrived  at  the  answer  of  10. 


We  wonder  whether  John  Fhies  is 
really  as  hot  as  some  people  think. 
Set  us  at  rest,  Johnnie,  and  let  us 
know  whether  you  pronounce  your 
name  "Fries"  or  "Freeze." 


Jess — "I  suppose  you  dance?" 
Smith  C— "Yes,  I  love  to." 
Jess — "Great!      That   beats   dancinp 
any  time." — Kansa/i  Slate  Engineer. 


Customer  —  "Chicken  croquettes,  if 
you  please." 

Waiter— "Fowl    liall." 

— Amherst  Lord  Jeff. 


T.  &  A.  M.  Prof  (speaking  of  steel 
test) — "Then  you  see  that  after  the 
yield-point  she  starts  necking  rapidly." 

Voice  from  the  back  of  the  room — 
"Number,  please." 


Architect  to  Lot — "Ah.  what  a  beau- 
tiful monolith!  Such  graceful  propor- 
tions! Such  delightful  curves! 
Such " 

Lot — "You  damphool;  that  ain't  no 
monolith!     That's  my  wife!" — Life. 


Xorrmljrr.  1H.27 


Tin:  Ti:<HX(MiKAi'ii 


i 


H.  \V.  WILLIAMS. 

CorniU.  '18 


YOUNGER   COLLEGE    MEN 

ON    RECENT  WESTINGHOUSE  JOBS 


i 


W.  F.  EAMES. 
Control  Engineer 
Carnegie  Tech.  '18 


D  SANTIN'I, 
Control  En  iinrrr 
Ohio  State.  '23 


^ 


C  M.  PURDV. 

Contract  Administratton 
Wesunshouse  Tech.  '26 


m 

mJ^ 


G.  W.  Hl'N'TER. 

Contract  Administrolion 
Weslinghouse  Tech  '27 


The  World's  Largest  Hotel 


Great  achievementj  in  engineering  are 
brought  about  by  the  harmonious  work  of 
many.  The  individuar s  largest  opportunity 
comes  through  the  exercise  of  his  own 
creative  talents  in  the  field  for  which  he 
is  preeminently  prepared. 

THE  larger  a  hotel,  the  larger 
loom  the  difficulties  of  ven- 
tilating it;  of  handling  the  crowds 
that  ride  its  elevators.  The 
larger,  too,  looms  the  interest 
of  engineers  in  designing  elec- 
trical equipment  to 
meet  such  unprece- 
dented demands,  of 
salesmen  in  selling  it, 


of  service  engineers  in  installing 
it  and  keeping  it  in  top-notch 
operating  condition. 

To  Westinghouse  came  the 
Hotel  Stevens  for  ventilating 
motors,  for  its  elevator  system, 
for  the  electrical  equipment  of  its 
laundry.  To  Westinghouse 
come  many  undertakings  of  such 
kind  and  size — a  steady  stream 
of  imagination-stirring  opportu- 
nities  to   do    the    never-before- 


Westinghouse 


accomplished.  All  of  tremen- 
dous interest  to  college  men 
who  have  ambition,  resource- 
fulness, capacity;  disciplined  sales 
and  engineering  minds. 
Ill 
The  Hotel  Stevens  contains  3,000 
rooms  and  baths.  The  Variable  Voltage 
Control  System  used  in  the  elevators  was 
designed  by  Westinghouse.  Whether  you 
rise  ten  floors  or  only  one,  there  are  no  jerks 
or  jars.  Speed  is  the  same  whether  the  car  is 
empty  or  whether  it's  packed. 
Cars  automatically  stop  level 
with  the  floor — no  "jockey- 
ing"—  no  "step  up,"  or 
"step  down,  please." 


m:('II\(m;i;ai'ii 


\i,rr„ib<r.  inn 


Fraternity  Activities 


Si^nia  Epsilon 

Iiitcrost  in  the  activilipM  conni'cU'd 
with  the  railway  department  is  deep- 
er and  more  active  than  it  has  been  in 
years.  Already  Sigma  Kpsilon  has 
laid  plans  for  the  semester  and  par- 
tial plans  for  the  year.  The  first 
meeting  was  attended  by  all  members 
and  had  as  its  main  object  the  re- 
organization of  the  Railway  Club. 

A  meeting  was  called  at  this  time 
iiiiil  Sigma  Rpsilon  took  charge,  fur- 
i\isliing  the  program  and  eats.  A  great 
enthusiasm  was  worked  up  in  the  per- 
sons of  the  railway  students — in  num- 
ber, sixty  per  cent  of  the  department's 
registration.  Election  of  officers  was 
set  for  the  next  meeting,  sometime 
during  the  week  of  October  17-22,  and 
definite  plans  for  getting  a  100  per 
cent  attendance  at  this  second  meeting 
were  made.  Sigma  Epsilon  has  taken 
it  as  her  job  to  see  this  organization 
go  over  big,  and  has  made  one  of  the 
reanircments  for  her  membership  ac- 
tivity in  the  Railway  Club. 

Having  such  a  small  group  from 
which  to  choose  its  members,  and  re- 
quiring exceptional  work  in  every 
phase  of  the  railway  course,  Sigma 
Epsilon  is  naturally  a  small  organi- 
zation in  so  far  as  numbers  is  con- 
cerned. It  has  the  backing  of  the  rail- 
way staff,  though,  and  those  who  are 
members  are  workers.  The  campus 
will  hear  from  it  this  year,  and  it  will 
be  more  of  an  honor  to  be  Sigma  Ep- 
silon than  ever  before. 


Chi  Epsilon 

Chi  Epsilon,  honorary  civil  engineer- 
ing fraternity,  opened  the  year  with 
nine  active  members  back  in  school. 
At  the  last  meeting  a  program  for  the 
semester  was  arranged  and  plans  made 
for  the  pledging  of  new  members. 

The  officers  this  semester  are: 
M.   L.   Lindeman   '28 President 

E.  G.  Pearson  '28 Vice-President 

F.  Beinhauer   '28   Sec'y-Treas. 

E.  W.  Suppiger  '28 Corres.  Sec'y 

Other  active  members  are:  J.  Blond- 
in  '28,  N.  R.  Miller  '28,  G.  Hart  '28, 
R.  W.  Peterson  '28,  and  C.  K.  Moore 
'28. 

Chi  Epsilon  was  founded  at  Ulinois 
in  1922  and  is  now  a  national  frater- 
nity with  chapters  at  Armour,  Cor- 
nell, Minnesota,  Penn  State,  Wiscon- 
sin, California,  and  South  California. 


Pi  Tau  Sif»ma  Notes 

I'i  Tan  Sigma  together  with  tlic  A. 
S.  M.  E.,  held  a  smoker  September 
2:tth  in  the  M.  E.  Laboratory,  which 
was  attended  by  a  large  group  of  stu- 
dents and  faculty  members  of  the  De- 
partment of  Mechanical  Engineering. 
Smokes  were  plentiful,  as  one  would 
expect  at  a  smoker,  and  the  M.  E.  Lab. 
got  its  yearly  coat  of  stubs. 

During  the  course  of  the  evening, 
cider  and  doughnuts  were  served  and 
in  the  prevailing  atmosphere  of  ciga- 
rette smoke  and  what  not,  the  students 
and  their  instructors  got  around  a 
number  of  mechanical  engineering 
problems. 

The  speakers  during  the  evening 
were:  J.  Savage,  president  of  the  A. 
S.  M.  E.;  E.  W.  Pfieffer.  president  of 
the  local  chapter  of  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  and 
Professors  Lieutwiler,  Goodenough, 
and  Benedict  of  the  M.  E.  Department. 

The  national  convention  of  Pi  Tau 
Sigma  was  held  this  year  on  the  cam- 
pus of  Purdue  University,  October  28, 
29.  The  delegates  attending  from 
this  chapter  were  E.  E.  Codner,  and 
E.  W.  Pfieffer  who  have  been  active 
members  of  the  local  chapter  for  the 
past  two  years. 


Tau  Beta  Pi 

The  Alpha  Chapter  of  Illinois  is 
under  way  for  the  present  semester 
with  an  active  membership  of  eleven 
men  headed  by  President  James  C. 
Springer.  The  other  officers  are  as 
follows: 

Robert  H.  Tull Vice-President 

Edward  W.  Suppiger Rec.  Sec'y 

Marnel  F.  Lindeman Cor.  Sec'y 

Wilfred  G.  Greubel Treasurer 

Richard  W.  Worls Cataloger 

President  J.  C.  Springer  was  the 
delegate  from  the  local  chapter  to  the 
26th  Annual  Convention  held  at  Col- 
umbus, Ohio.  October  13,  14,  and  15. 
From  his  report  it  was  the  largest  in 
the  history  of  Tau  Beta  Pi;  there  be- 
ing fifty-two  chapters  and  all  were 
represented. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  note  a  few 
of  last  year's  men  who  are  back  doing 
graduate  work  in  their  respective 
fields: 

H.  E.  Schlenz,  Water  Supply  Engi- 
neering; E.  D.  McKeague,  Structural 
Engineering;  R.  L.  Moore,  Structural 
Engineering;   C.  L.  Thompson,  Ceram- 


ic Engineering,  U.  E.  Tarpley,  Elec- 
trical Engineering. 

We  are  also  glad  to  welcome  the 
new  faculty  and  graduate  members: 
J.  W.  Home,  W.  E.  Smith,  E.  G.  Young, 
R.  F.  Larson,  L.  D.  Golden.  A.  E. 
Badger,  A.  J.  Wanack,  and  N.  J. 
Howell. 

A  well-balanced  program  has  been 
arranged  for  the  semester  consisting 
of  literary  meetings,  addresses  by 
prominent  campus  faculty  men,  lunch- 
eons, and  the  biannual  initiation  and 
banquet.  The  eligibility  of  new  mem- 
bers has  been  voted  upon  and  in  a 
near  future  Tau  Beta  Pi  will  be  proud 
to  announce  the  pledging  of  men  who 
have  attained  the  standards  tor  which 
it   is   recognized. 


Phi  Alpha  Lambda 

The  first  meeting  of  the  year  was 
held  at  the  Triangle  House  October 
4,  and  the  business  for  this  year  was 
discussed.  One  of  the  topics  brought 
up  was  that  of  a  get-together  for  the 
General  Engineers,  and  it  is  nqw  plan- 
ned to  have  a  smoker  tor  all  General 
Engineers  at  the  Sig  Pi  House,  Octo- 
ber 19,  under  the  auspices  of  Phi 
Alpha  Lambda.  It  is  hoped  that  this 
smoker  will  meet  with  generous  sup- 
port; there  will  be  an  interesting 
speaker  and  it  will  give  everyone  an 
opportunity  to  get  acquainted  with 
the  other  men  in  his  course. 

Phi  Alpha  Lambda  has  other  plans 
under  way  and  intends  to  make  this 
year  an  active  and  interesting  one 
tor  the  General  Engineers. 

Officers  for  this  year  are: 

Ralph    Landon President 

F.   M.   Collins Vice-President 

E.    F.    Todd Sec'y-Treas. 

E.  W.  Waishwilas Corres.  Sec'y 


Mu  San 

Mu  San.  professional  municipal  and 
sanitary  engineering  fraternity,  has 
arranged  plans  for  another  active  se- 
mester. At  a  recent  meeting  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected  tor  the 
present  semester: 

R.  B.  Plummer  '28 President 

W.  H.  Wisely  '28 Sec'y-Treas. 

C.  L,  Damke  '28 Historian 

The    rushing   smoker    was    held    on 
October  19  in  the  Illinois  Union  Build- 
ing    and     the     following     men     were 
(Continued  on  Page  S.'i) 


Novcmbrr,  1!)27 


Tin:  TKciixocKArTi 


2!) 


Waste  no  longer  reigns  in 
Industry!  Timken  Bearings 
have  decreed  it!  Machinery 
users  are  freed  of  the  exces- 
sive tax  of  friction,  wear, 
inaccuracy  and  under-pro- 
duction. 

Power  savings  as  high  as 
60%  and  lubrication  savings 
of  even  greater  proportion 
stand  to  the  credit  of  Timken 
Tapered  Roller  Bearings. 

On  high  speed  work  Timken 
Tapered  Roller  Bearings  are 
being  specified  for  operation 
at  15,000  r.  p.  m.  On  heavy 
duty  jobs  Timkens  are  carry- 
ing single  loads  upwards  of 
2,500,000  pounds. 

On  the  spindles  of  the  finest 
machine  tools  Timkens  are 

THE    TIMKEN    ROLLER    BEARI 


making  extreme  precision  a 
permanent  quality.  In  elec- 
tric motors  Timkens  are  re- 
vealing hitherto  unheard  of 
saving  and  endurance. 

In  every  type  of  equipment 
the  exclusive  combination 
of  Timken  tapered  con- 
struction,   Timken     posi 

TIMELY  ALIGNED  /!0i/.5  and 

Timken-made  electric  steel 
has  brought  a  new  era  of 
economy,  precision  and  en- 
durance. 

So  great  are  Timken  better- 
ments that  it  is  advanta- 
geous in  man)'  cases  to 
replace  obsolescent  types  of 
equipment  at  once.  Leading 
manufacturers  in  every 
line  now  offer  Tim  ken- 
equipped  machinery. 

NG    COMPANY,  CANTON,  OHIO 


LUmI. 


Tapered 
Roller 


^nmn: 


:{0 


Till':  'ri:(iiX(Kii;.\i'ii 


\>iif  iiilnr.   I'.l.n 


A  L  U>1  N  I 

KOTHS 


i 


rlhiii 


•ahuily 


Yes,  you  certainly  have  to  hand  it 
to  the  Arch's  this  trip.  They  have 
stepped  out  and  done  things  during 
the  past  few  months,  reports  show. 
Fellowships,  scholarships,  and  cash 
prizes  have  afforded  them  a  bount- 
eous crop  of  honors  and  distinction. 

AuTiHit  Peahody,  arch.,  '82,  who.  in 
1915,  became  state  architect  of  Wiscon- 
sin, has  lately  presented  a  design  for 
the  $3,000,000  me- 
morial library  at 
the  University  of 
Wisconsin  proposed 
in  commemoration 
of  that  state's  out- 
standing politician 
and  s  t  a  t  e  s  m  an. 
Robert  LaFollette. 
For  a  long  time  he 
has  designed  all  of 
Wisconsin's  s  t  ate 
buildings  and  is  responsible  for  the 
present  campus  plan  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  together  with  the  60 
buildings  located  on  it.  Mr.  Peabody 
was  appointed  university  architect  in 
lfl06  and  nine  years  later  became  the 
state  architect. 

"The  work  is  inspiring."  he  says. 
"and  I  have  never  lost  interest  in  it 
for  a  moment.  I  think  frequently  of 
the  old  University  where  I  found  my 
calling,  and  I  hope  they  will  never 
tear  down  the  old  hall  in  which  I 
spent  so  many  happy  days  trying  to 
comprehend  what  it  would  mean  to 
be  an  architect." 

Hii.i.Mtn  Rr.ssKi.i,.  a.e..  '24,  recently 
carried  off  fourth  prize  in  the  Chicago 
Tribune's  Better  Homes  design  con- 
test. A  neat  little  brick  bungalow  de- 
sign brought  him  the  honor  along  with 
a  cool  $300.  Mr.  Russell  is  now  in 
Europe  studying  and  touring  after  a 
year  with  C.  W.  and  G.  L.  Rapp,  New 
York  architects. 

With  him  are  Paii.  Turner  '22,  and 
R.  E.  Bishop  "22,  also  winners  in  the 
Tribune  competition. 

Another  of  our  aliniuii  who  has 
gained  a  high  standing  in  the  archi- 
tectural and  engineering  world  is  L.  C. 
MooRE,    m.e.,    '07,    of    Ribbing,    Minn., 


who  was  recently  elected  president  of 
the  Minnesota  Federation  of  Architec- 
tural and  Engineering  Societies  in  Du- 
luth.  With  the  exception  of  one  year. 
Mr.  Moore  has  been  with  the  Cleve- 
land Cliffs  Iron  company  since  his 
graduation  from  the  University. 

Ah,  yes.  And  here's  an  alumnus 
that  walked  away  with  two  prizes  in 
rapid  succession.  Autiiur  B.  Gam.ion. 
a.e.,  '24,  St.  Louis,  won  the  James 
Harrison  Steedman  memorial  fellow- 
ship in  Architecture  at  Washington 
university  of  St.  Louis.  A  year  of 
study  in  Europe  and  a  monetary  con- 
sideration of  $1,500  go  with  the  honor. 
This  prize  is  considered  one  of  the 
finest  of  its  kind  in  the  country. 

By  presenting  photographs  and  the 
plans  of  the  home  of  Dr.  T.  C.  Knap- 
I'ENBEKcKii  '06.  of  Urbana,  in  a  house 
competition  staged  by  the  Common 
Brick  Manufacturers  association  of 
America,  Mr.  Gallion  obtained  honor- 
able mention  and  cash  prize  of  $50. 
He  is  associated  with  the  firm  of  La 
Beaurae  and   Klein,   St.   Louis. 

Markiiai.i,  E.  Van  Ahman  '05.  is  lo- 
cated at  Birmingham.  Alabama,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  firm  of  AVarren, 
Knight,  and  Davis,  architects  of  that 
city. 

Chronic  nephritis  proved  fatal  to 
RrssELi.  K.  Watt,  a.e.,  '18,  assistant 
professor  of  general  engineering  draw- 
ing at  Texas  A.  and  M.  college.  The 
death  ocurred  July  13,  shortly  after 
Mr.  Watt  had  started  on  an  automo- 
bile trip  from  College  Station,  Texas 
to  Champaign.  He  taught  general  en- 
gineering drawing  at  the  University 
for  seven  years  following  his  gradua- 
tion, worked  a  year  for  the  Circle  A 
Products  corporation,  and  had  been 
with  the  Texas  institution  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death. 

T.  C.  Epi"s,  a.e.,  '23,  is  supervising 
the  construction  of  a  large  high  school 
at  Longview,  Washington,  for  William 
B.  Ittnor,  Inc.,  architects  and  engi- 
neers, of  St.  Louis.  He  was  formerly 
with  Royer,  Danley  and  Smith,  Ur- 
bana architects. 


Arthur   T.   North 


Mauy  WoiniiKN,  arch.,  '26,  is  push- 
ing a  pencil  for  H.  I.  Lindenberg,  ar- 
chitect, of  New  York  City.  She's  the 
girl  that  won  about  four-thirds  of  the 
prizes  offered  architects  at  the  Uni- 
versity. 

The  name  Autiii'k  T.  Noinii,  a.e., 
'85,  bears  no  little  significance  to  read- 
ers of  architectural  journals  through- 
out the  country. 
Although  inactive 
In  practical 
construction,  M  r  . 
North,  who  gradu- 
ated from  the  Uni- 
versity in  '85,  is 
associate  editor  of 
two  well  -  known 
magazines  devoted 
to  architecture,  the 
'  '  American  Archi- 
tect" and  the  "Western  Architect."  In 
1926  he  assumed  charge  of  the  depart- 
ment of  architectural  relations  in  the 
American  Institute  of  Steel  Construc- 
tion, Inc.,  of  New  York  City. 

Regarding  his  own  personal  inter- 
ests Mr.  North  says,  "My  enjoyments 
and  diversions  are  few  and  simple. 
Perhaps  I  am  studying  more  keenly 
now  than  while  in  the  University,  es- 
pecially English.  To  keep  abreast  of 
the  progress  in  the  building  industry 
requires  much  time  and  study  which 
is  classified  as  business.  In  diversions 
I  have  not  yet  become  old  enough  to 
play  the  senile  game  of  golf,  but  rath- 
er prefer  to  tramp  the  meadows  and 
woods  with  my  dogs — they  are  good 
company." 

A  little  philosophical  message  to  the 
students  may  be  seen  in  Mr.  North's 
attitude  regarding  college  ambitions; 
"I  had  but  one,  to  be  a  good  student. 
Why  have  ambitions,  anyway?  Why 
should  a  boy  or  girl  have  predetermin- 
ed ambitions?  Do  they  not  place  us 
in  or  out  of  a  groove,  and  we  miss 
all  of  the  delightful  side-trips  that 
yield  so  much  and  perhaps  give  us  a 
reasonably  true  viewpoint  of  life?" 

C.  H.  Woi.K,  cer.,  '26,  is  now  with  the 
Leonard  Refrigerating  company,  of 
Grand  Rapids,   Michigan. 


XorriiihiT.  19.n 


TIIK  TKCIIXiMiKAI'ir 


m 


Tribune  Tower 
Chicago,  III. 

\/' 

Pennsylvania 

Terminal 
Setv  York  City 

( 

Grand  Central 

Terminal 
Nev  York  City 


Barclay-Ve'sey 

.  Building 

Nev  York  City 


Farmers'^,^ 

Mechanics' 

NationaP  Bank 

Fort  lyortfi,  Texas 


y\ 


\> 


Great  buildings  all 
over  the  nation  have 
Mississippi  protection 

because  great  architects  recognize 
the  superiority  of  Mississippi  Wire 
Glass  as  to  quality  and  appearance. 

For  fire  protection  and  clear  vision 
use  the  Standard  Polished  Wire 
Glass. 

Specify 
"MISSISSIPPI" 

The  '^cognized  Standard  in  Wire  (jlass 

MISSISSIPPI    WIRE   GLASS  COMPANY 

2  20  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK 
CA'cogo  St.  Louis 


Chicago,  Jll. 


\ 


Wool  worth  Building   5' 

Neji^  York  City  i  j 

(Railway  Exchange 
V.        Building 
xV     St.  Louis,  Md. 


Banker^'  Trust  Co. 
Building 

New  York  City 

American  Radiator 
ft  Building' 

/         ■  New  York  City 


N4dSSI 
WIPvE  GLASS 


J 


32 


THE  TEniNOdllAI'H 


Xoniiihrr,  m.n 


Departmental  Notes 

(Continued  /rom    I'luip  i!'/) 
of  Engineering  gave  the  speech  of  wel- 
come to  the  assembly. 

In  his  usual  manner  Trofessor  A.  K. 
Knight  sliowed  the  i)oys  how  to  fig- 
ure on  the  E.  E.  show  for  this  year. 
Ills  e.xcursions  into  higher  mathemat- 
ics were  very  interesting  and  some- 
what startling  in  nature.  It  is  presum- 
ed that  there  will  be  no  need  to  keep 
the  books  for  the  show  this  year  since 
Professor  Knight's  discovery  that  all 
numbers  are  equal. 

George  Greene,  the  President  of  the 
E.  E.  Society  introduced  all  of  the 
speakers,  and  made  a  short  speech  of 
welcome  to  the  members. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  E.  E.  So- 
ciety was  held  Friday  night  in  the  E. 
R.  Ijaboratory.  This  meeting  was  for 
the  purpose  of  transacting  some  spe- 
cial business  which  had  come  up  since 
the  last  regular  meeting.  It  was  de- 
cided that  preparations  would  be  made, 
and  the  preliminary  steps  taken  to 
start  the  1928  E.  E.  Show,  as  it  has 
been  indicated  that  no  trouble  will  be 
experienced  in  obtaining  the  use  of 
the  Gym  annex,  as  well  as  the  E.  E. 
Laboratory.  A  suggestion  that  the  E. 
E.  Society  be  made  a  student  chapter 
of  the  A.  I.  E.  E.  was  voted  down  by 
the  members  present. 

In  order  to  fill  the  vacancy  left  by 
the  absence  of  O.  M.  Hatch  from  school 
this  semester.  W.  E.  Haselwood  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  society. 
The  rest  of  the  rather  lengthy  meeting 
was  spent  in  oratorical  flights  by  some 
of  the  members  on  subjects  not  exactly 
relevant  to  the  subjects  under  discus- 
sion. 

A.    I.    E.    E. 

There  will  be  a  joint  meeting  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neers, and  the  Electrical  Engineering 
Society,  Tuesday,  October  IS,  at  7:00 
p.  m.,  in  room  221  Engineering  Hall. 


Mr.  A.  F.  Corby,  manager  of  Edu- 
cational Department,  Weston  Electri- 
cal Instrument  Corporation,  Newark. 
N.  J.  will  be  the  speaker.  Mr.  Corl)y 
will  speak  on  "The  Theory  and  Manu- 
facture of  Electrical  Measuring  In- 
struments." He  is  closely  associated 
with  the  meter  industry  and  is  well 
(lualified  to  speak  on  the  problems  of 
manufacture  and  to  discuss  the  funda- 
mental  theory. 

New   Eqiipmicnt 

Several  new  pieces  of  apparatus  of 
note  have  been  added  to  the  Electrical 
Engineering  Department  during  the 
summer  months.  The  ones  most  note- 
worthy are — The  Vreeland  oscillator, 
a  mercury  arc  oscillator  which  is  of 
especial  interest  because  of  the  free- 
dom from  harmonics.  An  unusual  piece 
of  equipment  is  the  cathode-ray  oscil- 
lograph, which  is  used  for  the  study 
of  wave  forms.  It  is  hoped  to  present 
a  complete  description  of  these  two 
pieces   of   apparatus   in   future   issues. 

An  interesting  bit  of  research  which 
is  being  carried  out  is  that  being  done 
by  Professor  Hugh  A.  Brown  and  Mr. 
E.  J.  Stanmyre  both  of  the  Electrical 
Engineering  department.  Their  work 
is  that  of  testing  high  voltage  cables, 
and  several  different  methods  are  used 
in  order  to  get  the  greatest  accuracy 
possible.  Their  work  should  result  in 
some  improved  methods  of  testing 
high  voltage  cables. 

Synton 

Synton  is  getting  off  to  a  very  suc- 
cessful start  this  year.  There  are 
twenty-one  active  members  in  school. 
Plans  are  being  carried  out  so  that 
there  will  be  transmitters  in  operation 
on  20,  40,  SO,  150  and  600  meters  in 
the  new  station  site  in  the  Armory 
Annex.  It  is  hoped  that  there  will  be 
developed  in  a  short  time  a  Big  Ten 
news  service  with  the  Synton  station 
9BCS  as  one  of  the  key  stations.  The 
officers     for     this     year     are     P.     M. 


Scliniidit,  president;  F.  W.  Woodrich, 
vice-president;  L.  H.  Hull,  secretary; 
and  J.  L.  Wiegreffe,  treasurer. 


Ceramics 

With  the  opening  of  school,  it  was 
found  that  a  great  many  additions  had 
been  made  to  our  teaching  staff  and 
research  departments.  The  following 
are  the  new  men:  C.  L.  Thompson  '27, 
R.  D.  Rudd  "27,  R.  G.  Ehman  '27,  H. 
E.  Primm  '27.  W.  E.  Budge,  graduate 
of  the  University  of  North  Dakota, 
A.  J.  Menack,  graduate  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  AVest  Virginia,  C.  Amberg,  a 
graduate  of  Alfred  University,  Alfred, 
New  York,  and  A.  Badger,  Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

JofiiN.M.  Ci.xn 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Ceramic 
"  nvnal  Club  was  held  Wednesday. 
October  .5th,  Associate  Professor  R.  K. 
Hursh  being  elected  chairman. 

The  purpose  of  the  club  is  to  give 
those  who  are  interested,  an  oppor- 
tunity of  hearing  the  procedure  and 
results  of  various  subjects  and  re- 
search problems  being  conducted  in 
the  department. 

The  club  meets  every  other  Wednes- 
day afternoon  in  218  Ceramics  Build- 
ing and  at  each  meeting  some  man  or 
group  of  men,  will  give  a  report  on 
their  particular  subject. 

A  very  interesting  program  is  plan- 
ned for  this  semester,  the  dates,  sub- 
jects, and  the  speakers  of  which  are 
given  below: 

October  26:  subject:  Glasses,  Glazes, 
Ceramic  Education,  by  Professor  Par- 
melee,  A.  Badger,  and  W.  E.  Budge. 

November  9:  subject:  Refractories, 
Abrasives,  Physics,  and  Chemistry,  by 
Dr.  Westman,  R.  D.  Rudd,  A.  J.  Men- 
ach,   and   I.   W.   Schoeninger. 

November  30:  subject:  Whiteware. 
Cements,  Geology,  by  T.  N.  McVay, 
C.  L.  Thompson,  and  Mr.  Amberg. 

December  14:   subject:   Ceramic  ma- 


Xorcmhrr.  1927 


THE  TECnXOCiKAPH 


33 


terials.  Terra  Cotta,  and  Enamels,  by 
Dr.  Andrews,  C.  L.  Fetterrolf,  and  E. 
F.  McDonald. 

January  4:  subject:  Heavy  clay 
Products,  Ceramic  Machinery,  Drying 
and  Burning,  by  Professor  R.  G.  Eh- 
man  and  H.  E,  Primm. 


College  Notes 

(Continued   from   Paye  22) 

Knites  of  the  Worm  Gear 
Granted  Charter 

The  Knites  of  the  Worm  Gear  have 
taken  by  storm  the  stronghold  of  the 
Ingine  Schole  this  year.  The  primary 
purpose  of  said  organization  is  to 
bring  to  the  foreground  the  most  out- 
standing and  vociferous  inmates  of 
the  Ingine  Campus.  Only  those  who 
have  performed  grate  and  noble  deeds 
will  be  deemed  eligible  to  this  Ornery 
Frat  Club.  Anyone  who  is  punctilious 
in  the  performance  of  prize  boners  or 
foe  pahs  may  confidently  expect  to 
receive  a  bid  from  the  High  Oil  Can, 
Official  Lubricator  of  the  Worm  Gear. 

Those  who  are  the  first  to  be  pledg- 
ed will  have  the  honor  of  filling  the 
following  offices: 

Royal  Cog  of  the  Worm  Gear — presi- 
dent. 


Some  Knite  of  the  Worm  Gear — 
vice-president. 

Last  Knite  of  the  Worm  Gear — sec- 
retary. 

Worst  Knite  of  the  Worm  Gear — 
treasurer. 

Tooter  of  the  Sacred  Lunch  Whistle 
— steward. 

Only  two  of  these  officers  will  be 
appointed  in  this  issue.  Put  the  out- 
standing boner  of  your  contender  in 
the  box  outside  of  the  Technograph  of- 
fice so  your  candidate  will  not  be  left 
at  the  post  in  this  great  race. 

Of  the  large  number  of  candidates 
for  the  position  of  Royal  Cog  of  the 
Worm  Gear  there  is  one  man  whose 
name  leads  all  the  rest.  Since  the  or- 
ganization must  function  secretly  the 
name  of  this  esteemed  individual  who 
has  been  chosen  will  not  be  divulged 
at  this  time.  However,  he  also  has 
been  dubbed  the  Royal  Believer  in 
Persistency  by  those  who  have  come 
under  his  super-intellectual  tutelage. 
The  phrase  that  made  him  eligible 
for  membership  in  this  case  here  is 
"NOW,  IN  THIS  CASE  HERE."  It 
has  been  known  that  he  has  said.  "IN 
THAT  CASE  THERE"  when  he  has 
wanted  to  vary  his  lecture. 


Henry  C.  Lane,  c.e.,  '31.  ran  the 
Royal  Cog  a  mean  race  for  first  hon- 
ors. Mr.  Lane  has  given  to  the  Engi- 
neering World  a  new  method  of  ob- 
taining all  heights  above  sea  level.  All 
he  does  is  merely  to  drill  down  until 
salt  water  is  reached  and  then  mea- 
sure the  depth  of  the  hole.  We  are 
certain  that  this  master  scientist  will 
perform  other  prodigious  phenomena 
before  graduating  and  thus  will  add 
luster  to  the  Worm  Gear.  Mr.  Lane 
will  be  Some  Knite. 


More  pledges  will  be  announced  in 
our  next  issue. 

Professor — — 

Henry  C.  Lane. 

BONG  —  BONG  —  HEY  —  HEY  — 
THEY'RE  MEMBERS! 


Homer  R.  Lynn,  m.e.,  '96,  recently 
addressed  a  convention  of  the  Ameri- 
can Nokol  company  on  a  subject  per- 
taining to  the  use  of  oil  burners  in 
steam  generation.  He  is  an  engineer 
for  the  Western  division  of  the  Am- 
erican Radiator  company. 

Al  Kleerup,  cer.,  '27,  is  in  Lompoc, 
California,  working  tor  the  Celite  com- 
pany. Al  is  staying  at  the  Court  Hotel 
in  Lompoc. 


THE  PEASE  JUNIOR 
BtUE-PRINTING  EQUIPMENT 

The  l;>iil  C-di,  sio,-c>:  nrr  (lis- 
tril>utors  for  the  full  line  of  Pease 
En(jineerin<j,  Drafting,  and  Blue 
Printinfi   Snj)i)Iies. 


An  In-Expensive  Electric 
Blue-Printing  Machine 

— For  the  moderate  user 
oS  blue-prints 

Every  enginepriii^  stiulciit  should  know  ;it>oiit  tlic 
I'ea.sc  ••.lunior"  liliie-I'rintiiifj  Eciiiiinnent,  (iesifiucd 
])articulai'ly  for  moderate  tisers  of  lilne-jn-iiit.s,  wlio 
want  a  lii.iili-firade  outfit  at  tlie  lowe.st  possible  jtriee 
with  nj)  keep  and  inaiiitenanee  expense  reduced  to  a 
niiiiininni. 

No  loiifier  any  need  to  depend  upon  the  old  nnre 
liable  niake-sliift  or  sun  frame  methods.  The  I'ease 
"Junioi'"  Machine  will  turn  out  jierfect  blue-jjriuts  in 
any  size  u])  to  1'4  x  '.U't  inches  in  fi-om  one  to  one  and 
onelialf  minutes,  and  the  Pease  Sheet  Washer  ]ii'o- 
\  ides  a  very  handy  and  economical  method  f(tr  washing,' 
jiiints.  completely  disi)ensini;  with  o|i('n  trays  of  water, 
dripjiiui;  prints,  and  wet  floois. 

.l.vA-   for    PamiiliUt    MJ-.il 

THE  C.  F.  PEASE  COMPANY 

831  North  Franklin  Street 
Chicago,  Illinois 


84 


TiiK  Ti:ciFX()(:i{.\i'r[ 


Xorriiihrr,  1927 


Concrete  Research  As  a  Career 

/('onliiiiicil  friim  I'mjc  Ij) 
with  silicji  ;iii(l  .■iliiiiiina  :  siilfn  aliiinin.-ilcs  ol'  i:ilci 
iiiii,  calciniii  clilnialiiininalc  :  pn'pa  ra  I  ion  ami  (i|i1i 
cal  |ir()|i(M-li('s  (if  calciiiiii  ii ydioxidc  irvsials;  sliid 
ics  oil  liic  svsd'iii  < 'a(l  Al  l>.  Sill, ;  llic  cimiiiositioii 
SCad  I  Aljr  +  L'Sifr  :  |ii-cparalioii  of  o]ilically  <'icar 
sclciiiiiiii,  x  ray  (iil't'i'acl  imi  iiicasiirciiiciits  on  some 
of  liii'  |niri'  coiiipoiiiKls  coiirn  ihm!  in  llic  study  of 
|>oiilaiid  (■(•iiiciil  :  studies  on  iiydrolysis  of  coni 
|ioinids   wliicli   occur   in   |iorllaiid   cciiicni. 

Ivcscarciics  wliicli  arc  under  way  at  \\'asliini;t(in 
arc:  tlirccconiiioiicnt  system  Cad-Fe.OiALO:, :  influ- 
ence of  coiii|iositi()n  on  liiii-nin};-  conditions  within 
the  system  CaO  A!  (I ,  SiO, ;  inflnencc  of  compound 
composition  on  value  of  ccnieiil  ;  aliiininale  s(duti()ns 
and  tlieii-  reactions  on  the  lime  silicates;  comparison 
ot  iiieiliods  for  (]uantitativ('  petroj^i'aiiliic  analysis  of 
cement;  constitiitioiial  \ariation  in  commei'cial 
(dinkers;  i)hoto-micoi;-ra]iliy  in  natural  colors;  tliei'- 
mal  effects  durinfi'  settinji-  of  jiortland  cement;  na- 
ture of  ])rinci])al  constituent  of  clinker;  reaction 
of  salt  solutions  on  constituents  of  s(>t  cement;  tlie 
•irowtli  of  crystals  liy  diffusion  tlirouiih  uels;  X-ray 
invest  ijjat ion  of  system  FeJ),-Al..lt... 

We  believe  that  an  unravelling  of  the  laws  t;ov- 
erniiii;-  the  constitution  of  cement  clinker  may  brin^ 
foi-th  developments  which  will  vitally  affect  cement 
and  concrete.  We  are  in  the  midst  of  a  program  of 
fundamental  I'esearch  which  we  believe  is  broader  in 
sco|ie  than  any  that  has  e\ei'  before  been  undertak- 
iMi,  and  we  feel  that  we  are  obtaining;-  results  that 
are  both  interestin,;;-  and  imjiortant.  What  ultimate 
effect  these  may  have  on  concrete  enjiineerinii'  it  is 
imjiossible  to  say,  but  it  is  (juite  certain  that  they 
will  have  some  influence,  and  this  influence  will  be 
in  the  direction  of  a  better  piixlnct  and  a  more 
nearly  ]ierfect  concrete. 

Close  cooperation  is  maintained  by  our  research 
organization  with  other  testing  laboratories  and 
technical  societies  such  as  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  ^laterials,  the  American  Concrete  Institute, 
National  P.ui'eau  of  Standards,  I'nited  States 
Hiirean  of  I'ublic  Roads,  .Vssociated  (ieneral  Con- 
Irailors  of  .Vmeiica.  and  various  highway  engineer- 
ing groujis.     It  is  oui-  polic'y  to  furnish  data  from 


our  own  investigations,  make  special  tests,  collect 
iriform.-i  lion  .ind  icporl  on  researches  in  other  labor 
alories  to  assist  llicsc  Icclinical  organi/.at  ions  in 
c\'ery  way  possible.  <  tiic  of  the  best  ex.-iiiiplcs  of 
such  coo|)cr,-it  i<in  is  llie  study  of  fluid  ccincnl  w.-itcr 
niixtniTs  as  a  criteria  of  <'oncrctc  slrcnglh  now 
iindei'  way  in  con  jiiiicl  ion  willi  the  Arnciican  So 
cicly  of  Test  ing   .Materia  Is. 

I  >issemin;ition  of  the  findings  of  the  Laboratory 
is  given  as  thorough  attention  as  the  investigational 
work  itself.  The  results  are  freipicnily  incsented 
fil'st  in  iiajiers  before  technical  societies;  latei-  these 
are  distribnteil  in  printed  form.  (>tlier  data  are 
issued  directly  by  the  labor.itory  as  bnlletins  and 
circulars.  .More  than  4."), ODD  technical  bulletins 
were  distributed  by  the  I>abora1ory  in  l!lL'(i.  \  i-ec- 
ent  semi-teclmical  booklet  describing  the  walei- 
cement  ratio  method  of  controlling  sti-engtli  of  con 
ci'ete,  ])ublished  undei-  the  title  ''Design  and  Control 
of  (Nincrete  Jfixtures  "  lias  had  a  distribution  of 
more  than  :^()0,()00  in  the  last  three  years. 

Facts  from  the  Laboratory  are  also  given  ])rom- 
inence  in  the  other  jinblications  of  the  Association 
and  in  some  instances  form  the  entire  basis  for 
issue.  Through  articles  in  the  leading  technical 
journals  prejtared  both  by  the  Laboi'atory  staff  and 
other  Association  emi)loyees,  the  facts  ai'C  ke])t  be- 
fore the  American  ])ublic. 

The  work  of  the  Portland  Cement  Association 
laboratory  is  different  from  that  of  many  labora 
tories  of  industry.  Here  we  aie  striving  for  iiifoi' 
mation  which  may  immediately  be  jiassed  on  to  all 
users  of  cement  foi'  the  benefit  of  manufacturer  and 
user  alike.  There  is  no  effort,  as  in  so  many  labor- 
atories, to  discover  trade  secrets  which  may  be  jiat- 
ented  and  held  for  the  good  of  a  few.  Cnr  woik 
benefits  the  w-hole  engineering  woi-ld,  and  our  con- 
cejit  of  I'esearch,  therefoi-e,  is  of  the  bi-oad  ty|ie 
found  in  colleges  and  univeisities.  At  the  same 
time,  we  are  dealing  in  facts  which  are  vitally  in- 
ti'resting  and  of  immediate  jtractical  value.  The 
more  we  Icaiai  of  this  absorbing  material,  concrete, 
the  moi'c  we  reali/,e  wlial  jiossibilities  lie  in  its  fu- 
ture use.  And  this  serves  as  a  great  iTic(>nt ixc  to 
spur  us  on  to  more  intensive  researcdi. 


pledged:  R.  B.  Moorman,  E.  F.  Ream, 
.\.  R.  Nieman,  R.  G.  Purnell.  E.  J. 
Herringer,  E.  P.  Williamson.  W.  M. 
Honsa.  and  J.  D.  Hillyer.  The  initi- 
ation will  be  held  the  first  week  in 
December. 

The  rustomary  get-tosether   dinners 


Fraternity  Activities 

fCnntinuerl   Ivnm    Page  :?SJ 

that  are  held  the  first  Sunday  ot  each 
month  will  begin  this  month  and  hopes 
are  entertained  for  a  series  of  good 
talks  at  these  affairs. 


Keramos 

.•\t  a  special  meeting  of  Keramos  W. 
Henson  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy 


left  by  E.  T.  Wheeler  who.  on  trans- 
ferring from  ceramic  to  architectural 
engineering,  resigned  his  office  as 
president. 

Under  its  new  leader  the  organiza- 
tion has  started  its  program  for  the 
year.  One  of  the  important  undertak- 
ings  is  the  forming  of  a   Dope   Book. 


Xorviiibcr,  V>21 


THE  TEcnxodNArn 


Tommy  '31  Registers 

(Continued  from   Patie  ID) 

tlip  wistful  blue  eyes  of  the  architect  <;ii-l  whom  he 
had  helped  before.  But  this  time  she  didn't  tise  the 
same  apjiealing  look;  her  eyes  were  now  wistfnl 
and  admiring. 

"You're  through  already,  aren't  you,"  she  said 
softly,  hero-worship  in  every  word.  Tommy  gulped 
and  nodded.  "It  must  be  wonderful  to  know  how 
registration  works,  and  to  be  able  to  finisli  so 
quickly.  You  must  be  very  bright,"  she  added,  "to 
be  able  to  understand  all  these  things." 

"Not  so  very,"  said  Tommy  depreciatingly,  look- 
ing quite  pleased,  nevertheless.  "There  aren't  many 
co-eds,"  reflected  Tommy,  "wlio  can  appreciate  real 
intelligence." 

"Oh,  it  would  be  wonderful  if — "  the  architect 
girl  stopi)ed  suddenly  and  looked  at  Tommy  as  if 
afi'aid  to  go  on. 

"If  what?"  asked   Tommy  eagerly. 

"If  you'd  help  me  fill  out  my  class  cards  and  the 
back  of  my  study  list.  You  understand  it  so  well, 
while  I'm  so  dumb  about  such  things."  This  last 
with  a  note  of  disgust  for  her  admitted  failing. 
Truly,  architect  girls  aren't  so  dumb. 

"Glad  to,"  said  Tommy  magnificently.  "Let's  go 
(Continued  on  Page  Ji6) 


EFFICIENCY 

Texrope  Drives  are  very  largely  specified  without  any  ques- 
tion as  to  mechanical  efficiency.  Some  one  of  their  other  very 
marked  advantages  may  be  of  more  importance,  and  Texrope 
Drives  would  he  used  even   if  their  efficiency   were  only   fair. 

But  wherever  it  has  been  possible  to  make  comparisons. 
Texrope  Drives  have  shown  large  power  savings,  often  enough 
to    pay    for    the   equipment    in   a    short    time. 

Field  and  laboratory  results  both  show  that  transmission  of 
power  is  accomplished  bv  the  Texrope  Drive  with  the  ab-ulutc 
minimum    of    loss. 

Efficicm-x    98.9'7f     hv    tulital    test. 
a'ot>y   of  test   report   nuiUnl  on    rcqursf.i 

/1LLIS-CH/1LMERS  M/INUFflCTURINGfO. 

I  MII.WAUKCE,   WIS.    U.S.A.  V. 


WIRE 


automobile  and  airplane  wires, 
electrical  wires,  submarine  cables, 
bridge-building  cables,  wire  rope, 
telegraph  and  telephone  wire,  ra- 
dio wire,  round  wire,  flat  wire, 
star-shaped  and  all  different  kinds  of  shapes  of  wire,  sheet  wire,  piano 
wire,  pipe  organ  wire,  wire  hoops,  barbed  wire,  woven  wire  fences, 
wire  gates,  wire  fence  posts,  trolley  wire  and  rail  bonds,  poultry  net- 
ting, wire  springs,  concrete  reinforcing  wire  mesh,  nails,  staples,  tacks, 
spikes,  bale  ties,  steel  wire  strips,  wire-rope  aerial  tramways.  Illus- 
trated story  of  how  steel  and  wire  is  made,  also  illustrated  books 
describing  uses  of  all  the  above  wires  sent  free. 

AMERICAN  STEEL  &  WIRE 


Sales  Offices 


COMPANY 


Chicago       New  York 
Wilkes-Barre      St.  Lou; 


Boston       Cleveland       Worcester        Philadelphia        Pittsbureh        Buffalo        Detroit        Cincinnati        Baltimore 
Kansas  City      St.  Paul      Oklahoma  City      BirminEham      Memphis      Dallas     Atlanta      Denver     Salt  Lake  City 
Export  Representative:  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Co..  New  York 
Pacific  Coast  Representative:  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Company,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Seattle 


;^fi 


TIM':  Ti;('ii\()(;i{.\i'n 


Xoriiiihir.  in.n 


LOG  IS 

Ikey  O'Mallory  was  a  Russian  and 
he  krpt  a  Russian  business.  His  wife's 
name  was  Katrinka  and  he  loved  her 
very  much.  However,  Ikey  was  a  very 
busy  man,  so  he  often  left  Katrinka 
alone.  One  day  a  traveling  salesman 
from  Peoria  came  to  Ikey's  store.  Ikey 
was  too  busy  so  he  sent  for  Katrinka 
to  talk  to  the  man;  Katrinka  at  once 
fell  in  love  with  him,  and  so  they  de- 
rided to  flee  together.  That  night, 
when  Ikey  went  upstairs  to  supper  he 
found  a  note  on  the  table  telling  him 
his  wife  had  flown  their  love  nest. 

"Ha!  Ha!"  said  Ikey,  bursting  out 
laughing,  because  he  knew  Katrinka 
was  too  heavy  to  fly  even  if  she  had 
wanted  to. 


"Wot  didja  do  last  summer?" 
"I  woiked   in   Des  Moines." 
"Coal  or  iron?" 

— WiUinms  Pur-pie  Coir. 


"Gracious,  isn't  that  man  speeding 
terribly?" 

"Yes,  he's  trying  to  get  that  latest 
model  home  before  it  becomes  obso- 
lete." —Life. 


Rudolph  is  so  doltish  that  he  think", 
the  White  House  Spokesman  is  the 
man  who  fixes  the  wheels  on  the 
President's  car. — Cornell  Widoic. 


DIRT 
While  I  was  strolling  down  the  street. 
A  pretty  girl  I   chanced  to  meet. 
Just  as  she  was  passing  by 
A  piece  of  dirt  flew  in  my  eye; 
She  slapped  my  face,  I   wonder  why? 
— Len. 


"I'm  flat  broke,"  said  the  poor  work- 
ing man  as  he  paid  the  month's  apart- 
ment rent. 


"Did    you    see    the    big    engineering 
picture?" 

"Which  one  was  that?" 
"Carmen." 


"A  joule  per  second  is  one  watt." 
"One  what?" 

"Yes!" 


Dean  (to  frosh)  —  "Do  you  know 
who  I  am?" 

Frosh — "No,  I  don't,  but  if  you  can 
remember  your  address,  I'll  take  you 
home." — Northwestern   Purple  Parrot. 


Mono — "Hey,  give  me  that  shovel!" 
Gram — "That  snow  shovel?" 
Mono — "Sure,    it's   a   shovel." 

— Notre  Dame  Jnyyler. 


Barber — "Wet  or  dry?" 

Customer — "Cut  my  hair.  Never 
mind  my  politics." — Oregon  Orange 
Owl. 


A  bol)  haired  scantily  clad  flapper 
was  making  her  application  at  the 
pearly  gates,  and  St.  Peter  was  putting 
her  through  her  category. 

"What  was  your  occupation?"  he  in- 
quired. 

"Men  called  me  a  gold-digger,"  she 
tittered. 

"I'm  sorry — but  on  account  of  the 
paving  we  can't  let  you  in  here." 

— American  Legion  Monthly. 


The  actor  asked  for  bread  and  the 
curtain  come  down  with  a  roll. 


"How  did  Tom  happen  to  miss  his 
train?" 

"Did  you  ever  see  those  steps  just 
before   you  get  down  to  the  tracks?" 

"Yes." 

"Well,  he  didn't." — Princeton  Tiger. 


Father  Kangaroo  —  "Where's  the 
baby?" 

Mother  Kangaroo  (feeling  in  her 
pockets) — "I  guess  I  must  have  left  it 
in   my  other  clothes." — Webfoot. 


Prof. — "What  did  you  think  of  'As 
You  Like  It'?" 

Stude  (brightly)— "Why,  I  think  it's 
one  of  Shakepeare's  best  puns." 

Prof. — "What  do  you  mean  when 
you  say  pun?" 

Stude — "Well,  a  pun  is  a  play  with 
words,   isn't  it?" 


A  lecturer  was  telling  of  his  ex- 
perience in  India,  "Toss  one  of  these 
fellows  a  coin,  and  he  would  draw  it 
out  Into  a  wire  of  inconceivable  fine- 
ness   " 

The  brother  leaned  over  to  the  in- 
nocent looking  chap  beside  him.  "No, 
no.  Freshman,  wire-drawers  aren't  to 
be  worn." 


Will  trig  solve  an  eternal  triangle? 


We    wonder    if    newlyweds    take    up 
lighthouse  keeping  to  be  alone. 


Collegiate — "I  think  I'll  commit  sui- 
cide." 

Practical — "Good,  but  turn  off  the 
gas   when   you're  through." 


"What's  the  date  today?" 

"I  don't  know.  Why  don't  you  look 
at  the  newspaper  you  have  in  your 
pocket?" 

"That  won't  do  any  good;  it's  yes- 
terday's paper." 


Sympathetic  lady  to  stammerer — 
"Did  you  ever  go  to  a  school  for  stam- 
mering, my  good  man?" 

"N-n-no,  mum.  I  p-p-pickcd  it  up  by 
myself." 


yorriiibrr.  l'J21 


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To  tliost'  enjiiiieers  who  liave  been  our 
cipiitinnoiis  customers  durin<;  their  stay  at 
tlie  ruiversity,  we  A\isli  to  extend  a  word  of 
appreciation. 

In  1!»2:!  Bailey  and  Himes  discontinued 
tlieir  text  book  departnicnt.  Since  tiiat  tiinv 
we  ha\e  liad  a  steady  i^rowth  in  vidnnie  of 
sales  in  our  <lrawinj,'  department.  Tills  is 
no  doubt  primarily  due  to  the  increased  effi 
ciency  iii  selling;  service  to  our  enj^ineer 
friends. 

<  >ra  A.  Keatinj;  is  at  the  head  of  our 
drawinjj;  supply  department.  Have  you  a 
problem  of  rejiairs,  shari)eninj;,  or  new  ma 
terial? — Go  to  this  man — he  will  help  yon! 


BAILEY  AND  HIMES 

The   Student   Supply   Store 

606   East   Green   Street 

"Chuck"    Hail<>y  Shflbv    Hitiv 


ENGINEERS! 

Meet  Your  Friends  at  the 

Engineers'  Rendez\ous 

for  a 

lOc  MALT 

or  a 

15c  BANANA  SPLIT 

ERNIE'S 

NO.    1 
202  1-2  SOUTH  MATHEWS  AVENUE 

NO.    2 
ACROSS  FROM   PHYSICS   BUILDING 


:>s 


Tin;  Ti;('iiN()(;i{Ai'H 


Noniiibcr.  I!);n 


..at  Kaufman's 

On  the  Campus 2  Stores Downtown 

Tzco  Stores  Catering  to  Men  at  Illinois 


Cutler  1 1>  dro-HIectric  Uevelopment 

(Contiiiucd  fr<i)n    I'lujc   12) 

;ni(l  Iiirliiiic  ciiiiiiniKMit  wcii'  riiiiiislicil  by  tlic  I.  I'. 
.Mdrris  il(')inilini'iil  nl'  Win.  ('iMiiip  and  Sons.  (Irnc- 
rators  wcic  lurnislicil  liy  the  (icneral  Electi'ic  Co. 
The  stator  frames  of  tlic  ficneiatoi-s  caiiie  iinwdimd 
and  in  sections  of  two  castings  each.  The  sections 
were  bolted  1oi;-ethei'  and  llie  windini;  (h)ne  in  tlie 
station. 

The  (i.'.MlO  \(>li  Ims  strncture  was  constructed  as 
]iartly  ]irccast  and  ])artly  poured  in  ])lace  reinforced 
concrete  walls  and  slabs.  It  coni])rises  in  all  ll'S 
masonry  cells,  and  reciuired  '■\?>  tons  of  precast  slabs, 
mostly  of   t  inch  tliickness. 

Tlie  s\\  itchboard  is  to  be  opcralcil  in  conjunction 
witli  tlial  of  the  old  jibuit.  Its  cal)les  and  jiijie  are 
all  carried  from  the  sl.-ition  in  undci-.iirouiid  trenches 
and  ducts.  The  main  bank  of  three  40  ton  tians 
foi'niers  stejis  up  the  ;;enerator  \'olta.ue,  (i.IMM)  to 
i:>0,000  for  transmission  over  the  main  lines  of  the 
ftah  I'owei'  and  Lijiht  System  to  their  terminal 
stalion  near  Salt   Lake  City. 

Tlie  fb)w  line  draws  considerable  comment  from 
visiiors  in  the  canyon.  lOmergin.s;-  from  the  base  of 
the  dam  as  a  steel  i)late  i)ipe  18  feet  in  diameter,  it 
stretches  for  1.000  feet  over  heavy  concrete  saddles 


sjiaced  at  about  I'O  feet.  (See  Fij^nic  T(.  Ft  makes 
a  sli<;ht  an<;le  at  one  jioint  where  a  hui;(>  concrete 
tlirust  block  is  i'ei|nired.  Anothei'  \-ery  slight  angle 
occui's  just  above  the  cut.  In  the  cut,  and  about  I'OO 
feet  fi'om  the  station,  is  the  surge  taid<.  This  taidv 
is  40  feet  in  diameter,  100  feet  high  above  the  flow 
line,  and  is  of  plate  steel  end)edded  at  the  base  in 
mass  concrete.  Just  below  the  surge  tank  is  the 
"Y,"  where  the  IS-foot  pipe  divides  into  two  14-foot 
penstocks  which  drop  with  a  rapid  grade  into  the 
valve  chandjer.  The  14 foot  butterfly  valves  are  set 
directly  in  the  penstocks  and  control  the  flow  of 
watei'  into  the  scroll  cases.  With  each  valve  is  a 
11!  inch  by  ]iass  from  iienstock  to  scroll  case,  so  that 
water  may  be  admitted  slowly  if  desired. 

The  Cutler  ]dant  is  the  largest  electric  ]iower 
plant  in  I'tah,  and  second  largest  (ni  the  I'tali  I'ower 
and  Light  Company  system.  Constructed  by  the 
Salt  Lake  City  division  of  the  Phoenix  Utility  Com- 
pany, it  was  begun  early  in  the  si)ring  of  192.'>,  and 
is  now  (Jn unary,  T927)  being  ])laced  in  service.  An 
average  of  somewhere  near  300  men  were  emiiloyed 
on  the  ]iroject  over  that  jieriod,  under  the  direction 
of  Su])erintendent  L.  K.  Fuller.  The  final  cost  of 
the  development  will  be  above  .">,(t()(»,(m()  dollars. 


Establislied  1S67 


The  Vilter  Manufacturing  Co. 

1020  Clinton  St.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Ice  Making  and  Refrigerating  Machinery 
Corliss  and  Poppet  Valve  Engines 

Brancli  offices  in  all  principal  cities 
If  interested  write  for  bulletins 


Xorouber,  1927 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


41 


In  research:  The  Bell  Labora- 
tories are  continually  developing 
new  apparatus,  \\  Inch  in  due  time 
results  in  improved  or  extended 
service. 

What  was  undiscovered  country 
yesterday  is  charted  today — carrier 
telephony,  long  distance  telephone 
cable,  transatlantic  telephony.  And 
this  work  goes  on,  to  add  new  mean- 
ing to  "Communication." 

— and  in  making 
Western 

It  has  been  the  responsibility  of 
Western  Electric  to  develop  the  ma- 
chinery of  telephone  production  and 
to  keep  improving  it,  working  out 
better  and  quicker  and  more  eco- 
nomical methods. 

One  instance  of  this  is  seen  in 
the  copper  \\  ire  mill.  A  few  years 
ago  it  became  desirable  for  this  com- 
pany to  produce  a  good  part  of  its  o\\  n 
rod  and  wire,  and  to  that  end  Western 
Electric  engineers  mastered  the  tech- 
nique of  this  additional  industry.  Not 
only  that,  but  they  had  the  courage 
and  the  vision  to  attempt  certain  de- 
partures from  existing  practice,  with 
the  result  that  the  Western  Electric 
mill  has  contributed  new  standards 
to  an  old  art. 

Following  the  wire  from  the  mill 
to  the  manufacture  cf  lead-covered 
cable,  you  will  find  more  instances 


In  plant  operation:  That  the  tele- 
phone operating  companies  can  meet 
now  the  increased  need  for  their  ser- 
vice is  largely  because  they  had  the 
foresight  to  provide  for  present  re- 
quirements years  ago. 

Always  there  \\  ill  be  new  country, 
bounded  by  suchquestionsas,  "What 
new  uses  of  the  telephone  can  we  de- 
velop ?  How  can  we  make  telephone 
service  more  valuable?" 

telephones  at 
Electric 

y 

of  pioneering.  To  insulate  and  twist 
the  wires,  refinements  in  machine 
design  have  been  introduced  which 
reconcile  two  important  factors — 
high  speed  and  high  quality. 

And  throughout  the  entire 
works,  from 
the  purchase 
of  raw  mate- 
rial, through 
fabrication, 
to  the  final 
test  of  the 
product. 
Western 
Electric  nev- 
er takes  the 
conventional 
stand  of  let- 
t  i  n  g  well 
enough  a- 
lone. 


This  ivire-tivisting  machine^ 
designeJ  by  for^varJ-looUng 
H'eiUrn  Electric  engineer!, 
operates  tit  it  speeJ  jix'times 
greater  than  the  one  it  replaced. 


BELL  SYSTEM 

yl  nation-wide  system  of  i  8,000,000  inter-connecting  telephones 


"OUR        PIONEERING       WORK        HAS       JUST       BEGUN" 


Til  10  TKCnXOMKAI'TT 


\()r<iiihri\  inn 


\5 


1^  Colored] 


THIN 
,^  ^  LEAD 
'Colored  Pencils 

Make  fine  lines  for  figuring,  check- 
ing* sketching,  blueptiacs,  etc* 


ENUS 

ENCILS 


Iht  Largeit  Selling  Slualiiy  'Pencils 
in  the  H'oTld 

The  Lead  is  absolutely  free 
from  grit  or  even  the  slight- 
est coarseness;  remarkably 
smooth  and  long'lasting. 
Each  of  the  1 7  degrees  are 
uniform  with  every  pencil 
of  that  degree — always. 
The  wood  is  specially  select- 
ed cedar,  of  the  best  quality 
obtainable. 

Theirperfectionmakesthem 
economical  as  they  can  be 
used  down  to  the  last  inch. 
The  distinctive  ivatermark 
finish  avoids  substitution — 
known  and  recognized 
throughout  the  world. 

17  Black  Degrees 
3  Copying 


Blue 
Ked 
Greea 
White 


Purple  Pink 

Browa  Lt  Blue 

Orange  It.  Greea 

Yellow  Matooa 


For  bold  heavy  lines 6B-5B-4B-3B 

For  (vriling.  skelcliiiig 2B-B-HBF-H 

For  clean  fine  lines  . .  2H.3H-4H.5H-6H 
For  delicate.  Ihui  lines 7H'8H-9H 

Plain  Ends— per  doz.  $1.00 

Rubber  "  —per  doz.  $1.20 

At  Stationers  and  Stores 

throughout  the  World 

American  Lead  Pencil  Co. 
218  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


MAGNET  WIRE 
and  WINDINGS 


are  standard  in  four 
out  of  five  electrical 
manufacturing  plants. 


Ask  for  a  copy  of  the  DUDLO  folder 

"Wire  and  Winding  Data".     It 

will  help  you  in  your  work. 

DUDLO  MANUFACTURING  CORP. 

FORT  WAYNE,  INDIANA 


Transportation  in  China 

fCiniliinicil    triiiii     I'di/r    S) 

I'lilliiw  iiij^    l;llilc   ^i\rs    llic    tiiosi    iiii|Miil;i  III    i  iil'o|-iii;i- 
lidii  coiiciTMiMj;   llic  ten  |iriiici|i;il  ^(iNcrniiiciil   liiii's: 


l.illL- 

Dates    of 

HcKinning  . 

Cumpletii 

nd 

Mil.-au 

iMiiuls 

.f 

Notes 

PekinR. 
Mukden 

l«a7    PekiiiK 
.Mukden 

1900 
1906 

640 

British 

1 

I  operation 
from   1888 

IVkiuK- 
llank„w 

1901 

190.S 

814 

French, 
BelKL-in 

Peking. 
.Suiyau 

1907    Kalgan 
Sniyan 

1910 
1921 

400 

Bi 

ill     fr 
irofits 
P.   .\1. 

^m    ope  rat  ii 
of    the 
line 

ShauRhai. 
NankiiiE 

Woosung   line, 

189.S 
NankiuR    line. 

19(17  1909 

210 

British 

Shnughai^ 
Haugcl.i.w 

Ni.lKIK, 

Shai.  Il'show 
Ninsip,,    Line 

1908 
1910 

178 

British 

section. 

n  capital 

section, 


fhengt 
Taiy 

r.infu 

190.1 

1910 

170 

Shantii 

>K 

1899 

1905 

280 

Hupeh- 
Hun. 

„ 

1  909 

1922 

2.1  .i 

Lung. 
Hai 

(The 

1916 
last    two    1 

1924 

.140 

'he  only  narri 
gauge   line 


III  addition  to  tlio  forcjioiiij;  tliere  are  ('ii;ht  otlicr 
lines  bcloiifiiiif;  to  the  government  railways  of  an 
agfi reflate  leiifttli  of  about  .six  Imndred  miles  Iniiij; 
iiif^'  tlie  total  ffovernment  railway  mileajje  to  about 
forty-si.v  Imndred,  tlie  total  reaehinji  five  tliousand 
by  inehuliiif;  the  small  mileage  of  private  lines. 
There  are  also  three  very  imiiortant  "concessioned" 
lines: 

The  Chinese  Eastern  is  the  shortcut  of  the  Trans- 
Siberian  line  aeross  Manchuria.  This  line  was  built 
in  1890-1)7  and  is  940  miles  long.  The  railway  re- 
mains iiractieally  Russian  jiroperty  though  nomin- 
ally under  dual  Riisso Chinese  control.  The  gage  is 
five  feet. 

The  South  ^laiiciiuiian  Railway  was  originally 
built  by  Russia  to  give  an  ice-free  outlet,  connecting 
the  Manchurian  city  of  Harbin  which  is  the  com- 
mercial cajiital  of  Silieria  to  the  port  of  Dairen. 
The  line  fell  to  the  .Ta)>ane.se  as  spoil  of  war  in 
190(5,  along  with  the  rights  to  Dairen,  and  Jajiane.se 
control  is  absolute.  This  line  is  the  finest  in  China 
in  every  resjiect.     (Length  640  miles). 

The  Yunnan  line  connects  Yunnanfu  with  the 
French  Indo-China  city  of  Haiphong.  The  line  in 
China  is  280  miles  long  and  was  built  between  1903 
and  1910.  The  location  of  part  of  the  line  within 
Chinese  borders  is  a  mere  accident,  for  the  road  is 
French  in  every  other  particular.  It  is  a  meter 
gauge  line,  built  under  great  engineering  difficul- 
(Continued  on  Page  -'lo) 


Xuccinbcr.  192"} 


THE  TEC11X0(;KAI'IT 


Transportation  in  China 

(Continued  from  Page  .',2) 
ties  and  with  great  cost  of  liumaii  life. 

"With  a  grand  total  of  not  qnite  7.(M)()  inilcs. 
China  stands  twentietli  in  mileage,  and  at  the  bot- 
tom of  tlie  list  with  tlie  largest  nnmber  of  ]ieoi)le 
and  of  square  miles  of  territory  ])er  niih-  of  line. 
And  yet  any  reasonable  railway  ])rojc(t  in  ('hina 
properly  managed  is  a  gold-mine  at  the  iircsent 
rates,  and  should  be  highly  jtrofitable  with  big  re 
ductions.  During  normal  years,  some  lines  have 
operated  on  a  ratio  of  forlT  ])er  cent  and  less — that 
is,  nearly  five-eightlis  of  the  total  income  was  avail- 
able for  interest  and  I'etirement  of  bonds  the  ex- 
penses of  the  central  administration,  and  jjrofit.  T'j) 
to  192^  most  of  the  lines  gave  fairly  good  service, 
their  effectiveness  and  efficiency  being  in  genei'al  in 
inverse  proportion  to  the  degree  of  Chinese  control 
in  effect.  This  must  not  be  understood  as  deroga- 
tory to  Chinese  civilian  control,  but  where  the  lat- 
ter c<Hidition  existed,  militaristic  looting  was  also 
going  on  in  a  greater  or  less  measure.  Siuce  that 
date,  the  nearly  continuous  fighting  in  the  railway 
zone  has  virtually  robbed  the  country  of  what  little 
modern  trans])ort  facilities  it  ])0ssessed.  Some 
minor  roads  have  susjiendcd  o]>erations  entirely: 
at  least  thi-ee  of  the  major  lines  at  last  re])orts  were 
open  to  military  ti-ansport  only,  and  the  best  lines 
in  the  country  ha\e  rediu'ed  train-s])eeds  on  account 
of  the  condition  of  the  track.  In  the  past  four 
years,  agreements  with  regai'd  to  interest  and  am- 
ortization of  bonds  and  foreign  su])ervision  alike 
have  been  overridden  by  the  war-lords  as  scraps 
of  jiaper,  the  lines  have  Ix'coine  mere  campaign  ac- 
cessories and  credit  as  well  as  jihysical  jiroperty 
has  been  destroyed.  How  the  I'ailways  are  to  lift 
themselves  out  of  theii'  i>resent  plight  remains  to  be 
seen — and  meanwhile  China  revei'ts  to  wheel-barrow 
and  ]iack-aninial  transportation. 


Phi  Eta  Sigma  Engineers 

Thirty  seven  freshmen  engineeis  weic  initialed 
into  I*hi  Eta  Sigma,  honoi-aiy  scholastic  fiatei  iiity. 
during  the  i)ast  yeai'.  Those  who  "made  the  gi-ade," 
arc:  .\.  K.  Barton,  K.  V.  Becker,  S.  Hernstein.  (i.  W. 
Itrown.  K.  E.  Hisshop,  L.  W.  Mrugman,  AV.  T.  Coop 
er.  .1.  W.  KcWolf.  C.  E.  Dodson.  C.  V.  Drake,  E.  A. 
Dubiii.  .1.  .1.  I'iiirelii.  C.  Centilini,  A.  \{.  (iroe.ser,  H. 
C.  ilauloins,  II.  C.  Ileaton,  AV.  R.  Ilildernian,  F.  W. 
Ildrii.  (i.  L.  .lolmson.  S.  R.  Jorden,  (}.  W.  Kessler. 
\V.  E.  LaHelle.  R.  D.  Laidig,  L.  E.  Langdon.  R.  I.. 
Afanville.  JI.  O.  McJlullin,  ().  \V.  Jfunz,  J.  S.  Nail, 
R.  C.  Oeler,  Y.  L.  ()i)i)erman.  C.  I.  11.  I'erry,  C.  V. 
Sclieve,  J.  F.  Schroeder,  T.  V.  Sheehan,  E.  J.  Slygh, 
J.  R.  Vogel,  and  T.  T.  Wiley. 


Bell  and  Spigot  Joint 

THE  Bell  and  Spigot  Joint 
for  Cast  Iron  Pipe,  adopted 
over  one  hundred  years  ago,  is 
the  preferred  joint  today. 

It  is  tight,  flexible,  easily  made 
and  non-corrodible.  There  are 
no  bolts  to  rust  out.  It  makes 
changes  of  alignment  or  inser- 
tion of  special  fittings  a  simple 
matter.  It  can  be  taken  apart 
and  the  pipe  used  over  again, 
without  any  injury.  It  is  not 
subject  to  damage  in  transit. 
In  fact,  it  embodies  practically 
all  of  the  desirable  qualities  in 
an  underground  joint. 

The  use  of  this  type  of  joint, 
together  with  the  long  life  of 
Cast  Iron  Pipe,  makes  for  ex- 
tremely low  maintenance  costs. 


The  Cast  Iron  Pipe  Publicity  Bureau 
Peoples  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago 


CA!»T  IRON  PIPE 


Our  new  bnokkt,** Plan- 
ning a  fVaterworks 
System y  which  covers 
the  problem  of  water  for 
the  small  town,  ti-ill  be 
tent  on  request 


Send  for  booklet,  "Cast 
Iron  Pipe  for  Industrial 


ieresting  installations  to 
meet  special  problems 


Tiiio  Ti:("ii\(»(iHAi'n 


yitninhi r.  I'lll 


Steel  Sheets  that  Resist  Rust! 

The  destructive  enemy  of  sheet  metal  is  rust. 
It  is  successfully  combated  by  the  use  of  pro- 
tective coatings,  or  by  scientific  alloying  to  re- 
sist corrosion.  Well  made  steel  alloyed  with 
Coppergivesmaximum  endurance.  Insistupon 

KEYSTONE 

Rust-Resisting 
Copper  Steel 

Sheets 

Black  and  Galvanized 


Keystone  Copper  Steel  gives  superior  service  for  roof- 
ing, siding,  gutters,  spouting,  culverts,  flumes,  tanks,  and 
ail  uses  to  which  sheet  metal  is  adapted — above  or  below 
the  ground.  Our  booklet  Fac<5  tells  you  why.  We  manu- 
facture American  Bessemer,  American  Open  Hearth, 
and  Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets  and  Tin  Plates. 

Black  Sheets  for  all  purposes 
Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets 
Apollo  Best  Bloom  Galvanized  Sheets 
Apollo-Keystone  Galvanized  Sheets 
Culvert,  Flume,  and  Tank  Stock 
Formed  Roofing  and  Siding  Products 
Automobile  Sheets,  Electrical  Sheets 
Deep  Drawing  and  Stamping  Stock 
Tin  and  Terne  Plates,  Black  Plate,  Etc. 

n(  the  highest  standards  of  quality,  and 
s  of  the  mining,  engineering,  and  general 
nerchanls.  Write  nearest  District  Otiice. 


Our  Sheet  and  Tit;  Mill  Products  re- 
tire particularly  suited  to  the  requiri 
construction  fields.  Sold  by  leading  n 


American  Slieet  and  Tin  Plate  Company 


Frick  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Pi'TPiT  Sales  Offices= 
Chicago  Cincinnati  Denver  Detroit       New  Orleans         New  York 

Philadelphia        Pittsburgh        St.  Louis 
Pacific  Coast  Representatives:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co., San  Francisco 

Los  Angeles       Portland         Seattle 
Export  Representatives:  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  Co.,   New  York  City 


Tommy  '31  Registers 

(Continuril  from  Par/e  35) 

lip  to  llic  clicckinf;  room."  Tliis  time  she  was  in 
(o\v,  and  Tommy  might  1)0  heard  musiiij;  to  himself. 
•'An  engineer's  got  to  he  brainy  and  liave  personal 
ity,  too.  Hiicss  tlie  folks  back  home  are  right;  I've 
got  both,"  and  he  glanced  at  the  evidence  of  his  i)er- 
soiiulity,  Of  what  have  yon,  at  his  side,  which  evi- 
dence was  slill  Idtiking  raptly  .iiid  adiiiiiingl y  up 
at  him. 

A  fnniiy  cliiJ!  slii\iT-c(l  np  liis  spine  as  he  fell  a 
little  arm  link  confidently  with  his  own.  This  col- 
lege life  was  going  to  be  intermixed  with  j)leasure 
after  all.  Tommy's  pen  vibrated  with  excitement 
as  he  filled  ont  her  unending  string  of  class  cards 
and  a  ream  or  two  of  study  lists. 

A  soft  hand  brushed  his  own  as  llie  fair  one 
reached  for  the  papers  and  he  found  himself  gaz- 
ing into  the  azure  pools  of  her  eyes.  A  sensation  of 
numbness  possessed  his  limbs,  daring  him  to  move: 
the  light  shining  in  those  orbs  of  delight  sent  his 
heart  into  violent  motion.  A  giddiness  and  a  black 
jtall  began  to  si)read  over  his  thoughts,  and  Tommy 
was  totally  unconscious  before  he  hit  the  floor. 

Her   aims   accomi)lished,   the  architect   girl    in 
(Continued  on  Page  50) 


ENGINEERS 

A  Square  Deal  and  Good 

Merchandise. 

That's  Our  Policy! 

The  real  engineer  wants  first  class  nia 
terial  when  he  lays  down  his  money.  No 
l>rice  cutting,  rebating,  or  advertising  guff 
can  compensate  for  inferior  nienliaiidise. 
That  is  why  we  sell  only  su])eiior  articles. 
We  want  your  trade  and  \\c  know  our  goods 
will  merit  it.  The  price  is  as  low  as  this 
tpiality  can  be  sold  for.  To  try  to  buy  cheap- 
er is  to  deceive  and  cheat  yourself. 

THE  CO-OP 

tircen  ami  \\'rii;lil   Streets 


Xovember.  1927 


THE  TECHXOlJRAPn 


nd  the 


OVER  nvo  million  cubic  yards  of  rock 
blasted  literally  from  under  the  very 
feet  of  New  Yorkers — without  even  jarring 
their  famous  metropolitanism! 

Since  the  adoption  of  plans  for  the  Eighth 
Avenue  Subway  in  1925,  contractors  under 
the  direction  of  the  New  York  Cit^'  Board  of 
Transportation  have  been  busily  blasting  a 
57-mile  tunnel  under  the  most  congested 
traffic  centers  of  Manhattan  and  Brooklyn. 
Steam  shovels  and  motor  dump  trucks  crawl 
over  and  under  and  in  betu^een  a  labyrinth 
of  tubes,  tunnels,  gas  and  water  mains 
Small  charges  of  du  Pont  explosives,  aggre- 
gating many  tons,  are  being  fired  under  the 
rumble  of  great  trucks,  scurrying  taxis,  and 


hurrying  pedestrians,  with  all  the  safety  pre- 
cautions prescribed  by  the  city.  One  of  the 
many  wonders  of  this  wonderful  city. 
When  completed,  this  subway  will  contain 
170  miles  of  track — more  than  doubling  the 
subway  facilities  of  New  York.  The  cost 
of  construction  will  be  approximately 
$400,000,000.  The  entire  cost  of  this  great 
subway  is  estimated  at  a  half  billion  dollars 
— one  of  the  most  remarkable  enterprises 
in  the  history  of  city  government. 
Du  Pont  laboratories,  du  Pont  engineers  and 
field  service  men  are  working  constandy 
with  users  of  explosives,  making  available 
the  knowledge  and  skill  of  125  years  of 
explosives  experience. 


E.  I.  DU  PONT  DE  NEMOURS  &  CO.,  Inc. 

Explosives  Department 
WILMINGTON,  DELAWARE 


fflPOK 


[■IrU^. 


125  YEARS   OF   LEADERSHIP    IN  THE  SERVICE  OF  INDUSTFCY- 


TFIi:  TKCnXOCRAI'II 


Xnrrwhrr,  1927 


''Special Formed  Cutters 


were 


used'^ 


MORE  and  more  frequently  this  state- 
ment appears  in  the  description  of 
high  produaion  milHng  set-ups.  The  ad- 
vantages of  milling  the  required  contour 
at  a  pass  are  becoming  more  widely  recog- 
nized every  day. 

Manufacturers  are  learning  that  Brown 
&  Sharpe  Formed  Cutters,  in  addition  to 
giving  a  substantial  increase  in  production, 
are  lower  in  cost  because  of  their  ability 
to  stand  up  longer  between  sharpenings. 

Above,  a  gang  of  six  Brown  &  Sharpe 
Formed  Cutters  is  in  use  for  a  form  mill- 
ing operation  on  wrench  handles.  The  cut 
was  taken  rapidly  yet  leaving  the  good  finish 
which  was  required. 

It  will  profit  you  to  become  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  line  of  over  1500  styles 
and  sizes  of  Brown  &  Sharpe  Cutters.  Send 
for  a  copy  of  Small  Tool  Catalog  No.  30, 
which  lists  them  all  and  contains  consider- 
able information  about  cutters. 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  CO. 

PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


Progress  in  Exact  Analysis  of  Flue  (jas 

(Crintinucil  from  Paye  IH) 
till'  ll(i|i(;llilc  icll:  llic  sdMiii  li:illi  lic;itl'(l  liy  a  ^as 
flame,  ami  liavinti  a  rrt'lcx  cmiiii'iiscr  to  kcc])  steam 
from  csciipiiii;.  'riiis  stfaiii  sit\cs  two  ]nir]ios('s. 
iiaiiu'l.v:  lai  lo  lii^t  ilii'  in-odncis  of  (•(jnihiistion  to 
I'll'  (lefjiri's  v..  so  lli:il  ihcy  (.|itc]'  tlic  lioiicalitc  at  a 
constant  tcmpiTatiirc:  llil  lo  licat  the  catalyst  to 
I'll'  (lejirecs  1'.,  which  is  coiisidi'icil  the  hcsl  tcmiicra- 
tni-i'  for  tiic  icaitioii  to  take  jilace. 

i''or  ilclcrmiiiin^;  the  air  frci'  factor  to  coiivpi't 
the  per  cent  carbon  monoxide  as  samjiled  to  an  air- 
free  basis  two  metliods  arc  ])ossible,  analyziii};  for 
the  oxy};en  present  in  the  sample  or  for  the  carbon 
dioxide  present.  Since  the  analysis  for  oxyf;en  ne- 
cessitates determininjt  the  carbon  dioxide  and  the 
analysis  for  oxyjien  is  a  slow  one  and  not  very  ac- 
cnrate,  it  was  decided  to  nse  the  second  ])ossibility, 
that  of  determininji  the  carbon  dioxide.  It  was 
found  tliat  both  methods  f>ave  check  results.  Ac- 
cordingly the  time  for  analysis  was  shortened  and 
the  accuracy  increased  because  the  analysis  for  cai-- 
lion  dioxide  is  more  accurate  than  the  one  for 
oxyj^en. 

The  difference  between  the  carbon  dioxide  ap]ia- 
ratns  and  the  orsat  is  in  the  bnrette,  10  c.c.  and  90 
c.c.  unfiradnated,  and  in  the  comjiensatinji;  tube  for 
jiressnre  adjustment.  Water  or  mercury  may  lie 
used  as  the  confininj;  liquid.  It  is  jiossible  with  this 
ap]iaratns  to  j;et  an  accuracy  of  O.llii  oi'  0.0.*)  of  one 
jier  cent. 

It  is  necessary  to  know  the  analysis  of  the  <ias 
beinjj'  burned  from  which  tlie  combustion  and  the 
volume  of  dry  products  of  combustion  is  calculated. 
Dividino;  the  volume  of  carbon  dioxide  formed  by 
the  volume  of  dry  products  gives  the  per  cent  car- 
bon dioxide  air-free.  To  obtain  the  air-free  factor, 
divide  the  per  cent  carbon  dioxide  air-free  by  the 
per  cent  carbon  dioxide  found  in  the  sample  of  the 
]u-oducts  of  combustion  from  the  ap]iliance  being 
tested. 

(lood  jH'Ogress  has  been  made  in  the  last  few 
years  in  the  exact  analysis  of  flue  gas.  The  analysis 
for  carbon  dioxide  and  carbon  monoxide  i.s  very 
satisfactory  although  there  is  need  for  a  carbon 
dioxide  recorder  or  indicator  accurate  to  0.01  of  one 
])er  cent  and  an  indicating  carbon  monoxide  appa- 
ratus which  would  oi)erate  on  a  much  smaller  vol- 
ume of  sample  than  the  recorder.  From  the  scien- 
tific standjioint  it  would  be  interesting  to  have  in- 
struments capable  of  analyzing  for  low  jiercentages 
of  hydrogen  and  aldehydes.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  know  what  the  ratio  of  carbon  monoxide  to  hy- 
drogen is  in  the  products  of  incomplete  combustion 
from  gas  appliances,  and  instead  of  relying  on  the 
(Continued  on  Page  50) 


Noveiuljrr,  1927 


Tin:  TKCHXCXJRAI'll 


49 


ff 


IF 


f)*) 


Audacious  engineers  are  filling  our  popular 
publications  with  descriptions  of  the  cities  of 
the  future.  We  have  all  seen  their  prophetic 
pictures:  tiers  of  gigantic  buildings  rising  one 
hundred,  two  hundred,  three  hundred  stories 
above  four  or  five  levels  of  street. 

All  the  ingenuity  of  these  prophets  is  re- 
quired to  explain  away,  even  theoretically, 
certain  problems  of  construction.  IF  this 
material  can  be  made  to  bear  so  much  more 
strain;  IP  means  can  be  devised  to  ensure  a 
solid  foundation — IP,  IP. 

One  important  detail,  however,  is  always 
taken  for  granted.  "There  will  be  express  ele- 
vators," they  say,  "from  the  various  street 
levels  to  the  hundredth  and  two  hundredth 
floor."  THERE  WILL  BE!  We  find  no  "if" 
in  conneaion  with  the  elevators. 

For  all  builders  have  come  to  expea  a  per- 
fect solution  of  every  interior  transportation 
problem,  no  matter  how  audacious.  As  the 
cities  of  the  future  are  being  planned,  the  OTIS 
COMPANY  expects  that  dependable  vertical 
transportation  will  continue  to  be  taken  for 
granted  by  architects,  engineers,  and  the  public. 


Mr.  Hugh  Ferriss  has  visioneci  many  outstanding  gigantic  "buildings  of  the 
future.  "  This  reproduction  is  particularly  appropriate  at  this  time  and  special 
permission  has  been  granted  to  use  this  illustration  in  college  publications. 


OTIS 


ELEVATOR 


COMPANY 


Offices  in  All  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 


Tiii>:  TErnNOGUAPii 


Xorrwhrr.  1921 


Controlling  every 
step  in  manufacture 


At  the  plants  of  Jenkins 
Bros.,  temperature,  duration 
of  heat,  exclusion  of  fuel  and 
atmospheric  gasses,  pour- 
ing, and  other  factors  enter- 
ing into  the  making  of  good 
valve  metal  are  under  abso- 
lute control.  The  electric 
bronze  melting  furnaces  in 
the  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  fac- 
tory are  among  the  largest 
in  America. 


Send  for  a  booklet  des- 
criftiie  of  Jenkins 
Valves  for  any  tyi>e  of 
building  in  whieh  you 
may  be  interested. 


Jenkins  Valves  are  made 
for  practically  every  power 
plant,  plumbing,  heating  and 
fire  protection  requirement. 

JENKINS    BROS. 

Fig.  106  80  White  Street Newr  York,  N.    Y. 

,  534  Atlantic  Avenue Boston,   Mass. 

Screwed,  Jenkins  Stand-  jjj  ;vo.   Seventh  Street Philadelphia.  Pa. 

ard  Bronze  Qlobe  Valve  ^^g   V/ashington    Boulevard Chicago,    III. 

JENKINS  BROS.,  LIMITED 
Montreal,   Canada  London,   England 


Always  marked  witK  the'Diamond 

enkmsValves 


^  SINCE  1864 


Profjress  in  Exact  Analysis  of  F"lue  (ias 

(Cinilinued  from   PfKje  .'/S) 
luisv  lo  (ioti'ct  ;il(l('liy<k's.  to  ))('  alili'  1"  ;in;ilyz('  lor 
the  amount  present. 

Witli  the  increased  interest  tieiiij;  shown  by  ^as 
ai)])lian('e  uianufactiii'ers  and  the  fjas  industry  as  a 
whok'  in  tlie  manufacture  and  sale  of  Hlue  Stai'  aji- 
])liances,  strides  in  tlie  ex;\<t  analysis  of  flue  fias 
may  he  expected  to  he  as  I'apid  in  the  fill  arc  as  they 
ha\e  lieeii  in  thi'  ]ia.st. 


Tommy  '31  Registers 

(Conlinued  Jrrnn  Paye  '/(i) 
spected  the  boy's  ])enmanshii),  and  a  smile  of  satis 
faction  lit  up  her  countenance  as  slie  moved  away 
from  tlie  lieap  on  the  floor  that  was  Tommy.  Wlio 
knows?  Perhaps  she  found  someone  to  jiay  her 
fees  also. 


The  I'ngineering  Open  House,  which  will  be  held 
during  the  afternoon  and  evening  of  December  .3, 
l)rovides  a  good  opportunity  for  undergraduate  engi- 
neers to  become  familiar  with  the  various  labor- 
atories and  the  equipment  in  the  Engineering  Col- 
lege. It  is  especially  of  interest  to  the  freshmen 
and  sophomores  who,  for  the  first  time,  will  be  giv- 
en an  insight  as  to  what  engineering  means  as  taught 
at  the  University. 


Rolling  Steel  Doors 

why  architects  and  engineers  have  been  sjieci/ying 
them  /or  half  a  century 

They  have  tendered  s,uisf.ictory  service  in  industriil 
plants,  railroad  buildings,  piers,  warehouses,  etc.,  through 
out  the  country  and  in  foreign  lands  since  1876. 

They  olTer  maximum  fire  protection,  discourage  theit 
and  save  valuable  floor  space. 

All  gears  arc  protected  against  exposure  to  elements. 

The  slats  are  interlocking  and  in  case  of  damage,  new  ones 

can  easily  be  inserted.  Operated  by  hand,  gearing  or  motor. 

Send  for  12  page  tcxthoo\  No.  40 

girmg  details,  dimensiotis,  etc. 

THE  J.  G.  WILSON  CORPORATION 

1 1  Eist  36th  Street  New  York  City 

.  Oi^ces  m  M  principal  ciucs  , 


-*S>W-*^ 


PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  STUDENTS  OF  THE 
COLLEGE  or  ENGINEEBING    UNIVERSITY y ILLINOIS 


oMHt 


UUWtP^^ 


isav  9^ 


\lunc\^ 


1928 


MEMBER       OF       THE        ENGINEERINC       COLLEGE       >fAGAZlNES       ASSOCiATED 

FOUNDED  •  EIGHTEEN   HUNDRED  •  ANDEIGHTY.  FIVE 
VOLUML-XL  -PRICE^OCENTS-  NUMBER  II 


STOCKHAM  FITTINGS 


A  very  small  flazv  in  a  pipe  fitting,  perhaps  » 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  may  cause  the  man  '^ 
on  til e  job  serious  trouble  and  loss  of  time. 

BLT  Stockham  Fittings  can  have  no  such  weak 
spots.  For  the  raw  materials  are  carefully  selected 
and  analyzed.  The  mixtures  are  determined  by 
e.xpert  metallurgists.  Nothing  is  left  to  chance. 

The  illustration  shows  a  high-powered,  electrical 
metallurgical  microscope  used  in  the  study  and  de- 
velopment of  Stockham  malleable  iron  composition. 
It  is  only  one  of  many  up-to-date  testing  devices,  each 
of  which  plays  an  important  part  in  maintaining  the 
uniform  high  quality  in  Stockham  Fittings. 

This  important  detail,  one  of  the  regular  forty-seven 
Stockham  inspections  and  tests,  is,  in  itself,  good  reason 
for  the  big  and  increasing  demand  for  Stockham 
Malleables.  For  a  quarter  century,  Stockham  Fittings, 
with  their  accurate  alignment,  perfection  f  threads, 
flanges  and  chamfered  faces,  have  been  saving  time  and 
money  on  the  job. 

In  addition  to  cast  iron  and  malleable  fittings, 
screzced,  flanged,  drainage,  Stockham  notv  fur- 
nishes Flanged  Steel  Fittings  and  Flanges  for 
high  pressures  and  high  temperatures.  Students 
wishing  data  on  pipe  fittings  of  any  type  are  in- 
vited to  write  for  our  catalogs  which  are  complete 
in  their  engineering  data. 


WM.   11.  ST()(KII.\M.  's? 
V.iuiulcr 

MRS.    K.\TK    STOCKH.AM, 


H.   ('.   .SroCKII.X.M, 
I'ri'siiltnt 


BOSTON 


Stockham 

PIPE  &  FITTINGS  COMPANY 

BIRMINGHAM,  ALABAMA 

Warefiou.ie.s  with  Complete  Stocks  in  : 
NEW  YORK  CHICAGO 


G.   PETESCH.  cx'19 
Itir.   Chicago  Warehouse 


R.    E.    RISLEV. 

Siipt.  of   Inspecti( 


LOS  ANGELES 


JdiiiKiri/.   lfl2S 
Q 


THK  THCIIXOCKAI'II 


The  TECHNOGRAPH 

UXIVERSITY   OF   ILLINOIS 
Member  of  the  Engineering  College  Magasines  As.ioci<ite<l 


VOIAME  XL 


Urban  A,  Jani-ary,  1928 


Contents  for  January 


BlUT'E  WlI.l.KT    Rk: 


H.  E.  Babbitt 


T]1K    IXVI'.STIiiAlUlN     UK    StI!I:ssKS    in     RAll.liOAK    TUACK- 

■E.   E.    Cn'ss 


REAniN'  Ax'  WiUTiN'  Etc. 


H.  T.  Lamnn 


Tiir,  Sk.min'oi.k  Oil    Fiki.ds. 


H.  E.  Ritteuhouse 


With  Rai>s  and  CoiiTiiKi.i.. 


W.  J.  Earner 


ClIXTKMI'OHAllY    Encinekhinc    Nk' 
WiiEX  Yor  LiF'i'   iiiK  Rkckivei!-. 


F.  W.  Wodrich 


SlCNIOIt     I.\S1'E(   TKIN     Tlill'     REI 

Departmental    Notes 

The   Echo    Dam 


Coxcrete  Pa\ements  Opened  on  Basis  of  Strenctfi  Tests 68 

E.  E.  Bauer 


J.  J.  Dolanrt 

Tommy  Attends  the  Open  House 87 

Editorial    S8 

College  Notes 90 

Fraternity    Activities 'J5 

Alumni  Notes ■ 97 

Once  Overs 98 

Index    To   Aipvekitsehs ; 112 


Members  of  the  Engineering   College  Magasines  Associated 
Chairman:     Prof.   I-esIie  F.  Van  Hagaii.  CnlleKc  nf  Enfiineering,  Madison,  Wisconsin 

Armour    Engineer  Purdue    Engineering   Review 

The   Transit  Minnesota    Techno-l.og 

Iowa    Engineer  Wisconsin    Engineer 

■  Colorado    Engineer  Tech    Engineering    News 

Nebraska  Blue  Print  Cornell    Civil    Engmeer 

Sibley   Journal    of    Engineering  Kansas   State  Engineer 

Rose   Technic  Princeton    E.   A.    News   letter 

Michigan  Technic  ''he  Technograph 

The  Ohio  State  Engineer  Penn    State    Engineer 

The   Pennsylvania  Triangle  Kansas    Engineer 
University  of  Virginia  Journal  of  Engineering 

Published    quarterly    by    the    Illini    Publishing    Company.        Entered    as    second-class    matter    October 
30,    1921.    at    the    postoffice    at    Urbana,    Illinois.      Office    213    Engineering    Hall,    Urbana.    Illinois. 
Subscriptions    $1.00    per    year.      Single   copies    30    cents 


TIIK  TKCIIXOCKAI'IT 


■Inn Kfiri/.    lU.^S 


■/(iiiinn-ii.  /.''.'iS' 


TiiK  ti:cii\(>(:i;ai'|[ 


^rucc  llillct  |Scnciiict 


September  Ul,  ISTli 


^WnuMulnn-  21,  1927 


The  University  of  Illinois  has  suflcrcJ  a  great,  an  irreparable  loss  in 
the  death  of  Director  Benedict.  He  was  a  man  about  whom  varied  and  essen- 
tial activities  centered,  an  inspired  and  inspiring  teacher,  whose  influence  extended 
far  beyond  the  campus  and  was  a  force  fruitful  of  good  in  the  lives  of  hundreds 
of   his   former   students. 

It  is  impossible  to  enumerate  here  a  half  of  Mr.  Benedicts  services 
to  the  University,  to  the  State,  to  his  country,  his  religion,  and  his  friends. 
It  is  not  even  possible  to  convey  an  idea  of  the  value  of  his  work  to  the  De- 
partment of  Mechanical  Engineering,  work  which  placed  Illinois  in  the  very 
forefront  of  the  development  of  shop  work  in  the  engineering  colleges  of 
America. 

Former  Dean  Goss  has  written:  "There  was  joy  in  the  office  of  the 
Dean  when  Director  Benedict  first  came  into  the  organization  of  the  College 
of  Engineering."  Fifteen  years  had  passed  since  that  time  and  the  first  promise 
had  been  richly  fulfilled  when  Bruce  Benedict  died.  He  had  accomplished  im- 
portant tasks,  helped  students  without  number,  and  had  come  to  be  greatly 
loved. 

Not  in  his  professional  career  only  are  the  lessons  of  Bruce  Benedict's 
life  to  be  found.  He  was  a  sound  administrator  and  a  splendid  teacher;  but  he 
was.  as  well,  a  brave  soldier,  a  public  spirited  citizen,  an  unfaltering  Christian, 
an  upright,  loving,  utterly  unselfish  man. 

When  the  war  came  he  offered  his  life  freely  to  his  country,  and  his 
death  in  the  very  prime  of  his  years  may  certainly  be  justly  attributed  to  the 
hardships,  physical  strain,  and  heavy  responsibilities  of  his  military  service.  He 
was  a  born  soldier  no  less  than  a  born  teacher.  His  achievements  as  commander 
of  Battery  F.  149th  Field  Artillery,  and  in  the  Tank  Corps,  constitute  one 
of  the  finest  chapters  in  the  record  of  the  University's  part  in  the  'World  War. 

This  is  scarcely  the  place  for  mention  of  the  beauty  of  Bruce  Bcnc- 
dicts  family  life,  of  his  love  for  all  children,  of  his  loyalty  to  his  fraternity. 
his  firm  devotion  to  Christian  truth.  He  took  such  virtues  for  granted,  could 
not  have  imagined  life  without  them.  He  regarded  the  life  of  this  world  as 
but  a  moment  in  the  long  life  of  the  human  soul.  To  a  bereaved  friend  he 
once  wrote;  "As  the  days  come  and  go  1  begin  to  sec  more  clearly  what  life  is 
intended  to  be — it  is  no  more  than  a  preparation  for  the  life  to  come.  "  Like 
the  soldier  of  St.  Paul,  Bruce  Benedict  went  ever  armed  with  the  shield  of  faith. 
the  breastplate  of  righteousness,  and  the  sword  of  the  Spirit.  The  emphasis 
which  he  put  upon  the  things  of  the  spirit  made  his  life  what  it  %vas.  a  life 
which  will  long  remain  a  cherished  example  to  men  of  Illinois. 


38 


Tin:  Ti;('iiN<»(;i;.\i'ii 


■hiiimirii.    /.'','N 


The  Technogp^ 

Published  Quarterly  by  the  Students  of  the  College  of  Engineering — University  of  Illinois 


Urbana,  Illinois,  January,  1928 


The  Investigation  of  Stresses  In  Railroad  Track 

Iv  E.  ("kkss^  a.e.  'IS 

Asuiufdiit  ihifilncrr  of  Tri^ts 

■Iniiit  <'t)iiiiiiitlrr  on  Sfrc.tscs  in  linilroiid  'I'liiilc 


Tlic  pri'seiit  stiiiidiii-ds  of  track  liave  been  evolved 
from  jirevious  ]ii-aetice,  judjiment,  experience  ami 
trial.  From  decade  to  decade  as  the  wheel  loads  of 
locomotives  and  cars  have  l)een  increased,  it  has 
liccii  iicccssaiy  to  strenj^then  the  track  structure. 
Tii.-it  this  structure  lias  attained  its  jiresent  ability 
to  cany  the  heavy  loads  imposed 
upon  it  is  a  tribute  to  the  in- 
si};ht  and  the  judgment  of  the 
many  men  who  were  responsible 
for  its  fjrowth  and  development. 
I'ntil  the  investifjation  of  tiic 
Committee  was  bej;un  no  really 
com]irelK'nsive  study  of  the  ac 
(ion  of  tile  tiack  structure  was 
e\er  made.  The  woi'k  has  been 
cai-i-ied  on  continuously  since  its 
beginninj;  in  1!»1  1  under  the  di 
rection  of  the  -loiiit  Committee 
on  Stresses  in  Railroad  Track 
of  Ihc  Amei'lcan  Society  of 
Ci\i|  i;ni;ineers  and  the  Aineii 
can  Hallway  Kufiineei-insi  Asso 
ci;ition  with  the  co-o]>eration  of 
Ihc  .Uiierican  Railway  Associa 
lion  II nd  the  Krijiineering  E.xpe 
riment  Station  of  the  Tniversity 

of  Illinois.  I'l-ofessor  Arthur  X.  Tall)ol  is  chairman 
of  Die  Committee,  and  director  of  the  investijiali<in. 
.\ll-.  Kiindan  Ferjiuson  has  been  coMMected  with  the 
work   for  tile  past  six  years. 

Al  the  liej;inniii<;  il  was  aiiiirecialed  liial  most  of 
the  information  in  the  investi};ation  of  stresses  in 
railroad  ti'ack  won  Id  have  to  be  obtained  from  ex- 
perimental data  taken  from  tests  on  representative 
track,  and  from  \arioiis  lal)oratory  tests.  However, 


a  mathematical  analysis  o  f  the  ti'a<-k  sd-ncturo 
would  be  of  j^reat  value.  Thinking;  in  terms  of  me- 
chanics it  was  found  tliat  the  track  would  be  con- 
sidered as  an  elastic  structure  under  load.  The 
wheel  loads  are  applied  to  the  to])  of  the  rails;  the 
rails  act  as  flexible  beams  which  rest  on  flexible 
su])ports  (ties)  :  and  the  ballast 
and  roadway  on  which  tlie  ties 
rest  ai'e  themselves  elastic.  The 
action  of  any  part  affects  the 
other  parts.  Due  to  the  stiffness 
of  the  rail  and  the  yieldiuf;  of  its 
su|)iiorts  the  jiressure  due  to  a 
wheel  load  is  distributed  over  a 
iiumlicr  of  ties  (even  the  fourth 
tic  on  cither  side  of  a  wheel 
load  takinj;  a  small  jiart  of  that 
load).  The  amilysis  derived  can 
icadily  be  ai)])lied  to  coinbin.i- 
tions  of  wheel  loads  such  ,is  liie 
iiroujis  of  wheels  of  locomotives, 
to  variations  in  wheel  spacinjis, 
and  to  jiarticiilar  physical  con- 
ditions of  track.  Track  depres- 
sion, bending  moments  in  the 
rail,  and,  therefore,  rail  sti'esses 
may  be  calculated  from  this 
analysis  for  static  loads,  jirovided  the  loads,  the 
weight  of  rail,  ;ind  the  vertical  stiffness  of  the  track 
as  ,1  whole  are  known.  A  study  of  experimental  data 
would  li,i\('  to  be  ni.ide  to  ascertain  the  effect  of 
sjM'cd  iind  ((Uinterbalance  and  the  sti'esses  developed 
in  the  rails  of  cur\('(I  t  rack. 

A  considerable  amount  of  time  and  effect  was 
necessary  to  develop  the  instruments  u.sed  in  the 
tests  and  the  best  methods  of  conducting  tests.  The 


I   UK     1 — TlIK    SritKM  .M  MCK.UAIMI 


Tin:  Ti:(ii\<H;i;.\i'n 


./(iiiiiiir!/.   I'JJS 


test  work  iiii(l('r1;iki'ii  lias  iiirliiil('<l  tlic  iiicasiiri-iiuMit  of  stiuly  and  ontliiK-s  a  inoinraiii  accordinjilv.  After 

iif  track  (Icpri'ssioii.  tlic  incasiirciiRMit  of  stresses  in  the  nature  nf   lire   wmU    is   decidcil    upon   and    jire 

rail  on  strai-iht  and  eurved  traek  at  various  speeds.  i)arations  and  a  |ireliniinar.v  study  have  been  nnule. 

a   study  of  transmission  of  presstires  in  ballast,  a  some  railroad  coniiiany  will  si<;nify  its  willinjiiiess 

study  of  rail  cantiu'r  and  tuisyminetrical  lie  ]>lates.  to  furnish  facilities  foi'  carryinj;  out   the  tests.  The 

tests  on  rail  joints  and  measureineut  of  depression.  co-opei-ition    of    railroad    com|)anii's    in    furnishing 

aiul  flexure  and  bearinj;  pressure  of  cross-ties.  facilities  for  test   woi-U  has  itself  been  a  lar^c  con 

Trobablv   the   nu)st   iiiL'enious   instrument   devel-  tribution. 


Left — Tyimcal  Test  Location,  Showing  the  Eight  Stremmatograpus  Attai  ued  to  the 

Rails.  Richmond,  Pkedericksbukg  and  Potomac  Rah.koad  in  Vikchnia 

r|(;iit — westincihocse-bai.dwin  passenger  locomotive  rfnnino  at  50  mli.es  per  hour 

n\  A  Six  Degree  Ccrve.  Chicago.  Mii.watjkee  and  St.  Paii.  Railroad  in  Montana 


oped  to  further  this  investigation  was  the  strennna- 
toj^fajili.  A  jihotoi^raph  of  the  instrument  is  shown 
in  Fic.  1.  It  ou'asures  the  strains  in  the  two  ed^es 
of  the  base  of  rail  under  inoviiii;  loads.  Two  clamiis 
are  attached  to  the  base  of  rail,  4  in.  a]>art  :  Ite- 
Iweeii  these  clamps  .irc  two  needle  bars,  each  carry 
a  victi-ola  needle.  The  needle  bars  are  attached  rig- 
idly to  one  clamp,  but  free  to  slide  through  the 
other  one.  On  the  other  cl.inip.  smoked  jilass  discs 
are  inserted  in  two  rotary  holders.  The  needles  are 
bnuiglit  to  bear  atrainst  the  smoked  surfaces  of  the 
discs.  Any  i)oint  on  the  needle  bar  will  move  with 
resjiect  to  any  jioiiit  on  the  disc  a  distance  equal 
to  the  leufftheninji-  or  shortenini;  of  the  rail  aloni; 
the  line  of  the  needle  bar  as  there  are  no  multi])ly- 
inj;  levers  in  the  instrumeut.  The  discs  are  rotated. 
tiivintj  a  continuous  measure  of  the  strains.  The 
effect  of  each  wheel  jiassinj;-  over  the  instrumeut  is 
recorded.  Afterward,  in  the  office,  the  records  of 
these  strains  are  measured  by  i)lacinji  the  discs  in 
a  microscoi)e  eiiuijijK'd  with  a  micrometer  eye-piece. 
In  a  track  test  eii;ht  streninialoj;raphs  are  used 
simutaiu'ously,  foui'  on  one  r.iil  between  ties  at  in- 
tervals of  about   (1   ft.   and    1 1 ther  f(Uir  directly 

o|)|)osite  on  the  other  rail.  The  driviufi  mechanism 
ii.scd  rotates  the  1<)  discs  simultaneously,  .\fter  four 
test  runs  of  vai-ious  speeds  have  been  made,  fresh 
discs  are  inserted. 

The   Committee,   composed    of   eminent    railroad 
engineers,  decides  what   ]iroblems  are  most  in  need 


The  test  ]iarty  condnctint;  a  .series  of  tests  on 
stresses  in  rail  is  usually  composed  of  five  men. 
Tests  are  conducted  on  main  line  track,  and  while 
the  regular  traffic  cannot  be  interfered  with,  if  loca- 
tions are  chosen  reasonably  near  sidings,  the  test 
locomotive  can  be  utilized  to  good  advantage  even 
with  heavy  traffic.  Xo  i-ecords  are  taken  with  the 
regular  trains  as  too  many  unknown  variables 
would  be  introduced.  The  effect  of  sjieed  is  studied. 
A  typical  set  of  test  runs  is  .").  •2'>.  40  and  tiO  miles 
])er  hour.  About  ten  sets  of  these  runs  are  taken  at 
the  same  location:  then  either  another  locomotive 
is  used  or  the  location  is  changed  de])ending  on  Ihe 
](ur](ose  of  the  tests.  A  sjiecial  siieedometer  is  at 
taclied  to  the  test  locomotive  to  determine  the 
s|)eeds.  After  a  set  of  I'ccords  are  comjileted,  the 
discs  are  gi\cn  a  series  number  and  then  ])laced  in 
sjiecial  boxes.  Quite  extensive  series  of  tests  liaxc 
been  made:  often  stremmatogra])h  records  have  been 
taken  coutiuuously  for  more  than  a  month  at  a 
time  oil  one  railroad.  .VII  of  the  ordinary  tyjies  of 
steam  locomotives  and  three  t.vpes  of  electric  loco- 
motives have  been  used  in  the  tests.  The  rails  have 
varied  in  weight  from  S.")  to  K'.C  Ih.  p(M'  yd. 

I'lobably  more  work  has  been  done  in  the  study 
of  the  stresses  develojx'd  in  tlie  rail  than  any  other 
phase  of  the  work.  The  following  discussion  .ipiilies 
to  straight  track.  The  stres.ses  develo]icd  in  the  base 
of  !M)-lb.  rails  under  the  drivers  of  heavy  steam  loco 
motives  at  a  speed  of  ."i  miles  per  hour  usii.-illy  range 


J  miliar  II.  192S 


TTIi:  TECHXOCKAriT 


61 


from  ll.(H)0  to  1(!,000  lb.  per  sq.  in.  tension.  Driver  in.  at  o  miles  per  hour,  due  to  speed  alone,  it  may 
and  trailer  loads  usually  ranfie  from  3().()()0  to  3:^.000  be  increased  to  about  IS.OOO  lb.  j.er  sq.  in.  at  fit) 
lb.  on  a   wheel.   Stres.ses  under  ti'ailiuii  wheels  ai'e      miles  j.er  hour.  The  si)eed  effect,  of  course,  varies 


considerably  hijiher  than  under  drivinji  wheels  for 
loads  of  the  the  same  weijjht.  The  analytical  treat 
ment  of  the  action  of  track  shows  tliat  the  spacinj; 
of  wheels  has  a  considerable  effect  on  the  majjni- 
tude  of  the  stresses  developed  In  the  rail.  Drivin^^ 


from  these  values  but  the  increase  is  always  pres- 
ent. Xo  definite  explanation  can  be  offered  as  to  the 
reason  that  stress  in  rail  increases  with  increase  of 
speed. 

With  a   iHKirly  counterbalanced  locomotive  run- 


wheels  are  close  enough  tofjether  Kit;  to  SO  in.  I  thai  ning  at  a  high  speed,  stresses  in  the  rail  may  be 
a  negative  bending  moment  in  the  laii  (a  helpful  quite  high.  Since  the  counterweight  cannot  be  made 
eflect)  is  i)roduced  under  the  adjacent  drivers,  to  neutralize  both  the  vertical  and  horizontal  effects 
These  negative  bending  moments  really  lessen  the  of  the  moving  i)arts,  a  compromise  must  be  made 
ecpiivalent  load  produced  on  the  rail.  For  the  end  in  counterbalacing.  This  makes  it  necessary  to  over- 
drivers  it  may  be  generally  stated  that  this  hel])ing  balance  the  rotating  parts.  Consequently,  an  addi- 
effect  reduces  the  stresses  by  20  per  cent  under  what  tional  downward  force  is  exerted  on  the  track  hy 
it  would  be  for  a  wheel  of  the  same  weight  s])aced  the  driving  wheels  of  a  locomotive  as  the  overbal- 


farther  thaii  120  in.  from  another  wheel.  Similarly, 
the  stresses  under  the  central  drivers  are  reduced 
40  per  cent.  Trailing  wheels  are  from  10  to  12  ft. 
from  the  closest  wheels  so  therefore  for  the  same 
wheel  loads  the  stresses  are  highest  at  this  ))oint. 

As  the  speed  increases  above  ")  miles  per  houi- 
there  is  an  increase  in  stress  in  rail  at  all  wheels 


anced  weight  comes  to  its  lowest  position  and  a 
lightening  effect  as  the  weight  rises.  The.se  vertical 
downward  and  ui)ward  loads  may  be  added  alge- 
braically to  the  driver  loads  on  the  rail.  The  mag- 
nitiule  of  the  forces  exerted  by  the  unbalanced  i)arts 
\aries  as  the  square  of  the  sjieed,  so  at  high  speeds 
a  large  force  is  excited.  The  variations  in  the  ver- 


due  to  speed  alone;  this  effect  varies  almost  directly  tical  forces  through   a   conqjlete  revolution   of  an 

as  the  increase  in   speed.   In  general,  this  increase  underbalauced  driver  can  be  represented  by  a  sine 

may  be  said  to  be  about  O..")  per  cent  for  each  mile  curve.    In    the    case    of    freight    locomotives    with 

lier  hour  greater  than  5  miles  ])er  hour.  This  means  wheels  of  small  diameter,  sometimes  it  is  not  i)0s- 

thai  if  the  stress  under  a  wheel  is  14,000  lb.  jier  sc].  sible  to  a])ply  sufficient  counterweight  to  the  main 


so  000 
40  000 
30  000 
20  000 
10  000 


-10  000 
-20  00« 
20  000 
10  000 
0 
-10  000 
-20  000 
20  000 


lOOOC 


-10  000 

-20  000 


onn     nop       ^    G)G)(^G)n   n 


INNER  RAIL  OF  10  CURVE 
LOCOMOTIVE  3710 
MOUNTAIN  TYPE       _ 
90-LB.  S.F.  RAIL 


fihi-jn-i  1+iHh 


*M 


i-l-^'*-!!— I 


JLi_H^JJ_H — ^i-jMj-n 


VAI 


m 


I 


tHiiT-Ni— 11 


ix 


i0i-[j-O-li_^p|^i|:f^ 


40  000 
30  000 


zUtjdizz: 


S— 10  000 
-9 


30  00O 
20  000 


nnn    nnn       ^    (^)0(^Oo  n 


OUTER  RAIL  OF  lO'CURVE 
LOCOMOTIVE  3710 
_        MOUNTAIN  TYPE 
90-LB.  S.F.  RAIL 


SB 


I       L,-.-       ||  p|_J_4_^ 


ffHi 


Ela 


M 


l|-l-[|-IMM— 


i 


n:j|jHLj|_L||^4:|:)iqp 


Pkuhk  2 — STRES.S  AT  TiiK  Insidk  .\xn  Oi'TsiDK  Edoes  of  the  Bask  ok  tiii:  In.nkii  ami  Oikkk 
Rails  ok  tuk  10  Ukoukk  CtiivK.     .Mm  ntai.n  Tyi>k  Passkmikk  I,oi  ilmoiivk 


62 


'riir:  'n:(iiX(«;i{Ai'ii 


./iiiiitiirii.  1921^ 


drivor  (o  jiive  propi'i'  (•(•iin(i'il);il;iiiii'.  Ai  lii;;li  speeds 
stresses  in  mil  as  };i-i»at  as  -l.ljOOO  II).  pei'  si|.  in. 
have  been  ineasiircd  under  tiie  iii.iin  (lri\er  of  :i 
poorly  lialaiiced  IiiciiiiikiIvc.  'i'lie  lncuiiKPlivc  had  jire 
vioiisly  kiid'Ced  rails  in  t'i-eif;lil  ser\  ice.  in  a  case  of 
(his  kind,  uiien  Ihe  (■(innler\\i'i;;hl  is  as  lieavv  as 
can  possibly  lie  applied,  then  Ihe  iiit:ilinj;  and  i-eci 
procatinji  ])arls  cimld  well  lie  li;^lilened  liy  makinii 
them  ont  id'  hi^h  sireni;lli  sleid.  Ihe  nnderhalance 
lii'inji  rednced  ai-c<irdinj;ly.  liowcvfr,  il  is  possible  to 
desinii  |ipc(ini(iti\cs  so  thai  the  rotatinj;  and  reci]ni) 
catint;  paits  will  ha\c  little  el'feet  on  Ihe  track. 
Many  l(»coinotivcs  are  so  well  desijjned  that  at  lii^h 
si)eed  the  condiined  el't'eet  of  speed  and  connterhal 
anee  does  not  inn  over  20, ()()()  11).  per  s(i.  in.  stress 
in  rail,  it  is  evident  from  the  forej^oinji  discussion 
that  wheel  spacing,  correct  distribution  of  lojid 
aloni;  the  drivers  and  trailei'.  and  counterbalancinji 
ha\('  a  fifeat  effect  njton  stresses  dev(d()|)ed  in  rail 
and  (rack  structure. 

A  fireat  number  of  tests  have  beeu  made  on 
curved  track.  The  action  of  curved  track  is  much 
more  conij)licated  than  straight  track.  Space  will 
not  permit  of  a  discussion  of  the  manner  iu  whicli 
a  locomotive  and  cars  traverse  a  curve.  Some  of  the 
agencies  that  influeuce  the  action  are:  the  outer 
rail  beinj;  loniicr  than   the  inner  rail   some  wheels 


Ihe  rnns  ni.iile  in  this  sei-ies.  They  represent  about 
(ill  olisei'vations  lor  each  value  jilolted.  As  is  also 
the  case  in  sti-aii;ht  ti-ack,  variations  of  individnal 
observations  fi-oin  tiie  averai^c  values  niveii  may  be 
,is  nnich  as  ."i, 0(1(1  to  7.00(1  lb.  jier  s(|.  in.  abov<-  or 
below  the  .'iveraiif.  There  is  also  some  dil'lcrence  be 
tween   the  av('iai;cs  for  the  I'onr  instrnments,  but    it 

<-aniiot    I Npecled    lli:il    the    sti'csses    will    be   (piite 

the  same  at  dirrerent  points  aloii;;  the  rail.  The 
values  |i|olted  hair  way  between  wheels  are  the  net; 
alive  stresses  produced  at  these  ])oints.  A  10  cnivc 
(  oT;?  ft.  radius)  is  as  shar])  a  curve  as  is  ordinarily 
fonml  in  main  line  track.  Only  a  few  curves  of  so 
shoit  a  radius  are  found  on  eastein  railroads,  but 
there  are  moi'e  on  the  western  lines. 

The  mountain  type  locomotive  (a  double  front 
truck,  four  drivers  and  a  trailer  on  a  side)  used  in 
the  tests  was  an  excellent  passenger  locomotive,  but 
the  diagrams  show  the  high  stresses  developed  in 
one  edge  of  the  base  of  the  rail  under  several  of  the 
wheels.  At  the  speed  of  5  miles  i)er  liour  the  stress 
in  the  outside  edge  of  the  base  of  the  inner  rail  is 
4(),()00  lb.  per  sq.  in.  while  at  the  inner  edge  it  is 
only  7,000  lb.  per  scp  in.  The  vertical  bending  stress 
(average  of  the  stresses  at  the  two  edges  of  the  base 
of  the  rail),  2fi,ij00  lb.  j)er  sq.  in.  is  representative 
of  the  bending  of  the  rail  in  a  vertical  ])lane.  This 


Left — Test  P.\bty  Measuring  Track  Depression   Unuek  a  Heavily   Loaded  Cau.     New 

York  Central  Lines  in  New  York 

Right — Officials,  Test  Party  and  Train  Crew.  During  Te.sts  Conducted  on  the  Tracks 

OF  the  CiiicA(io,   Mn.wAUKEE   AND  St.   Pai  l   Railroad   in   Montana 


must  sli]),  high  lateral  forces  are  exerted  against  stress  indicates  that  the  load  of  this  wheel  on  tin 
Ihe  rails  in  changing  the  dii'cction  of  the  locomotive  iiuier  rail  is  close  to  .");'., 000  lb.  at  .">  miles  ]ier  honi 
or  car  in   rounding  the  curve,  the  transfer  of  load      as  compared   to  a   nominal  weight  of  :>0,000   lb 


n 
straight  track.  Therefore,  a  severe  shifting  of  load 
from  wheel  to  wheel  occurs  on  sharp  curves.  The 
lateral  bending  stress  (one-half  the  difference  of  the 
stresses  at  the  two  edges  of  the  base  of  rail) 
ainonnts  to  19,.")00  lb.  per  sq.  in.  at  5  miles  |)er  hour 
at  the  driver  considered  above.  These  lateral 
miles  ])ei'  hour.  The  values  given  are  the  avei'ages  stresses  are  develo])ed  by  lateral  forces  e.xerled 
of  the  records  of  the  four  Inst  rniiieiits  on  a  I'ail  foi-  Ciintinnrd  <,n  Pane  KlX 


from  wheel  to  wheel,  centiafugal  force,  transverse 
inclination  of  the  track  ( sii]ier  elevation ),  and 
spreading  action  of  the  rails. 

I''n;.  2.  gives  the  measured  stresses  at  the  inside 
edge  and  outside  edge  of  the  base  of  the  inner  and 
outer  rails  of  a   10     ciii've  at  speeds  of  ."),  2.")  and  35 


JaniKiri/,  1921^ 


TITI-:  TEriTXfXiKAI'TT 


63 


Readin'  An'  Writin'  etc. 

II.  T.   l,Ai:so.\.  (•.(...  •■2:\ 
Tii-hitictil  l.diior  af  .1.  N.  ('.  K.  ./<iiini<il 


A  yonnHslcr.  .stiitidiicd  ;il  a  kiiol  liolc  in  a  (vucv 
is  in  a  |)(isiri(in  to  .i;i\c  sunic  intcicstint;-  inl'Dinial  ion 
111  tlic  rest  (if  "tlic  uanii"  wlni  didn't  "^cl  tiicrc 
I'il-sl."  It  is  true,  of  ciinrsc,  that  lie  may  iinl  sec 
very  much  that  <;(i('s  (in  at  llic  far  end  (if  tlic  field. 
Imt  within  tlic  cdinpass  (if  his  limited  i-aiiiic  (if  \i 
sioii  he  sees  details  clearer  than  the  spectators  with- 
in who  have  the  whole  sitnation  to  keej)  in  mind. 

An  ai)pi'entice,  at  the  bejiinnins  of  the  mastei-y 
of  an  aft  returns  (o  his  home  at  night  with  fasci- 
nntinfi:  tales  of  the  Avonders  he  has  learned  dnrinfj 
the  day.  And  becanse  he  has  j^one  such  a  little  way 
beyond  his  listeners  he  can  still  s])eak  in  terms  of 
one  .syllable.  So  the  technique  of  editinp;  manuscript 
may  be  jirofitably  analyzi-d  by  lookin};  at  it 
"thron<>li  a  knot  hole  in  the  fence":  othei'wise  the 
jiresent  thonjihts,  written  by  a  no\ice.  conld  ha\'e  no 
real  cati.se  for  a|)]iearins  in  jiritit. 

Strictly  s])eakin<j;.  the  criticism  of  of  man\is(  ript 
lM>j;ins  in  the  mind  of  the  author  and  ends  (jtoten- 
tially  at  least)  in  the  mind  of  the  reader.  From  the 
first  crude  bejiinniufis  when  the  atithor  crosses  out, 
re-arranjies,  crosses  out  and  begins  again, — to  the 
very  end,  when  the  last  ])erson  destined  to  read  it, 
stumbles  ovei'  a  double  meaning,  the  word-analysis 
jirogresses. 

In  moderti  times  there  are  three  agencies  inter- 
ested in  this  subject: — the  reader,  the  writer,  and 
the  ])ul)lisher.  H\  such  jii-ocesses  as  study,  external 
ex]>erience,  intros))ection,  etc.,  a  ])ei'son  gener.iles 
ideas  that  he  sometimes  wishes  to  transmit  to  other 
jiersons:  but  there  are  many  hindrances.  In  sjiite 
of  himself  he  writes,  here  and  there,  in  a  \cin  to 
which  the  reader  attaches  an  unintended  meaning. 
The  author's  prejudices,  his  ego,  his  reticence, — all 
have  their  effect  in  deflecting  the  jiath  of  his  pen 
from  that  in  which  his  mind  might  otherwise  lead 
it.  .\nd  his  sins  are  repeated  as  often  as  his  readers 
unwittingly  interjiret  his  thought  in  terms  of  llieir 
own  shortcomings. 

When  a  manusci'iiit  is  snlmiilied  t(ir  piilili(  alion 
the  publisher  has  the  right  to  demand  that  it  shall 
confoi'm  to  his  est.ablislied  standards  of  dignity  and 
form.  To  this  end  ,-in  editor,  acting  on  behalf  of  a 
]iublisher,  has  the  right  to  icfnse  Id  piililish  any 
jiart  of  the  iiajier.  or  he  may  dennind  definite 
changes  in  arrangement.  No  matter  how  skillful  ;in 
author  is.  there  will  nearly  always  be  work  for  the 
editor. 


But  to  be  merely  ((intr.iiy  is  by  no  means  an 
editor's  function.  His  is  the  task  of  supplementing 
the  wdik  of  the  anllior  .ind  making  suggestions  for 
improvement  in  the  pajier.  When  a  writer  has  dis- 
covered the  potential  use  of  editorial  service,  even  if 
the  editor  is  a  poor  one,  or  a  i)edantic  one,  he  has 
found  a  valuable  ally  in  the  rather  tedious  work  of 
making  written  thoughts  clear  and  understandable. 
Before  an  article  has  been  completed  the  author 
often  becomes  so  engrossed  in  the  train  of  his  own 
thoughts  that  his  mind  unwittingly  skips  over  little 
co-ordinating  words,  ])hrases,  or  clauses  without 
which  the  reader  cannot  liojie  to  get  the  desired  im- 
])ression.  lie  is  a  wise  technical  writer  who  ])uts 
his  niaiHiscript  in  the  hatids  of  someone  and  leaves 
instructions  to  "jiick  it  to  jjieces."  Then,  confronted 
at  once  with  the  ])oints  of  obscurity,  the  author  can 
re-read  his  work  in  the  light  (if  a  reader's  handicajis 
and   revise  it  accdrdingly. 

A  hurt  pride  of  authorship  may  be  a  justifiable 
emotion  when  a  jierformance  of  verbal  calisthenics 
written  for  pure  entertainment  is  severely  edited. 
When  the  object  is  honest  scientific  e.xjjosition,  every 
person  that  criticizes  the  work  is  morally  bound  to 
suggest  revisions,  (pu^stion  tincertainties  in  logic, 
and  Aveed  out  sniierfluities  without  i-egai-d  foi'  the 
feelings  of  the  author. 

The  requiiements  of  a  mann.scrijit  written  on  a 
scientific  subject  are  quite  different  from  those  of 
any  other  kind.  Technical  exiiosition  should  be  rel- 
.itively  fi'ee  from  biased  o|iiTiions  of  an  egotist  and 
the  unreliable  infoi'mation  given  liy  a  writer  in  ;i 
sjiirit  of  revenge  or  anger.  It  is  almost  inqiossible  to 
attain  this  ideal,  but  it;  should  be  kejit  in  mind  pre- 
jiaring  and  editing  a  manuscriiit.  Experienced  tech- 
nical men,  in  reading  jiublished  works,  always  try 
to  be  cdnscioMs  of  these  human  limitations  and  keep 
their  minds  (in  the  defensive.  This  is  a  distinct  dif- 
feience  in  attitude  frdin  that  of  the  i-eader  who 
"loses"  hiniseir  in  the  delicious  sensations  created 
by  a  novelist. 

The  number  (if  tabdds  that  arise  in  an  effdi't  to 
|ii-e\-ent  ob.sciirity  of  thought  in  scientific  article 
is  not  (ivcrwhelming.  It  is  the  numbei'  of  times  each 
(ine  is  vidlated  that  is  large.  Tabdds  that  occur  as 
cdinmon  rules  df  grammai'  apjily,  of  cdurse:  but  it 
is  c(incei\able  that  a  rule  may  be  broken  in  order 
to  expicss  a  new  thought  in  a  definitely  understand 
able  and  einplialii-  way.  Since  evei'y  l^nglish  sjieak 


64 


Tin:  Ti:(iiX(»(!i;AriT 


./iiiiiiiiri/.  III.^S 


ill};  pi'isoii  knows  wluil  iiiii'l  sijiiiifii's,  tor  iiisliiiicc. 
tlii'i'c  ciii  lie  no  oliji'ction  lo  it  on  ilic  ^nmnd  of 
scicntilic  iNiiilv.  Tlie  s;iinc  .u^iunicnl  .ipplirs  in  cllii 
(•;il  ((UMlncl,  lo  ;i  wiiiskt'v  hreiitli  nml  dirly  t'inj;iT 
li;iils.  I  ndciMl,  I  ill-re  mm'  ol)vions  ;iil\  ;iiil.iL;rs  in  Immm;; 
I'ri'i'  111  liisriiss  sonic  Icriinical  siilijcrls  wiliioiil 
j;loM's:  liial  is.  willioiil  tlir  fornnil,  slilli'd  rxiirl  ni'ss 
i>(  ••style  for  styleV  s:il<e."'  As  ;i  e.-ise  in  |ioilil,  eon 
crcti'  is  discussed  in  teiiiis  of  \v;iter.  eenienl.  sand, 
and  stoiu',  with  meticulous  nttciiipts  to  lie  accurate 
and  lionpst  at  the  same  time.  But  it  may  lie  eipially 
important,  equally  eoi'rect  and  equally  cleai-  wlieii 
discussed  in  terms  of  "The  Almij;hty  Dollar."  day 
lalior.   and    toliacco   juice. 

Tiiere  are  at  least  tlii-ee  ways  of  "calliiif;  a  sjiade 
a  spade";  first,  liy  sayinj:,  simply,  "A  spade  is  a 
sjiade";  second,  "A  s]iade  is  a  dejiressiii};-  symbol  of 
a  toilworn  class";  and  third,  "A  sjiade  is  a  funny 
flat  hicky  on  a  wooden  handle  to  <]\<x  dirt  with."  The 
test  of  style  is  not  to  he  found  in  apjilyinR-  the 
standards  of  an  idealist  nor  those  of  a  damned-ifl- 
care-ist.  Each  definition  of  a  sjiade  has  its  legiti- 
mate place, — and  its  use  as  a  vehicle  is  justified 
when  the  idea  in  the  mind  of  the  writer  reposes, 
clearly,  in  the  mind  of  the  reader. 

If  it  is  consistent  to  require  an  enn;ineer  to  deal 
in  facts  and  to  determine  his  answers  with  a  well- 
defined  limit  of  accuracy,  it  is  also  consistent  to 
require  him  to  explain  liis  answer  in  equally  accur- 
ate terms.  A  useful  algebraic  equation  is  a  scientific 
statement  gnawed  to  the  boTie.  Tt  is  reduced  to  the 
limit  of  conciseness.  It  has  a  subject  and  a  jiredi- 
cale.  11  lias  a  verb  as  well  as  adjectives  and  ad 
verbs.  If  its  characters  are  simply  defined,  it  can 
not  be  misconstrued  except  in  the  minds  of  the  care- 
less tliinkers.  A  technical  statement  should  have  the 
same  kind  of  structure  with  frank  and  honest  eni- 
]iirical  coefficients. 

One  of  the  most  tiresome  faults  of  engineering 
writers  is  their  irresistable  desire  to  "work  out" 
lilans.  coal  veins,  an  organization, — as  well  to  work 
out  on  the  farm  and  to  "carry  out"  projects,  desires, 
and  coriises.  Notice,  for  instance,  the  obvious  ob: 
jeciioii  to  saying,  "sludge  digestion  is  successfully 
carried  out  in  the  lower  chamber."  As  a  sin  against 
good  taste  this  habit  belongs  in  the  class  with  ain't 
and  the  whiskey  breaths,  but  it  is  on  the  grounds  of 
obscurity  that  a  technical  editor  will  use  his  soft 
red  jiencil.  Tf  the  jdirase  has  two  meanings  it  is  dan 
gerous.  The  late  Professor  Ira  O.  Haker,  who  had  an 
admiiable  sense  of  fitness  of  grammatical  exjtres- 
sions,  often  stressed  the  faulty  nature  of  the  word 
</r<iit.  It  is  not  nncomnion  for  a  writer  to  use  that 
word  with  two  or  more  meanings  in  a  single  state- 
ment. 

(Misciiritv  of  another  sort    is  found   in    the  very 


coiiinion  mis conceplion  as  to  the  ]iroper  use  of  such 
words  as  Hint  ami  irhii-li.  There  are  conqietent 
writers  who  lielie\e  that  euphony  is  the  sense  thai 
decides  tin'  choice  between  llieiii.  <)tliers.  ei|iially 
conipelent,  lielieve  that  e.icli  word  has  one  and  only 
one  function  as  a  relatixe  pronoiin.  To  say,  "The 
street  that  ends  at  the  i-i\-ei"  presents  an  eiitii-ely 
ilifferent  idea  than  to  say,  "The  street  (,|  which  ends 
at  the  I'ivei'."  On  the  face  of  it,  the  last  sentence 
places  the  enlii'c  eni|ihasis  on  the  word  xinit.  To  say 
■•There  is  nothing  (,)  which  can  be  done"  is  ridicii 
lous  in  its  literal  sense.  However,  both  schools  can 
defend  their  stand  by  ample  authority  in  text  and 
dictionary. 

The  ))ubli.sher  surmounts  this  difficulty  by  the 
creation  of  a  Style  Book*.  This  serves  the  editor  in 
a  ca]>acity  similai'  to  the  s]iecifications  used  by  an 
engineer.  It  gives  him  the  authority  of  a  law  (often 
arbitrary)  that  he  must  have  if  he  is  to  insist  on 
uniformity  in  the  accurate  expression  of  an  idea. 
It  contains  rules  for  form  and  publishing  conduct 
based  on  experience.  Even  if  usage  has  more  than 
one  meaning  for  any  word  or  arrangement,  it  al- 
ways has  only  one  when  it  appears  with  the  sanction 
of  the  Style  Book.  Every  publisher  has  a  "style"  and 
each  style  manual  may  be  different  in  some  things. 

Notice  the  ending  in  the  sentence  yon  have  just 
read.  The  word  Ihiiu/s  is  too  obscure  and  indefinite. 
It  should  have  been  replaced  by  a  better  word,  "ilany 
things  have  been  written  on  this  subject"  is  another 
exam])le.  This  is  a  form  of  laziness.  The  writer  be 
comes  so  interested  in  the  words  he  is  iirejiaring 
to  write  in  his  next  phrase  or  clause  that  he  closes 
the  present  one  by  throwingin  a  vague  and  geneial 
word  that  should  have  been  made  specific. 

Quibbling  over  the  use  of  the  first  person  is 
widely  considered  jiicayunish  and  unnecessary.  Cer- 
tainly, the  word  /  is  as  definite  in  its  meaning  as 
any  word  can  be.  To  say,  flatly,  '"I  jierformed  the 
experiments  and  the  conclusions  are  based  on  my 
studies,"  is  to  take  the  responsibility  definitely 
without  leaving  any  room  for  misunderstanding. 

A  judicious  use  of  the  first  person  could  be 
made  the  most  powerful  tool  of  the  technical  writei-. 
But  the  disadvantages  far  outweigh  the  advantages. 
In  the  first  i)lace,  the  tendency  is  always  to  lajise 
into  the  habit  of  saying,  "At  that  time  T  was  chief 
engineer  of  the  Company  and  all  matters  of  de 
signing  procedure  came  to  my  attention."  This  use 
of  the  first  ])erson  is  bad  taste  and  a  Style  Book 
is  not  necessary  to  give  the  editor  authority  to 
diange  it.  M'c,  our,  and  us  are  guilty  of  contributing 
to  obscurity  of  thought.  "Let  us  make  S  eipial  to 
]t- '2"  and  "We  are  jirone  to  accept  this  as  infall 
ilile";  these  are  statements  that  make  the  reader 
Continued  on  Page  !)3 


■hniiMri/,  lD.i8 


THE  TIOClIXOCKAl'll 


The  Seminole  Oil  Fields 

II.    Iv   KlITKNlKllf^i:,  I'.C.  '-'■> 


"Till'  Cjill  III  llic  Wild"  liirrs  men  as  well  as  doys. 
You  renieuiher  how  Jack  London's  canine  hero  was 
lorn  from  his  master's  bond  by  the  powerful  lipht 
of  freedom,  the  animal  instinct  to  roam  wild.  The 
enj-iueer  is  wont  to  roam  wild  away  from  society, 
textbooks,  and  duties,  to  enjoy  the  hardlnck  miseries 
of  a  tram]).  Steele,  the  famous  Irish  essayist  and 
"bummer"    ap])roves    that,    "It    is    an    inex]iressilil(' 


SkMINULK'S    SlBl'KHS 

l)leasure  to  know  a  little  of  the  world  and  be  of  no 
character  and  significancy  in  it.  To  be  ever  uncon- 
cerned, and  ever  lookinji  on  new  objecis  willi  an 
endless  curiosity,  is  a  deli<;ht."' 

Our  jtreat-jii'andfathers  were  attracted  by  the 
usual  smell  of  f>uupowdei'.  ]iirates,  and  blood:  the 
sipieal  of  the  enii>ty  coal-car  wheels  aroused  flie 
crave  in  our  bi^  brothers:  and  the  Ford  chassis — no. 
we  of  the  younger  generation  are  ])i-one  to  dissijiale 
regardless  of  love  or  money. 

Do  not  get  the  impression  that  this  is  going  to 
be  an  article  attempting  to  kill  all  your  ambitions 
in  the  business  world.  (Juite  to  the  contrary,  it  is 
only  foi-  illustrating  how  a  i)leasant  vacation  may  be 
had  by  those  of  us  who  are  subject  lo  iliat  kind  of 
disease  so  commonly  spoken  of  as  "lack  of  money." 
I'eople  try  to  see  the  connliy  through  a  parlor  car 
bridge  table,  and,  at  the  end  of  theii'  short  \acation, 
wonder  why  it  is  liar<l  to  find  interest  in  the  old 
job  of  testing  cable  or  checking  abstracts. 

It  is  a  ]iity  that  men  will  hug  ])enuies  all  their 
life  in  ordei-  to  ride  around  the  world  on  a  soft 
cnsliioii  at  the  age  of  it't  and  then  at  the  age  of  "."), 
"shuffle  off"  with  only  the  .self  satisfaction  of  say- 
ing "I  have  travelled."  Bacon,  in  his  "Essays  of 
Tra\cl,"  gives  this  fraction  of  sensibleness  by  sa.ving, 
"Tra\('l,  in  the  younger  sort,  is  a  |)art  of  education: 
in  the  elder,  a  part  of  experience.  lie  that  ti'.-ivellelh 


into  a  country  befoi-e  he  hath  sonic  entrance  into 
the  language,  goeth  to  school  and  noi   lo  tra\el." 

And  now  let  yourself  imagine  that  you  are  lea\- 
ing  Tulsa,  Oklahoma,  boujul  for  the  Seminole  oil 
fields,  about  150  miles  southwest.  Just  on  the  out- 
side of  the  citj-  is  the  first  oilwcll,  in-obably  the 
first  one  you  have  seen  in  your  life.  "So  that's  what 
an  oil  well  looks  like?"  There  is  noihing  but  a 
wooden  ])]atforin,  a  i)lunger  pumj).  ami  a  rod  oper 
ating  the  i)lunger,  which  inns  baik  into  the  weeds. 
The  thick  dirty  oil  smeared  ail  around  pr<i\es  that 
it  is  truly  an  oil  well.  A  thorough  investigation  dis- 
plays that  there  are  about  seven  or  eight  similai' 
immps  near  there  on  the  j)rairie  and  that  a  centrally 
located  1.")  horse  power  gasoline  engine  operates  all 
the  j>umps  by  means  of  these  push  rods  moving  back 
and  forth  on  the  two  foot  supports.  A  lot  of  foolish 
ipiestions  shot  at  the  sleepy  operator  sitting  by  the 
engine  house  lea\e  a  sort  of  disa]>])ointment  u]ton 
finding  out  that  the  wells  are  about  twenty  years 
old  and  ]iroducing  from  one  to  five  barrels  of  oil  a 
day,  which  ])ays  for  his  wages,  the  gasoline,  for  the 
engine,  aiul  a  slight  income  to  the  landowner. 

There  are  hundreds  of  these  wells  around  Tulsa 
and  thev  are  gradually  seeing  their  last  dav.  About 


Leu — TuK  Fi.ooic  ok  a  Rohky   Dhii.i. 
Hn.nr — A  Grappling  Hook,  Disk  Brr,  and  Rock  Bit,  Lowku 

twenty  years  ago  Tulsa  barely  existed.  They  struck 
oil  and  a  wild  mining  town  grew  up  over  night.  Now 
the  wells  are  all  going  dry,  but  the  city  is  called  the 
"oil  cajutal  of  the  world"  and  Inuises  4")  to  ."SO  mil- 


66 


Tiir:  TKcnxociHAi'ir 


■/(iiniiini.  l!),iS 


iiouaires.  All  llic  oil  cumiiaiiifs  liaxc  llicir  main  of 
ttces  at  Tulsa. 

The  rest  of  tlie  I  rip  suiiili  trom  Tulsa  ;;i\cs  muiIj 
iiif;  new  except  that  you  meet  a  ImiiuIi  i>(  Indians 
ridiu}!  ill  a  bij;,  seven  ])ass('ii}j;er  Cadillac,  i>i'  a  wild 
looking  trio  of  woikiiien  with  one<|iiait('r  inch 
whiskers  ridiiii;  in  aiivdiinf;  whicli  stirs  u])  I  lie  c\ 
citemeiit  and  curiosity,  and  jiartly  raises  a  donlil 
as  to  the  ])(»ssihilities  of  a  con]ile  of  hoys  liinlinj: 
much  needed  ein|)loynit'nt  in  sn<li  ,i  in.irxcllonsly 
hardlioiled  country. 

The  first  imju-ession  of  tiie  oil  fields  in  one  nexcr 
to  he  forjiotteii.  A  sen.se  of  irres]t(insil)ility  and  cour 
age  to  meet  aiiythinj;  suddenly  sjiriniis  mi  yon.  Ii 
is  very  lucky  to  have  such  a  fei'lin*;  at  the  linic  foi- 
the  entrance  by  the  camps  hriufjs  hack  memories  of 
the  old  expression  :  ''A  I'oad  is  heaxcn  foi-  one  ^'encr 
atioii  and  hell  for  a  Inindrcd."  Since  the  ac 
tivity  started  less  than  a  year  aL;(i,  yon  decide  I  ha  I 
the  first  generation  was  a  skinny  herd  of  cows  for 
tiiis  road.  When  the  c<iin|(anies  leased  their  lii'lds 
and  commenced  sinking;  wells,  ihe  (dd  surveyed 
roads  were  used.  Tlie  county  uovcrnnient,  nndei- 
such  an  enormous  expansion  of  ])oi»ulation,  lost  all 
control  over  its  populace  for  a  time  and  was  <|nite 
unable  to  keep  up  by  improviiii;  the  roads  in  the 
least  way.  The  rock  and  hills  make  them  designed 
foi'  onlv  UKMi  or  horseback.   .\    I'ord   without  a   ti-af- 


Left — An  Eight  Tank  Pihe  as  Seen  at  a  Distance 
Right — Eight  I.OOO-Bahkei.  Tanks  ok  On.  Bi'isNixn 

fic    transmission   is   heli)less   and    a    two    ton    .Mack 
truck  is  the  most  successful  mountain  climbei'. 

On  the  first  hill  the  old  can  jmlls  np  noldy  and 
is  bragged  uj)  to  the  highest  degree  for  its  super 
power.  Over  emphasis,  of  course,  brings  reaction  and 
the  next  bill  ha]i]iens  to  be  a  masterpiece  of  the 
great  glacier.  By  slipping  and  tightening  the  (dutch. 


the  to|i  is  .ipproached,  but  the  bands  are  heginning 
to  smell  and  the  overheated  motor  .seems  to  lack  its 
nsnal  powei-.  .\ccording  to  a  ])oor  man's  Inck.  the 
lop  id'  the  hill  is  protected  by  ;i  fool  steji  off  of  red 
sandslone  rock  and  •'Li/zie"  is  (|nile  unable  to  cope 
with   the  sii  nat  ion. 


.\    RdlAllY    IJiai.L    l-N    Ol'KUATlOX 

While  wailing  for  the  car  to  cool  off  in  Ihe  blis 
tering  August  sun,  the  traffic  on  the  road  gixcs  a 
wimderful  account  of  oil  field  life.  Seveial  big 
trucks  go  ai-onnd  on  low  .-ind  sliji  over  the  rock,  re- 
gjirdless  of  theii-  three  ton  loads  of  ]ii]ie  extending 
to  a  trailer.  Now  and  then  a  roadster  traxels  ii|i 
the  hill  with  app.irent  ease,  whiidi  brings  down  your 
wrath  and  indignation  n]ion  your  own  |iro|iei'ty. 
<  »ne  (if  Ihe  most  coininon,  and  you  might  say.  grue 
some  sights  in  the  oil  fields  is  a  "Skinner,"  the  com 
mon  name  for  a  teamster.  They  use  his  te.ini  of  mules 
and  wagon,  but  ordinarily  the  few  honsidiold  fnrn 
ishings  and  tent  are  ])iled  in  the  back  of  an  old 
car  and  about  six  or  eight  dirty  children  are  nsi'd 
like  ])a]ier  weights  for  holding  on  the  bedroom 
equipment.  The  oldest  .son  is  doing  his  best  with 
the  two  working  cylinders  and  the  next  in  line  in 
age  are  ]-e(|uin'd  to  ]iiish  the  mitfit  jiast  all 
obstaides. 

The  college  man  who  goes  to  a  jdace  like  this 
seldom  has  any  deei)  worries  or  doulits  about  the 
possibilities  of  getting  a  job.  He  has  been  told  of 
the  big  wages  jjaid  to  the  men  with  the  stuff:  dril 
lers  getting  .fL'O  a  day.  rig  builders  from  $S  to  |12. 
tool  dressers  flM,  roughnecks  (the  four  hel])ers 
about  a  rotary  drill')  $7  a  day,  and  spending  most 
of  their  time  on  their  backs  in  the  engine  house. 
Then  wiser  in  his  own  conceit  than  the  best  of  farm 
bosses,  Mr.  College  ilauu  widely  advertises  his 
marvellous  education  and  strikes  for  the  desired  big 
pay  job  while  the  jiot  is  boiling,  .\bout  the  first 
thing  he  leains  is  that  the  best  way  to  get  a  fiidd 
man's  coiiteni])t  is  to  let  him  know  about  the  college 
qualities  or  to  get  the  job  through  the  ]iull  of  some 
one  high  in  the  office  force.  Of  course,  unless  he  is 
the  son  of  the  vicei)resident,  he  finds  after  two  days 


■/ainMri/,  192S 


'IIIO  TECHNOGRAPH 


07 


of  bragging  and  walking  around  Tulsa  that  tin'  only 
way  to  get  the  job  is  to  go  out  to  a  lease  «  iili  over 
alls  and  gloves  on  ready  to  go  to  work. 

The  majority  of  untrained  laborers  are  roust 
al)outs  or  i)i])eliiu'rs.  A  roustabout  is  a  genei-al  ban- 
dvnian  on  the  lease  and  does  almost  anvtiiinu.  Tlie 


Thk  Sixci.AiK  Gas  Staimox  Under  C<)XSTUt{-Ti<).N 

good  roustabout  must  be  a  good  jjlumber,  a  good 
(■ar|i('nter,  good  rig  builder,  good  diteli  digger,  and 
good  at  lifting  400  pound  joints  of  |>ii»'.  all  for  SI 
per  day  and,  once  in  a  great  while,  an  hour  of  rest. 
lie  is  expected  to  work  two  days  and  two  nights  in 
a  row  if  necessary  for  comi)letion  of  some  erecting 
job  aii<]  to  thrive  with  a  cou])le  hours  sleep  late  in 
the  morning  on  a  soft  board  floor  or  liugging  the 
warm  ground  which  has  retained  some  heat  through 
the  chilly  part  of  the  night. 

The  only  means  for  the  oilfield  man  to  tell  when 
Suiid.iy  come.s  is  to  find  that  the  boarding  houses 
all  have  fried  chicken-wings  for  dinner.  All  rotary 
and  cable  drills  are  run  continually  night  and  day 
until  the  jol)  is  done  anil  each  rig  is  lighted  from  a 
small  •">  11.  r.  dii-cct  cuircnt  generjitor  run  by  a 
steam  tui'bine.  The  louslalHiuts  and  other  genei'al 
hunkies  must  keep  iij)  with  the  ])i|)clinc  construc- 
tion and  othci-  work  li,\  working  cM-iy  day  exce|>t 
the  iM.urth  of  .Inly. 

The  |ii|)elinei''s  job  lias  less  \,-iricly  but  is  proli 
alily  much  gi-eater  sp<irt  with  tiie  large  gangs  em 
])loyed.  Hach  gang  has  a  two  ton  truck  with  a  Irailei' 
and  engine  bed  for  its  niodt'  of  transportation.  They 
ordinai'ily  meet  in  tow  n  and  drixe  out  In  llieir  wmk 
of  digging  a  ditch,  laying  llic  |ii|ic.  oi'  tearing  it  up. 
The  gang  is  rather  (piii't  in  tiie  morning,  but  tired 
ami  wild  on  Ilic  evening  triji.  ^lost  all  large  jiipc 
lines  are  laid  by  i-ontracl  with  some  ])ii)eline  com 
pany.  The  |."i  or  (id  iihmi  on  these  ]ni)eline  gangs  are 
well  organized  ,ind  each  man  has  his  own  job  for 
the  entii-e  d.-iy  or  week,  I'or  a  si\  incli  pipe,  eight 
nu'n  ai-e  used  on  (he  cari-ying  irons  moving  "stalks" 
of  pipe,  four  chain  tongs  or  hooks  are  used  for  turn 
ing  the  l)il)e  and  si.\  or  seven  men  Jump  on  each 
one  of  these,  one  man    is  stabber  and   lines   up   the 


threads,  one  is  hammer  man,  two  are  bosses,  and 
the  rest  carry  the  horse  or  do  other  odd  jobs.  Tliey 
make  exceptional  use  of  the  advantage  of  rhythm  in 
doing  work  when  the  hammer  man  beats  a  "hot" 
tune  on  the  collar  in  order  to  keep  the  toug  men  in 
time.  Some  old  timers  are  experts  with  two  ham 
mers  and  since  the  ringing  has  i)leTity  of  vf)lunie, 
the  hammer  man  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the 
s](irit  in  which  the  men  woi'k. 

Illinois  docs  not  have  ]ietroleMni  engineering 
course,  but  it  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  one  of 
the  most  inipoitant  branches  of  engineering  in 
such  states  as  Oklahoma  and  California.  Al- 
though the  engineering  educational  value  of  this 
trip  cannot  be  over-emphasized,  there  is  too  much  to 
consider  in  any  technical  way  in  this  article.  Up  to 
IDl'O  almost  all  well  drilling  had  been  done  with  the 
old  fashioned  cable  drill  and  the  i)lunger  ])ump  had 
been  used  for  i)umping  the  oil.  The  air  lift  is  a  very 
old  process  and  has  been  used  for  pumping  water 
fi-om  mines  before  1900.  In  fact,  a  Russian  comiiany 
first  discovered  it  in  18!)3.  The  Seminole  district  is 
very  adajitable  to  tliis  method.  Th(>  w<'lls  are  nearly 


i:l()0  feet  deej)  and  have  a  reasonable  amount  of 
lock  pressure  for  the  gas  lift  oi)eration.  The  general 
theory  of  the  air-gas  lift  is  as  follows:  A  six  or 
eight  inch  casing  liiu's  the  well  down  to  the  bottom 
and  a  small  lv\<i  auil  one  half  inch  ]>ipe  is  ])laced 
down  the  ccntci-  and  extended  to  within  a  short 
distance  from  the  bottom.  The  natural  rock  press- 
ure forces  the  oil  up  to  a  certain  level  al)()ve  the 
Continued  iin   Paijc  .'».? 


fiS 


riii:  Ti;(iiN»)<iirvi'ii 


■/iniiiiii!/.  I!)2S 


Concrete  Pavements  Opened  on  the 
Basis  of  Strength  Tests 

New  Beam  Test  on  Concrete  Comint*  Into  General  Use  for  Strength  Determinations 

I  list  nifti.r   III    Ciril    I'lii/iini  riin/ 


It  is  lii'ciiiiiiiij;  coimiiiiM  |ir;icliic  imu  I"  ii|icii 
cmicrc'ti'  |tavt'Ilieiils  tor  service  on  Ihe  liasis  of 
strength  tests  iiinde  <iii  s|ie(iirieiis  molded  tioni  ilie 
coiu'rett*  as  it  is  |dace<i  in  ihi'  |>a\('niriil.  ('oncrete 
is  a  material  wJiich  under  ordin.iiv  condilions  Li;ains 
stroiifith  with  aj^c.  As  soon,  then,  as  llie  concrete 
lias     its    jirojier     sti-enj;lli.    Ilie    paxcnienl     may     lie 


I.     Cemenl 

I  a  I    fiiiiMiess  of  j^rindiiig 

ill)    eoinpoKitioii 
-.      A'^v  of  coiierele. 
.'!.     '{'einiKM-atiirt'    of    concrete,    especially    dnrinj: 

fii-sl   few  days. 
I.      .Melliod   (d'  cniiiii;,  especially  dnrinj;   first    few 


ened    to 

tra 

tfii 

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/^<?  af    7esf/n^  -Daus 


f^ig    /        Jc6    /('esuZ/a  -  C/fy    of  Chambai^n  ///ino/s,    Summer    /927. 

increases  in  sii-en.ulli  so  ihal   when  llir  concrete  lias  .■").      Ricluiess  of  mix. 

sufficient  strength,   the  wearini;   (|ualilies  are  also  ('>.     'rhoroiifihiiess  of  mixing. 

satisfactory.  An   iiitei'Psting  new  development   is  the  jirodiic 

Factors  Affcctiiirj  the  Rate  of  (Idiiiin;/  Slrciu/th.  tion   of  s])ecial   cements  Avhich  gain   strength   more 

There  are  so  many  factors  affecting  the  rate  of  gain  rajiidly  than  do  the  oi'diiiary  portland  cements.  8ev- 

iug  strength  that  it  is  almost  imjiossilile  to  estimate  eriil   comjianies   now  are  producing  cements   wliich 

the  c.vact  strength  of  ;i  concrete  at   any  time  with-  develoj)  strengths  al   l'  or  :'.  days  eipial   to  tiiose  oi- 

ont  making  tests.  Factors  affecting  rate  o  fgaining  dinarily  secureil  al   L'li  days  with   the  regular  ]>ort 

strength    are:  Continued   on    Pane   iU 


•I II II  till rij.   l!)2!< 


THE  TECUXOGKAl'II 


69 


With  Eads  and  Corthell 

W.  J.  Kakn'eu 

EniToii's  Note:  Mr.  Kiirner  is-  one  of  the  only  men  liiini/  toihni  iilio  Jiii.t  seen  anil  had  an  iietire 
part  in  the  yroirth  of  enijineerinn  from  eomparatire  infancy  to  its  present  colossal  ilerelopment.  He  helpeil 
make  possible  the  hridi/es  that  span  the  Mississippi  at  Cairo  and  Thebes  and,  as  an  exeiiilire.  had  a  hand 
in  the  extension  of  many  railroads  in  this  and  other  countries.  Perhaps  the  (ireutest  eni/ineerinii  feat 
with  which  Mr.  Karner  is  connected  is  the  Panama  Canal.  He  held  the  position  of  Resident  Engineer  on 
Isthmian  Canal  Construction  under  J.  F.  Wallace,  who  teas  the  first  chief  engineer  sent  down  by  the 
United  Slates,  and  was  acting  chief  engineer  during  Mr.  Wallace's  absence. 

Mr.  Kilmer's  article  concerns  the  con.<itruction  of  the  Mississipjyi  Jetties  and  is  in  the  nature  of 
an  autobiographical  account  of  his  experiences  in  their  construction.  It  is  an  abstract  of  a  speech  irhich 
he  recently  made  before  the  student  branch  of  A.  f^.   C.  E. 


In  Aujilist,  1S(J!I,  I  (Mnij;i;ilc(l  lidiii  the  •'Hcrk 
sliire  Hills"  in  Massacluisetls  to  Hannibal,  Missouri. 
An  uncle  livinn;  at  Steven's  Point,  Wisconsin,  wlio 
owned  timber  land  and  mills  was  inanufactnrintj 
lumber  and  raftint;  it  down  the  Wisconsin  and  Jlis 
sissip])i  Kivers  to  Hannibal  and  after  the  lumbei' 
was  taken  out  and  seasoned  in  his  yard,  it  was  then 
sliijiiied  by  carload  to  western  ]\Hssouri,  eastern 
Kansas  and  Xebraska.  At  his  earnest  solocitation 
I  went  to  H.uinilial  to  assist  him  in  the  business 
there. 

Dui-ini;  my  residence  in  Hannibal  1  riiriiied  an 
intimate  aci|nainlanc('  and  friendslii|)  wilii  the  late 
l'>liner  L.  Coi-thell,  c.e..  who  was  l(>cate<l  thei-e  as 
Resident  Enoineer  in  charjie  of  the  construction 
of  a  bridjie  across  the  ^Mississippi  River  at  that 
[loint,  to  jjive  the  "Wabash  Kailroad  an  entrance  into 
Hannibal. 

Tn  January,  1S7;'>,  my  uncle  s((ld  his  l)nsiiiess  in 
Ibinnibal  to  a  syndicate,  and  as  T  did  not  wish  to 
^o  with  the  syndicate,  at  the  i-e(|uest  of  ^Ii-.  ("oithell 
T  associated  myself  with  him  in  eneinecrinii  and 
construction  of  jmblic  woiks.  This  association 
lasted  over  twenty  years  on  ]uiblic  works  from  the 
lakes  to  the  Oulf  of  ^fexico  in  the  Tnited  States, 
in  (^inada.  in  Jfexico,  and  in  Colombia,  one  of  the 
nortliern   i'e|)ublics  in   Sonth   .\merica. 

While  closinj;  the  cons1ru<'lion  work  of  the  Han 
nibal  bridge,  ^fr.  ("oithell  received  the  appointment 
as  Chief  Entiinecr  foi'  two  new  |irojects,  oni'  lieini;'  a 
levee  about  fifty  two  miles  Ion::;  on  the  east  baid'; 
of  the  !>rississi|)])i  River  and  the  construction  of  a 
bridiie  across  the  Jfississiijpi  neai'  Louisiana,  !^^iss 
ouri,  for  the  Chicaf^o  and  Alton  Railroad. 

The  levee,  starting  fi'om  a  jioinl  about  twenty 
miles  below  (Juincy,  Illinois,  was  to  extend  down  the 
east  bank  of  the  i-i\('r  aboni  fifty  miles  to  a  point 
o)iposile  Clarksxillc,  .Missonri,  for  the  purpose  of 
reclaiminii'  a  large  tract  of  valuable  land  lying  be 
tween  the  I'iver  and  the  liigher  ground  about  seven 
miles  distant.  It  was  called  the  Sny  Island  levee  as 
all   the  land  to  be    reclaimed    was    i)ractically    an 


island  lying  between  the  ^Iississi|)pi  and  "Sny 
Carte"  rivers,  though  the  latter  was  but  little  more 
than  a  bayou  or  "slough,"  e.\cei)t  during  high  water 
in  the  JIississi]i|)i. 

Tlie  bridge  at  Louisiana  for  the  .Vlton  Railroad 
was  much  discussed  by  engineers  anil  cdntiactors 
at  that  time,  as  the  draw  .s])an  was  to  be  foui'  hun 
dred  feet  long,  as  against  three  hnndi'ed  and  sixty 
feet,  the  length  of  the  draw  s])ans  of  all  the  bridges 
across  the  riwer  north  of  Louisiana,  thei'cfore  our 
Louisiana  biddge  was  to  have  the  longest  di-iw  sjian 
in  the  world  at   that   time. 

About  ;\Iarcli  1st.,  L'^T."!,  we  moved  from  Hanni- 
bal to  Louisiana,  Missonii.  and  established  our 
bridge  and  levee  offices  in  one  building  in  the  latter 
city.  As  office  assistant  1  look  charge  of  the  s])eci- 
fications,  contracts,  estimates  and  acconnts.  Eor- 
tnnately  both  ])rojects  had  been  financed  before  (he 
|)anic  of  that  year  (1S73)  and  we  were  not  delayed 
at  all  in  our  work  for  lack  of  funds. 

A  few  years  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  the 
jteople  of  the  IMississippi  Valley  and  especially  the 
l)eople  of  the  State  of  Louisiana  and  the  City  of  New 
Orleans,  were  api)ealing  to  the  Government  for  the 
improvement  of  the  channel  at  the  month  of  the 
river  from  the  (iulf  of  ^rexico.  This  iin|iro\cmenl 
was  asked  in  the  interest  of  navigation  and  com- 
merce for  facilitating  the  shipment  fi'oni  the  jiort 
of  Xew  Orleans  to  all  parts  of  lh<'  world  (li<'  i-a]iidly 
inci-easing  pro(In<-ts  and  mannfad  ni-es  of  Ihe  great 
\  alley. 

I'lactically  on(>  hundred  miles  below  Xew  Or- 
leans the  ri\('i-  debouched  into  three  .se)iarate  jtasses 
oi-  ontlets  into  the  Ciulf.  These  onllets  wei-e  in  dif- 
ferent directions  and  of  dilTerenl  lengths  and  the 
depth  of  watei'  on  Ihe  bai'  of  e.ich  outlet  as  it  en- 
tered the  <;ulf  was  dillerenl.  The  length  of  Pass 
a  LoMii-e  or  Xoi-theasI  p;iss  was  abont  IS  miles 
.mil  normal  deiilli  ovei'  the  bar  at  high  tide  was 
about  11  feet.  South  Pass  was  I L'  miles  long  Avifli 
a  dei)th  of  water  8  feet.  At  that  time  the  southwest 
Pass  was  some  25  miles  long  with  a  noimal  depth 


70 


'iiii:  Ti;<'iiN(>(;i{Ai'ii 


■/innKirn.  /.02.S' 


(Ivor  tlic  l).ir  "f  |)i;u'ticiillv  I.",  feet  anil  w:is  tin-  |>iiii 
cipal  ontlet  of  the  river.  Tlie  (iovernineiil  ki-jpt  a 
(Ired^fe  boat  at  tlie  bar  of  So\itlnvest  Pass  and  it  was 
|i(issil)lc  for  two  i)()\verfii1  low  boats,  one  on  each 
side,  to  draw  lliroiiiih  llie  soft  mud,  a  vessel  draw 
ill-;  17  1-2  or  IS  feel,  Init  llie  vessels  out  from  New 
Orleans  were  seldom  loaded  foi'  more  tliaii  HI  ft. 
draft  as  the  lifting-  over  or  snakinii'  lliroiii;li  process 
was  too  risky. 

While  the  appeals  and  plans  for  the  relief  of  the 
eommeree  of  the  Valley  by  the  improvement  of  nav 
i«;ation  at  the  Mississippi  delta,  were  nnder  discus- 
sion, the  late  James  B.  Eads.  one  of  llie  most  promi- 
nent engineers  of  the  country  and  now  representing 
Ihe  iirofession  in  the  "Hall  of  Fame,"  received  an 
invitation  to  come  to  London  and  testify  before 
Parliament,  as  to  the  feasibility  of  the  eonstruction 
of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal. 

While  in  London  ^h\  Eads  met  Sir  ("liarles  Hart 
ley.  the  Chief  Engineer  in  charge  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  jetties  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Danube. 
As  Mr.  James  Andrews,  a  long  time  friend  of  Mr. 
Eads,  and  the  contractor  for  the  substructure  of  the 
"Eads  Bridge"  in  St.  Louis.  w;is  with  jMr.  Eads  in 
London,  after  their  interview  with  Sir  Charles  they 
made  a  special  trip  to  the  mouth  of  the  Danube  to 
study  the  conditions  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  and 
the  construction  of  the  Danube  jetties,  then  com- 
l>lete   and    giving   great    satisfaction. 

Lpnii  his  return  to  the  Stat(>s,  Mr.  Eads  learned 
that  C.overnment  Engineers  had  taken  u]i  the  sub- 
ject of  deeper  water  in  the  lowei-  JIississi])pi,  but  in- 
stead of  trying  to  improve  navigation  at  the  delta 
by  improving  the  outlet  at  Southwest  Pass  by  a 
deeper  channel  through  the  bar  between  the  river 
and  the  Gulf,  they  had  decided  on  a  plan,  proposed, 
I  believe,  by  Major  Howell,  the  U.  S.  Engineer  in 
charge  of  the  New  Orleans  district  and  accepted  by 
the  Chief  Engineer  U.  S.  A.  and  his  staff  in  Wash- 
ington, of  adding  another  outlet  to  the  river  by 
cutting  a  canal,  on  the  East  side  of  the  river  about 
sixty  miles  below  New  Orleans,  from  the  river, 
through  the  low  land  below  Fort  St.  Philip  to  the 
(iulf  taking  the  ves.sels  out  into  deep  water  through 
this  canal. 

As  soon  as  Mr.  Eads  learned  of  this  ]»lan,  he 
went  at  once  to  Washington,  D.  C,  as  Congress  was 
then  in  session,  and  opened  negotiations  with 
Congress  for  a  contract  for  the  improvement  of  nav- 
igation at  the  mouth  of  the  Southwest  Pass  of  the 
Mississip]ii  Kiver,  at  his  own  risk,  by  the  construc- 
tion of  ])arallel  jetties  one  thousand  feet  apart,  to 
confine  the  water  in  the  ])ass  between  them  and 
make  the  inci-eased  force  of  the  current  wash  the 
sediment  between  the  jetties  then  forming  a  bar 
out  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  give  an  unobstruct- 


ed clianncl  into  the  pass  from  the  (!iilf  to  a  (le]itli 
of  thirty  feet.  It  was,  in  a  sense,  a  jiroposition  of 
no  water  no  pay.  If  he  succeeded,  the  Government 
was  to  pay  him  five  and  one  quarter  million  do! 
lars  in  certain  installments,  the  first  iiayment  to 
he  made  when  the  water  in  the  channel  between  the 
jetties  was  twenty  feet  dee]),  and  a  payment  for 
each  foot  in  depth  over  twenty,  up  to  thirty  feet. 

This  proiiosition  from  Mr.  Eads  to  Congress  was 
like  throwing  a  hand  grenade  or  a  bomb  into  tlie 
otfice  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  and  the  Govern 
ment  Engineers  arose  almost  "en  masse"  to  op]iose 
such  a  ])roject.  They  had  seen  and  built  canals  and 
were  sure  the  Fort  St.  Philip  Canal  would  be  a 
sTiccess  and  give  the  necessary  relief  to  navigation. 
Though  jetties  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Danube 
h;id  been  in  successful  operation  several  years  they 
were  equally  sure  jetties  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis 
sissi])])!  River,  as  proposed  by  Mr.  Eads,  would  be 
a  failure.  It  was  simply  a  difference  of  opinion  be- 
tween government  engineers  and  civil  engineers. 

There  was  a  sharp  controver.s.y  in  Congress  over 
both  projects  for  nearly  two  sessions.  Mr.  Eads  was 
able  to  refute  and  nullify  some  of  the  statements 
made  as  facts  from  the  Chief  Engineer's  office.  He 
had  educated  himself  in  engineering  principally  in 
the  school  of  hard  knocks  and  experience  instead  of 
at  West  Point,  for  in  his  early  years  in  business  and 
engineering  he  was  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of 
Eads  and  Nelson,  which  engaged  in  raising  and  sal- 
vaging, with  a  wrecking  boat,  steam  boats  and 
barges  that  had  been  sunk  in  the  Mississipjii  River. 
T  was  told  later  by  Mr.  Nelson  that  during  their 
partnership.  Mr.  Eads  had  walked  on  the  bottom  of 
the  river  under  a  diving  bell  most  of  the  distance 
between  Cairo  and  New  Orleans  and  "knew  what  he 
was  talking  about." 

Mr.  Eads  had  many  friends  in  Congress  who 
not  only  believed  in  and  favored  his  project  and  had 
faith  and  confidence  in  his  being  able  to  success 
fully  carry  out  his  contract,  but  as  the  jetty  system 
was  new  in  this  country  and  the  Southwest  Pass 
was  the  ijrincijial  outlet  of  the  river,  in  view  of  a 
])ossible  failure  which  would  close  the  Pass  to  navi- 
gation, backed  by  the  powerful  influence  of  the 
Government  engineers  and  their  friends,  Congress 
would  not  give  him  the  Southwest  Pass.  As  Mv.  Eads 
had  offered  to  do  the  work  at  his  own  risk,  however, 
in  the  spring  of  187.")  Congress  gave  him  an  amended 
contract  for  deepening  the  channel  at  the  mouth  of 
the  South  Pass,  the  smallest  of  the  three  outlets  of 
the  river  into  the  Gulf.  The  amendment  to  the  con- 
tract, was  that  if  successful  he  should  guarantee 
a  thirty  foot  channel  for  a  period  of  twenty  years, 
and  instead  of  jiaying  his  contract  price  in  full  on 
obtaining  a  thirty  foot  channel,  one  million  dollars 


■hiiniiirii.  1U2S 


Till';  TKCIIXOCUAI'll 


71 


slKnilil  l>o  retained  h\    flic  (loveriimeiit,  ami  at    Ilic  .Mr.    I'.ads   oi-jfaiiized   in    St.   Loiii.s   the  Soufli    Pass 

end  of  ten  years  fiMini  cuniiiletion  of  the  woik.  iijioii  .ledy  ('()ni()any.  Tliis  (■omi)any  awarded  a  contract 

notice  of  the  (Jovernnient  enjiineer,  in  cliarj;c.   that  for  conslinction    to  .lames  Andrews  of  I'ittsbnrjih 

tlie  terms  of  the  conti-act  had  been  complied   with.  and   .lames    I!,    Ilads,   nndei-  the  title  of  James  An 

he  should  receive  five  hundred  thousand  dolhns  and  drew  s  ^:  ('()in]iany.  .Mr.  .Viidrews  was  the  contractor 

at  the  end  of  twenty  years  under  the  same  terms  he  I'm-   the   siil>strnrt  arc   of   the    I-'ads   T-$ridj;e.  and   the 

should  be  jtaid  in  full.  .Vlso  tiiat   on  tlir  anionni   rr  iiinncl   fidni  Ilir  lii-iili;c  to  a]i|ir((a<-h   under  the  city 

tained.   the   (i(i\('rnincnl    slimild    pay    liiin   annn,ill.\  of  St.   I.onis  to  tlic  Iniim   Station,  liolli  ])i'actically 

five  per  cent  interest  until  the  final  settlement   was  ((implcted  at   that  time. 
made.    Also    that    the    (Jovernment    would    hold    in  .Mr.  Cortliell  and  myself  left  Louisiana,  .Missouri. 


abeyance  the  Canal  or  any 
other  ])roject  f  o  r  dvv]> 
water  until  Mr.  Eads'  worl< 
was  declared  a  failure. 

jMr.  lOads  was  fi'reatly 
disap]iointed  i  n  b  e  i  n  j; 
forced  into  South  Pass  to 
work  and  was  at  first  in 
clined  to  I'efuse  the  con- 
ti'act  but  upon  further  con 
sulfation  with  his  friend^' 
and  backers  in  St.  Louis 
and  New  York  he  accei)le(l 
the  contract  as  offered. 

At  the  time  Mr.  Eads 
accepted  the  c  o  n  t  ]■  a  c  t 
(ISTo),  our  work  in  L(Uiis- 
iarui.  ]\riss()Ui-i.  was  jiracti 
(■ally  coni]deled,  and  after 
some  eoi'resixindenee  and  a 
visit  to  St.  1-ouis  to  meet 
.Mr.  Eads,  .Mr.  Coithell  be 
came  associated  with  him 
as  Chief  E  n  j;  i  n  e  e  r  in 
charfje  of  construction, 
with  headquarters  at  the 
month  of  the  Pass,  or 
land's  end,  and  was  in 
strncted    to    take    me    with 


■\\'.  J.  K.MtMcr: 


.Inly  Isl.,  187.">,  via  St. 
j]  L(niis  for  \ew  Oi-leans,  ai' 
rivin;^  there  on  the  morn- 
iiii;  of  liie  Ith.  .\fter  break- 
fast we  went  on  board  a 
sTiiall  steiiiTd)oal  which  was 
the  m.iil  |)acket  from  New 
Oi-leans  1o  the  head  of  the 
jiasses,  one  liniulred  miles 
down  the  I'iver,  sto])ping  at 
the  \arious  ])lantations  and 
handets  between  those  two 
points.  We  left  the  jiacket 
at  the  li-hlhouse  at  the 
head  of  till'  passes  for  a 
row  boat  that  had  been 
sent  to  meet  lis  .■iiid  in 
which  we  went  down  the 
|iass  tweh'c  miles  to  the 
S(jiith  Pass  Lii;lithouse. 
'Plieic  we  found  Mr,  .Vn 
(Ireus  i|iiartered  on  ;iii 
abandoned  schooner,  which 
had  been  a  liLjhtlioiise  teml 
er,  made  fast  to  the  lioht- 
lioiise  pier,  and  s  o  m  e 
foremen  and  laboi-ers  liv- 
iiii;  on  two  flat  boats.  Be- 
fore -Mr.  .\ndrews  came  the 


him    as    his    office    assistant.    .\s    the    reputation    of  only    peii|de    tlieic    were    the    lighthouse    Ui'e]ier,    his 

Xew  Orleans,  as   to  health,   was  at    that    time  quite  son,  about    Iwehc,  ami   his  dan,i;htei-,  sixteen   years 

shady,  our  friends  in  the  I'asI   thought   we  had  "bats  old.    who   was   his  hoiisekeepei-  ami   assistant    in    the 

in   our  attic."  Even   the    Life    Insnianee  ('ompanies  lii;hlhoiise.      In   two  or  three  days  (nir  flotilla,  con 

made   us  pay  an   extra    premium    befoi-e   ap]iro\ini;  sistini;   of  ipiite  .1   larjic  stei-n   wheel   ste,-iniboat    for 

our  ])olicies  to  j;o  there  to  lixe.  (^>iiite  a  contrast   to  towiii;;,  a  mediiiiii  sized  steam  tiii;,  barges  <il'  materi 

twenty-five  year.s  lalei',  for  when  in   I'.Kll   1   was  ]ire  als  aii<l  machineiy,  another  flat  boat,  and  a  number 

l)arinfi  to  go  to  the  Tsthmns  of  Panama   lo  li\c,  two  of  me<lianii-s  and  laborers  arrived  fidiii  St.  Louis, 
weeks    befoi-e    1     was    to    start,    thoii;;!!    Colon    was  .\b(iiit  three  weeks  after  1  arrived  at  South   Pass, 

known   as  almost    the   w<irst    ]iest    hole  in    the   world,  .Mr.    .\ndrews   asked    me    to   l;o    up    to    Xew    Orleans 

there  was  no  (pieslion   of  e.incellat  ion   of  poliey  or  with  him  on  our  steamboat.  On  oui-  way  up  the  i-ivei' 

jiayment   of   extra    luemium    and    I    was    visited    by  he    told    me    the  man   lemjtorarily   in   ch.irue  of   the 

agents  of  five  dilfei'ent  comjianies  and   solicited   to  New  Orleans  office  had   been   recalled   lo  St.    Louis 

take  out  insurance  at  the  regular  rates  foi'  foreign  and   .Mr.   ICads  had  askeil  to  liaxc  me  t  lansfei'red  to 

countries.  .\evv  Orleans.  On  our  arrival  at  the  city  office,  as 

To  provide  a   woiking  capital   until  payments  on  Mr.   lOlliott  was  going  to  St.  Louis  in   two  or  tlii'ee 

the   contract    were    received    fri)m    the   (iovernment,  hours,  I  asked  him  if  he  would  kindly  ex]dain  lo  nn; 


'I'm;  Ti:('iiX(M!ijAi'i[ 


.hnniari/.  1928 


the  (llllics  mill  idiiliiir  i<(  llic  (iflicc.  lie  ri'plird  "I 
ijdii'l  kiiiiw,  Mr.  K.M  iicr,  \\li:il  yoiir  iliilic's  will  he, 
l)iit  yuii  sil  lijilil  ilown  :il  ihis  desk  .iiicl  w.iit  nnlil 
IcU'firniiis  :inil  (inlrrs  ((iiiic  in.  .iiiil  ymi  will  soon 
know  iilioni  llic  liusincss."  I'ndcr  llicsc  lucid  in- 
struct ions.  I  look  cliiniic  of  llic  olTicc  and  iTinained 
tlicrc  t'iv(>  VIM  IS  as  the  irprcscntative  of  .Tamos  An- 
di'cws  and  < 'oni])aiiy,  their  i)nrcliasint;,  labor  and 
financial  aficiil.  I  was  also  the  financial  agent  and 
confidential  secretary  of  Mr.  Eads.  Incidentally,  T 
will  say  that  during  the  five  years  in  that  ])osition 
I  was  twice  discharged  by  Mr.  Kads,  but  before  I 
could  ari-ange  to  leave  the  office  affairs  for  my  suc- 
cessor I  was  told  by  Mr.  Eads  to  continne  my  work 
and  e.-uh  time  T  was  reinstated  my  salary  was  in 
creased.  1  hcmt  knew  whether  this  action  was  Mr. 
Eads"  way  of  increasing  my  salary  without  giving 
me  an  o|)]portnnily  to  ask  for  an  increase  or  for  some 
lii'Tsoiial   reason. 

.My  \arions  duties  brought  me  in  contact  with 
m.iny  of  the  bankers  and  i)rominent  business  men  of 
New  Oi'leans,  and  I  soon  formed  congenial  and 
])leasant  relations  with  the  majority  of  them.  The 
TJnited  States  Engineers  had  talked  so  much  in  New^ 
Orleans  of  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  con- 
struction, of  the  Fort  St!  Philip  Canal  that  many 
of  the  business  men  had  come  to  believe  that  was 
the  one  thing  to  do,  and  most  of  them  were  a  bit 
skei)tical  as  to  Mr.  Eads'  jetty  plan.  Mr.  Eads  was 
a  past-master  in  diplomacy  and  appointed  General 
G.  P.  T.  Beauregard  as  Consulting  Engineer  of  the 
South  Pass  Jetty  Company.  As  the  General  was 
very  j)opular  with  the  New  Orleans  people  and  in 
all  the  Confederate  states,  his  appointment  was 
hailed  with  delight  by  his  friends  and  the  people 
genei-ally,  and  most  of  the  opposition  and  skeptic- 
ism soon  vanished,  and  his  friends  were  our  friends. 

Soon  after  I  left  South  Pass  large  quantities  of 
lumber  and  other  materials  arrived  there.  I  was  also 
rushing  men  and  materials  down  as  fast  as  I  could 
get  transportation.  A  village  wa.s  started  on  the 
east  bank,  nearly  apposite  the  lighthouse  and  a 
money  order  i)ost  office  called  Port  Eads  was  es- 
tablislied  there.  A  new  mail  boat  was  put  on,  which 
went  through  to  Port  Eads  daily.  I  went  down 
every  month  with  the  pay  roll  money  on  the  mail 
boat  or  one  of  our  own  boats.  Early  in  1876  we 
had  two  stern  wheel  tow  boats  and  one  of  them  was 
most  of  the  time  on  the  river  between  New  Orleans 
and  I'ort  Eads,  coming  up  with  barges  for  materials 
or  going  down  with  the  loaded  barges. 

Mr.  Eads'  original  proj)ositiou  to  the  Govern- 
ment was  for  the  improvement  of  the  Southwest 
Pass  which  carried  at  lea.st  fifty  i)er  cent  of  the 
river  water  through  the  Pass  into  the  Gulf  of  Jfcxi- 
co  and  liis  plans  were  based  on  the  impi-ovement  of 


lli.il  pass.  The  South  Pass,  running  tlii-ougli  the  low- 
hinil  of  the  delta  from  llic  head  of  the  pas.ses  to  the 
gulf,  a  distance  of  .ihout  twelve  miles  to  its  bar,  was 
l)ractically  only  a  canal  a  little  over  one  thousand 
feet  in  width,  the  banks  of  which  \vere  scarcely 
more  than  two  feet  abo\c  the  water.  It  soon  became 
evident  that  to  force  enough  watei-  into  tliis  jiass 
to  make  a  current  of  sufficient  strength  to  scour  a 
channel  over  its  bar  thirty  feet  in  depth  and  a 
width  of  thirty  feet,  might  cause  one  of  the  banks 
to  bi-eak  and  form  another  outlet  to  the  Gulf.  To 
avoid  such  a  catastrophe  Mr.  Eads  went  to  Wash 
ington  and  asked  Congress  for  a  Commission  to 
visit  the  ])ass  and  al.so  asked  a  modification  of  his 
conti'act  to  avoid  that  impending  danger. 

(ieneral  Barnard,  TT.  S.  A.  of  whom  T  have  spo- 
ken, was  Chairman  of  the  Commission  ai)i)ointed, 
which  came  to  Port  Eads  i)romptly  for  an  exami- 
nation of  the  situation.  On  its  return  to  Washing- 
ton, ]).  C.,  the  Commission,  in  its  report,  reconi- 
nuMided  the  contract  to  be  amended  to  read  "a  chan- 
nel tlu-ough  the  iiass  and  over  the  bar  with  a  central 
dei)th  of  thirty  feet,"  thus  reducing  the  width  of 
the  central  depth  of  the  channel  from  thirty  feet  in 
the  original  contract  to  one  foot  or  less.  Of  course 
the  report  met  with  o])position  from  the  office  of 
the  Chief  of  Engineers  but  was  adojited  without 
other  protest. 

After  the  question  of  a  central  de]itli  was  set- 
tled the  engineers  at  Port  Eads  took  uj)  the  ques- 
tion of  increasing  the  flow  of  water  in  and  through 
the  South  Pass.  Like  some  Oi)era  singers  the  Missis- 
siii])i  River  is  temperamental  and  must  be  treated 
<li])lomaticalIy.  Their  first  move  was  to  lay  a  very 
thin  willow  mattress  across  the  head  of  Southwest 
Pass,  and  wait  for  results.  Finding  the  current  was 
not  especially  disturbed  by  that  move,  they 
lilaced  another  mattress  on  top  of  the  first.  By 
soundings  and  observations  they  found  their  plan 
was  working  very  well  and  that  without  seriou.sly 
distui'bing  the  current  in  the  Southwest  Pass  the 
volume  of  water  flowing  into  South  Pass  was  grad- 
ually increasing.  A  dip])er  dredge  was  then  placed 
in  the  river  at  practically  the  dividing  point  of  the 
currents  flowing  into  the  two  passes  and  a  shallow 
cut  was  made  from  this  point  following  the  current 
of  the  South  Pass  down  into  the  jiass  it.self.  After 
awaiting  results  and  finding  them  satisfactory  the 
dredge  started  on  a  second  and  deeper  channel. 
While  working  near  the  head  of  the  pass  there  was 
an  unexpected  rise  in  the  w-ater  in  the  main  river. 
Fortunately,  a  part  of  the  increased  volume  of 
water,  following  the  line  of  the  least  resistance, 
came  down  our  newly  made  channel  and  the  game 
was  won,  for  in  two  or  three  days,  without  further 
dredging,   we  had  a  greatly   increased   volume   of 


J(tnu(try,  1928 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


water  flowing  in  and  tlirough  the  South  Pass. 

Altlioiigli  we  liad  not  started  the  work  on  the 
west  jetty  in  1S7(J  and  but  little  more  than  the  foun 
(lation  layer  of  mattresses  had  been  i)ut  in  ])lace 
on  about  three  quarters  of  the  line  of  the  east  jetty, 
the  current  of  water  in  the  pass  gave  us  a  hel])ing 
liand,  and  actually  washed  a  narrow  channel  on 
the  bar  to  the  depth  of  twenty  feet,  a  jiini])  of  more 
than  ten  feet  over  the  original  dci)tli  on  that  bar 
at  high  tide.  By  a  little  dredging  to  facilitate  and 
accelerate  the  scour,  by  the  current,  we  soon  had 
the  de|)th  and  width  of  channel  entitling  us  to  our 
first  jiayment  of  f."'>00,nnn  under  the  contract.  The 
T'nited  States  Engineer  in  charge  of  the  work  at 
Port  Eads  certified  to  the  twenty  foot  dejith  over 
the  l)ar  between  the  pass  and  the  Gulf,  Init  when 
Mv.  Eads  went  to  Washington  for  his  draft  on  the 
Treasury  the  Phief  of  Engineers  refused  to  approve 
the  cei'tificate  for  the  reason  that  as  there  was  but 
a  little  over  10  feet  of  water  in  the  channel  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  pass  from  the  river  we  wei'c  ii()(  en 
titled  to  the  payment.  This  refusal  resulted  in  the  aj) 
j>ointnient  of  another  commission,  an  examination 
and  report  in  ^Ii'.  Eads'  favor  and  the  receipt  of 
the  warrant. 

In  the  incoijioiation  of  the  South  Pass  Jetty 
Company,  the  sale  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  was 
to  furnish  a  working  fund  for  starting  the  work  at 
the  South  Pass  and  carrying  it  on  until  relieved  by 
earned  contract  ])ayments  from  the  Government, 
Jlr.  Eads  seems  to  have  been  too  sanguine  of  the 
early  success  of  his  plan  as  the  cajiital  provided  for 
did  not  cover  anything  for  a  contingent  fund  for 
delays  or  emergency  exj)enses.  The  delay  in  creating 
a  cui'i'cnt  into  the  South  Pass  of  sufficient  force 
and  sti'ength  to  scour  the  recinisite  de]>th  over  the 
l>ar  at  its  mouth,  the  great  ex])ense  of  building  of 
lices  and  quarters  at  Poi't  Eads  and  the  purchase  of 
materials  for  the  work  exceeded  the  estimate  and 
by  the  time  our  first  jiayment  fi'oin  the  (!o\i'rn 
tnenl  was  earnecl,  we  were  almost  overwlielmingly  in 
riel.t. 

Mr.  leads'  ojitimisni  was  a  "life  saver"  to  me  and 
when  he  came  from  New  York  oi'  St.  liiniis  1o  New 
Orleans  and  I  would  give  him  my  "tab"  of  Woe."  the 
conditions  of  oui-  bank  acconnis,  and  my  doubt 
aliout  funds  coming  in  to  meet  jiay  rolls  and  cash 
bills,  lie  would  say:  "Don't  get  discouraged,  .Miv 
Karnei'.  the  money  will  come  from  some  jioint.  Keep 
a  stiff  niqiei-  li|(,  and  when  you  meet  the  baid<ers 
and  business  men,  hold  uji  yf>ur  head  and  make  them 
think  you  have  a  million  dollars  in  i-eserve  for  con 
tingencies." 

P.nt  the  handicap  thrust  upon  ns  by  the  refusal 
of  the  <'hief  of  Engineers  to  a]ii)rove  the  jiayment 
due   us   from    the   Goxcrnment    leipiired    some   high 


financing  to  keep  the  work  going.  Onr  credit  at  the 
banks  in  St.  Louis,  New  York  and  New  Orleans 
had  been  drawn  on  jjractically  to  the  limit.  Stop- 
j)ing  the  work  meant  ruination.  We  were  up  against 
a  stone  wall.  AYe  estimated  that  we  could  not  expect 
a  report  from  the  Commission,  which  if  favorable, 
woiild  give  us  our  Treasury  warrant,  in  less  than 
three  months  time  and  how  to  "carry  on"  for  ninety 
days  or  more  was  a  knotty  question,  which  the  o]) 
timism  of  Mr.  Eads  solved.  We  were  boarding  all 
the  men  at  the  comi)any  boai'ding  house  at  eighteen 
dollars  per  month,  and  Mi'.  Eads  decided  to  test  the 
faith  and  loyalty  of  the  men  by  offering  them  tweii 
ty  dollars  in  ca.sh  each  month  to  jiay  their  board, 
and  jirobably  their  tobacco  bill,  and  for  the  balance 
due  them  on  the  ])ay  roll  give  them  ninety  day  notes 
of  the  com])any  beaiing  ten  \>vv  cent  interest. 

From  an  estimate  given  Mr.  Eads  by  Mr.  Cor 
tliell  and  the  timekeeper  at  Port  Eads,  of  the 
amount  that  would  be  re(|uired  for  the  first  cash 
])ayment,  on  that  basis.  Jfr.  Oorthell  was  instructed 
to  return  to  Port  Eads,  call  the  men  together,  ex 
l)lain  to  them  the  situation  and  the  possibility  of 
being  obliged  to  close  the  work  and  make  them  the 
pro])osition  as  agreed  ui)on.  which  he  did.  The  men 
knew  of  our  troubles  in  AYashington,  were  satis 
fied  of  the  eventual  success  of  the  plan  and  work  if 
continued  and  with  only  one  exception  eveiT  laborer 
on  the  work  accepted  the  com])any's  ])rf)i)0.sition, 
shook  hands  with  .Mi'.  Corthell  and  Col.  Andrews 
and  agreed  to  stand   by  them   in   their  tioubles. 

The  Commission  of  Engineers  i-eported  in  Mr. 
leads'  favor.  The  Treasury  warrant  came  to  us  in 
jibout  sixty  days  and  the  emergency  cash  obligations 
to  the  men  were  fully  jiaid.  The  first  time  Mr.  Eads 
came  to  New  (hdeans  aftei-  the  settlement  he  went 
(low  II  to  Port  Eads,  the  men  on  the  work,  parties  to 
the  emergency  agreement,  were  called  together  and 
Ml'.  l']ads  not  only  shook  hands  with  e\ery  man,  but 
|>eisoiially  thanked  them  for  their  faith  in  and 
loyalty  to  him,  the  com])aJiy,  and  the  work  on  which 
they  were  engaged,  .Vs  there  were  no  unions  then, 
tronlile  with  onr  employees  was  jiractically  "nil." 
N\'e  had  to  establish  and  to  enforce  a  strict  ])roiiibi 
tioii  act.  .Vt  times  we  wei'(>  obliged  to  ])atrol  the 
jiass  for  ten  miles  or  more  against  smugglers  and 
bootleggers. 

.\fter  our  i»rinci]>al  opponent  in  AYashington.  1). 
< '.  retired  from  office  we  did  not  have  to  do  any  more 
high  financing  and  the  work  on  both  jetties  was 
jn'ogressing  favorably  until  early  in  July,  1S7S, 
when  there  was  an  outbreak  of  yellow  fevei-  in  New 
t»ileans.  It  soon  became  e])idemic  and  sjjcead  ra])id- 
ly  (low  II  the  coast  and  to  our  work  at  Port  Eads. 
I  iiotiried  .Mr.  I'^ads  i)y  wii-e  at  New  York  and  he 
Continued  on  Paiie   101 


'I'm:  Ti;('iix()(;i{Ai'ii 


■/iniiKiri/.  l!):iS 


ONTEMPORARY^.,4lP;^; 
ENQINEERINQ    NEWS_ 


^ 


Airport  Auloniatically 
I-ijihted  by  Landing  Plane 

A  formidable  enemy  of  night  flying 
—  the  unilluniinated  landing  field  — 
was  conquered  automatically  by  the 
modern  wizardry  of  electricity  at  Bet- 
tis  Field,  McKeesport,  Pa.,  U.  S.  A., 
recently.  At  a  public  demonstration 
there  the  hum  of  a  plane,  one  thou- 
sand feet  in  the  air,  closed  a  switch 
on  the  landing  field.  A  bank  of  air- 
port floodlights  were  turned  on,  and 
an  instant  later  the  pilot  was  gliding 
safely  along  a  path  of  illumination 
that  was  called  into  l)eiiig  by  the  voice 
of  his  own  plane.  Thousands  witness- 
ed the  successful  exhibition  of  the 
sound-sensitive  lighting  agency  devel- 
oped   by    T.    Sponner.    Research    Engi- 


ordcr.  inhaling  rather  than  exhaling 
sound.  The  loudspeaker  laid  on  its 
back  gives  the  apparatus  a  directive 
effect  with  reference  to  noises  from 
above.  A  microphone  completes  the  au- 
ditory section.  After  passing  through 
the  initial  amplifier  the  impulse  is  re- 
ceived by  a  resonant  circuit  set  tuned 
to  the  dominant  frequency  of  the 
airplane  drone.  Here  a  second  ampli- 
fier does  its  work  and  then  the  thread 
is  picked  up  by  a  device  which  has  an 
amplifying  power  of  100,000,000. 

The  electrical  impulse,  which  a  split 
second  before  was  awakened  by  the 
hum  of  the  plane,  is  now  ready  for 
the  time-limit  relay — the  last  step  in 
the  process  before  the  long  arm  of 
electricity  reaches  out  to  close  the 
power  switch. 


neer  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and 
Manufacturing  Company. 

Essentially  the  function  of  the  de- 
vice is  to  use  the  drone  of  an  air- 
plane to  control   electrical  energy. 

At  first  this  controlled  energy  is  a 
tiny  weakling,  but  it  is  nursed  along 
by  a  corps  of  amplifiers,  and  finally 
emerges  as  a  husky  child  capable  of 
closing  a  good-sized  lighting  switch. 
This  switch  locks  automatically  and 
the  lights  remain  on  until  turned  off 
by  the  field  attendant. 

A  loudspeaker  constitutes  the  "Ear" 
of  the  mechanism.  It  works  in  reverse 


The  time-limit  relay  Is  a  vital  unit 
in  the  S  p  o  o  n  e  r  Sound-Selective 
Switch.  Without  this  feature  the  au- 
tomatic lighting  mechanism  might  be 
operated  by  sporadic  transient  noises. 
With  the  time-limit  feature  nothing 
less  than  the  continuous  hum,  charac- 
teristic of  the  moving  plane,  will  op- 
crate  the  apparatus  and  light  the  field. 

Lacking  this  unit  the  apparatus 
would  be  like  a  nerve  frazzled  watch- 
man, who  startled  by  the  slightest 
disturbance,  jumps  to  the  lighting 
switch,  not  knowing  whether  the  noise 
he    heard   came   from    the   air,    or   the 


earth.  The  time-liniit  agency  gives  the 
Spooner-device  the  advantage  of  the 
self-possessed  watchman  who  thinks 
and  knows  what  he  is  about  to  do  be- 
fore he  acts. 

Preliminary  to  the  demonstration 
Mr.  Spooner  made  frequent  visits  to 
Bettis  field  studying,  as  it  were,  the 
language  of  the  airplane,  to  determine 
the  nature  of  the  sound  he  had  to 
deal  with.  Chief  Pilot  Moltrup  flew 
high  and  low  while  the  engineer  and 
his  staff  took  notes  below,  aided  by  a 
sound  analyser. 

The  lights  that  went  into  action  au- 
tomatically, came  from  a  new  type  of 
airport  projector  developed  by  the 
Westinghouse  Company. 

The  new  unit,  is  designed  to  fur- 
nish sufficient  illumination  over  an 
uneven  field,  at  the  same  time  keeping 
the  source  of  light  low  and  eliminat- 
ing objectionable  glare  in  the  eyes  of 
the  aviator.  It  consists  essentially  of 
a  steel  drum  25  inches  in  diameter 
and  19  inches  deep,  mounted  on  a 
2  1-2  inch  pipe  standard.  Mounted 
within  the  drum  are  a  lamp  socket 
with  vertical,  lateral  and  in-and-out 
focusing  adjustments,  a  23-inch  para- 
bolic metal  reflector  of  such  focal 
length  that  all  reflected  rays  come  ap- 
proximately within  a  3  degree  diverg- 
ence, and  a  system  of  louvers  to  ab- 
sorb all  those  rays  of  direct  light  the 
upward  tilt  of  which  exceeds  1  1-2  de- 
grees. A  spread  lens  mounted  in  front 
of.  the  shell  gives  a  horizontal  spread 
of  4,5  degrees  to  the  beam. 

The  unit  is  so  mounted  on  the  pipe 
standard  that  It  may  be  rotated  hori- 
zontally, or  tilted  vertically  two  de- 
grees above  and  six  degrees  below  the 
horizontal.  It  is  dust  and  rain  proof. 

When  equipped  with  a  1500-watt 
projection  lamp  and  spread  lens,  the 
unit  gives  a  maximum  intensity  of 
250,000  C.  P.,  with  an  estimated  in- 
tensity with  plain  lens  of  3.000,000  C. 
P.  The  projection  may  be  accurately 
focused  by  the  use  of  a  daylight  lamp- 
setter  developed  for  the  purpose. 

By  spacing  a  number  of  such  units 
on  the  side  lines  at  intervals  of  300 
Continued  on   Page   I0(! 


Januani,  1928 


THE  TECHNOGKAl'U 


75 


When  You  Lift  the  Receiver 


1".  ^^'.  WoDUKii,  Jr.,  e.e.,  "I'S 


Wliiit  lijippciis  wIr'ii  you  lilt  your  tt'lei)lione  re- 
ceiver from  the  liook?  That  is  a  (juestion  to  which 
very  few  can  give  an  answer.  And  the  purpose  of 
tliis  article  i.s  to  give  a  fundamental  idea  of  just 
what  does  liai)i)en  every  time  that  a  telejilione  call 
is  made. 

Telephone  circuits  are  extremely  interestiiij;  .uul 
ingenious,  and  for  the  greater  part,  intricate.  It 
must  be  understood  at  the  very  first  that  the  accom 
j)anying  circuits  show  only  those  units  which  are 
ahsolutely  indis])ensible  to  their  operation.  Tn  the 
cii'cuits  actually  used,  there  are  countless  auxiliaiy 
units  for  each  one  of  the  ones  shown.  In  other  words 
the  circuits  given  have  been  simplified  to  the  limit 
in  order  to  make  them  more  readily  understandable. 
They  are  all  tlie  circuits  of  a  maiiually  (ii)ei'ati'd 
system. 

In  order  to  follow  and  distinguish  between  the 
active  stejis  through  the  circuits  fi'om  the  time  tiic 
receiver  is  lifted  until  the  called  party  answers,  the 
following  method  of  marking  the  cii'cuits  Avill  be 
used.  The  active  part  of  the  circuit  will  be  shown 
in  heavy  full  or  heavy  dotted  lines,  and  in  liglit 
full  lines,  the  tliree  different  lines  being  used  in 
order  to  avoid  confusion  in  circuits  that  overlaj). 
Light  dotted  lines  will  indicate  that  that  part  of  the 
ciicnit  is  not  active. 

In  Figure  1,  the  line  Al!  is  the  dividing  line  be 
tween  the  part  of  the  circuit  which  is  in  the  ex- 
cliange,  and  the  part  which  is  in  the  signal  case,  the 
little  black  box  located  in  your  home.  The  signal 
case  circuit  is  the  one  to  the  left  of  the  line  AB.  K 
indicates  the  ringing  coils,  C  a  condenser,  T  the 
tiansmitter,  S  the  switchboard,  X  the  receiver,  and 
I  the  induction  coil. 

"\^'hen  the  receiver  is  lifted  fi-oni  the  switchhook, 
a  circuit  is  com])leted  as  indicated  by  the  heavy  line, 
Figui'e  1.  Starting  at  the  contact  1  of  the  switch- 
hook-.  .1  iinriMit  may  flow  through  the  induction 
coil  winding,  out  along  the  individual  Hue  to  the 
te]ei)]ione  exdiange,  where  it  nniy  |)ass  tlirough  the 
contact  1  of  tlie  C.  O.  relay,  and  tlirough  the  battery 
lo  ground.  Starting  again  fi-om  the  same  place, 
contact  1  of  the  switchhook,  the  current  may  pass 
tlii'ough  the  Iransmitter  and  out  along  the  otlier  side 
of  the  line  to  the  exchange,  tlien  thi'ough  the  con- 
tact 2  of  the  same  relay,  and  through  the  line  relay 
winding  to  gi-ound,  thus  making  a  coinpli'le  circuil 
and  causing  the  line  relay  to  oiK'rate. 

The  closing  of  the  conlact  .">  of  the  line  relav  is 


in  reality  a  separale  ste]),  but  it  will  be  consiih'red 
as  a  part  of  the  i)receeding  one  here,  since  but  a  frac- 
tion of  a  second  separates  the  completion  of  flie 
two.  Contact  3  makes  a  complete  circuit  from  Ihe 
ground  to  the  line  lamp,  and  through  l)atteiy  back 
to  ground,  thus  lighting  the  line  lamp. 

The  line  lamp  is  associated  with  the  answering 
jack.  The  two  are  placed  as  close  together  as  ])()ssi- 
ble,  the  lamp  being  below  the  jack  as  illustrated  in 
figure  2a  and  shown  in  the  ])hoto  of  the  A  board. 
Ivich  tele])h(ine  number  has  its  own  lamp  and  jack. 

Tliei-e  are    two   .sei)arate  operating  boards  in   a 


telejthonc  office,  or  e.\change.  These  are  know  n  as 
the  A  Board  and  the  B  Board.  Tlie  former  is  the 
one  through  which  all  of  the  incoming  calls  are 
handled,  and  njion  it  are  located  all  of  the  answer- 
ing jacks  and  line  lami)s.  There  are  also  other 
jacks  u]>on  this  board,  called  trunk  jacks,  which  con- 
nect with  lines  leading  to  other  offices.  These  lines 
aie  the  trunk  lines,  and  terminate  in  cords  at  the 
Qther  offices.    Figure  2a  explains  the  A  board,  and 


rf) 


riiK 

llic 


fifiiiri'   :?   gives   a   scliciuiitic   (liiijirain 
office  connections. 

Tcleplinne  jiicks  ,irr.  I'lPi-  the  iiiosi  pari,  lliicc 
coiitjU't  jacks.  Tlic  rii-sl  (•(iiilacl.  I  al  llic  answci-inii 
jack  in  Fijjure  '2.  is  calliMl  I  lie  li|i;  ilic  sccniid,  2.  is 
llie  rln};,  and  the  tliini  is  liic  sIccm'.  'IMu't-c  aic  Iwu 
pai'ts  1()  tlic  slcp  siiiiwii  in  l^'iiiiirc  "J.  In  oi-ilci-  lo 
nnilcrsianil    llicni,   il    innsi    he  (•xpiaincil    ilial    wiicn 


THCIIXOCKAI'il 

ink' 


./fill  1(11  r  I/.  11)2^ 


inc  anil  Iji-cakinj.'  Ihc  cnrrcnl  llironjili  flic 
r  Ihr  line  relay.  The  iallci-  falls  hack  to 
\lini;nisliinj,f    ilic    lamp    on    llic    operating; 


Ironi  tin 
wiiuliTi;; 
normal, 
Imanl. 

'i'lic  si'conil  |iart  of  Ihc  step  is  slniwn  li.v  llic  lij;lit 
line.  fi!,;nrc  L*.  'Phis  jiart  occurs  when  Ihe  iilnj;  is 
coinplelel\  insei'led  into  llie  j.iek,  making;  Ihc  li|i  anil 
rinn   contacis  as   well   as    llie  slce\e.     There   is   then 


the  operator  sees  the  line  lamp  light,  .she  takes  an 
answering  cord,  which  is  the  back  cord  in  fignre 
2a.  and  inserts  the  phig  of  this  cord  into  the  ans\yer- 
ing  jack  wJiicli  is  associated  with  the  line  lamp.  For 
each  answering  cord  there  is  a  corresponding  calling 
conl.  or  front  cord.  Both  of  the  cords  have  individ- 
nal  lamps  which  opei-ate  in  conjnnction.  The  lamps 
are  called  snjiervisory  lamps  liecanse  by  means  of 
them  the  ()j)erator  is  enabled  to  tell  what  is  taking 
l)lace  in  the  circuit.  This  will  become  evident  latei-. 
Figni-e  l2a  shows  the  I'clative  ])ositions  of  the  vari 
oils  nnils  which  have  been  mentioned,  and  indicates 
what  the  o])erator  sees  when  the  receiver  is  remov 
ed  from  the  hook  at  the  telejilione.  The  lam])  A  is 
the  one  which  will  be  c;illeil  supervisory  lamp  A  in 
Ihc  following  iliscnssion.  .V  is  shown  as  a  small 
dot,  which  does  not  ie]iiesenl  the  lain|)  itself,  but 
the  thick  glass  covci-.  oi'  op;il.  Iliroiigli  which  the 
light  from  Ihe  laniji  ninsi  pass  in  order  to  be  visi 
ble  (o  the  ojierator;  a  dim  light  will  not  jiass 
Ihrongh  this  opal.  The  \alne  of  sncli  an  arrange 
nielit    will   be  disclosed   late!-. 

The  first  part  of  llie  sleji  ilinstrated  in  Figure  L' 
is  shown  by  the  liea\y  line.  1 1  occurs  when  the 
sleeve  of  the  ping  connects  with  Ihe  sleeve  contact 
of  the  jack,  conlact  :'>,  willKnil  Ihc  olhei'  two  con 
tacts  being  made.  In  other  words,  the  jilng  is  only 
liarlially  inserted  into  the  jack.  l)nring  the  part 
of  a  second  when  this  takes  ]dace,  there  is  a  iialli 
from  the  gi'onnd  at  .\  through  the  battery  15.  the 
snjiervisory  lamp  .\.  the  s:',  ohm  winding,  the  ping 
and  jack,  and  through  the  winding  of  the  ( ".  ( ).  i-c 
lay  back  to  the  groninl.  The  relay  immediately  opcr 
ates,  opening  its  contact   I  and  ..  taking  the  gronnd 


a  complete  circnit  as  indicated  by  the  "'XXX."  The 
battery  for  this  circnit  is  the  common  office  battery 
for  the  entire  e.xcliauge.  All  of  the  batteries  in  th«> 
A  board  circnit  are  this  same  battery,  but  they  are 
shown  in  different  places  as  a  matter  of  convenience. 
The  cnrrent  for  the  circnit  nnder  consideration  will 
pass  through  the  winding  of  the  supervisory  relay 
A,  causing  it  to  operate  and  closing  contact  4,  thus 
shunting  the  sujiervisory  lamp  A  with  a  forty  ohm 
resistance,  as  indicated.  The  light  will  tend  to  burn 
brightly   for  a  moment  when   the  sleeve  connection 


is  made,  but  the  slinnt  comes  s 

will   show   thioiigh    the  glass 

ohm    resistance    will    allow    s 

Ihrough  the  lam|i  A  when  tin 

but  the  lamp  will  light  very  dimly,  and   there  will 

not  be  .sufficient  illuininatioii   to  show  through  the 


p  (|nirkly  th.it  no  lij^ht 
opal  eap.  The  forty 
line  cnrrent  to  pass 
rebn'  .\    is  pulled   iiii. 


■Ittiiiiiirji.  19iA 


TITK  TKCFTXOCHAI'ir 


(i]);il  top.     Tlic  liulii   is  not.  (ln'refore.  visil)lc  to  tlio  slmiitcd  hy  a  1<),(I(U»  oliin  wiiidiu^  \\"1  nl'  the  relay 

operator.  A.     Tlie  condenser  is  nsed  to  enable  the  talking  cnr- 

As  >iwn\  as   tlie  operator  lias  inserted   the  ]»lu<i  rent  to  pass  by  the  relay  winding  witliont  any  dis- 

of  the  answering  cord  into  the  answering  jack,  she  tortion  due  to  the  impedance  of  the  relay  winding. 

o])ens  the  listening  key,  connecting  her  telephone  to  The  non-inductive  windings  of  the  supervisory   re- 

the  circuit,  and  enabling  her  to  talk  to  the  calling  lays  are  for  the  same  purpose.     The   10,000  ohm 

party.     The   jiosition    of   the   listening   key   on    the  winding  of  the  relay  A  so  limits  the  cui'i-ent  in  the 

hoard  is  shown  in  Figure  L'a.     Tlie  ojtei'ator  obtains  circuit  GOG  that  the  su)iei-visoiT  relay  ("  does  not 


B-BOAPP    TRUNK   CCT. 


A-QOARO 


the  desired  niiniber,  and  taking  the  front  cord,  in- 
serts the  ])lug  into  one  of  the  trunk  jacks  which 
leads  to  the  desired  exchange.     See  Figures  2a  and 

:?. 

Figure  4  indicates  what  takes  place  when  the 
]dng  is  in.serted.  The  step  is  broken  into  four  parts. 
The  first  of  these  is  indicateil  by  the  heavy  line  FFF. 
This  circuit  is  very  simple,  the  current  passing  from 
the  ground  at  A  through  the  battery  B,  through  the 
supervisory  lamp  B  and  the  S3  ohm  resistance, 
through  the  plug  and  jack  and  back  to  ground.  The 
i-esult  is  the  illumination  of  the  suiiervisory  lamp 
R.    It  is  shown  as  B  in  figure  2a. 


I I-'J 

The  second  part  of  the  step  is  shown  by  the  light 
line  circuit  tJCJG.  This  circuit  comjiletes  the  talk- 
ing circuit  between  the  two  offices,  through  the 
impedance  coils.  The  battery  is  sui(])Iied  from  the 
calling  office,  as  indicated.  At  the  second  office, 
the  current  passes  through  a  condenser,  which  is 


operate,  but  the  relay  A  does  operate.  This  leads 
to  the  third  part  of  the  circuit,  for  when  relay  A 
operates,  there  is  a  complete  circuit  HHH  from  re- 
lay A  through  the  winding  of  the  relay  B  and  back 
through  battery  to  gi'onnd.  The  result  of  this  will 
of  course  be  the  operation  of  the  relay  B,  completing 
the  circuit  RKR  through  contact  1  for  the  relay  ('. 
and  liirongh  the  guard  lamp.  This  guard  lamj)  is 
the  indicating  lamp  on  the  B  board,  and  tells  the 
operator  that  the  trunk  cord  has  a  call  coming  in  on 
it.  The  ])osition  of  the  lam])  on  the  B  board  is  in 
dicated  by  LI,  in  Figure  ?>. 

The  next  step  is  the  ringing  of  the  called  party. 
When  the  operator  on  the  B  board  has  received  the 
desired  number  from  the  o])erator  on  the  A  board 
of  the  calling  office,  slie  inserts  the  trunk  cord  idug 
into  the  jack  leading  to  the  called  parties  line.  Each 
number  in  the  district  covered  by  the  exchange  ter- 
minates upon  the  B  board  in  multi])le,  so  that  any 
telephone  number  may  be  reached  by  any  one  of  the 
operators.  Inasmuch  as  the  ringing  itself  is  auto- 
matic, that  is.  the  bell  rings  as  soon  as  the  i»lug  is 
inserted  into  the  jack,  no  further  discussion  will 
be  given  here. 

The  final  step  is  the  consideration  of  what  hap- 
pens when  the  called  jiai'ty  takes  up  the  receivei-, 
making  a  contact  at  the  switch-hook.  There  ai'c 
three  distinct  circuits  which  o])erate  indeiiendently 
before  the  circuit  as  a  whole  is  in  the  |iroi)er  condi- 
ContmueH  on   Paye  !H! 


•I'lii;  'rKciiMMiKAi'ii 


■hi  II  nil  If/,  nijs 


Senior  Inspection  Trip  Reports 


l^llccliical 

On  Novemlier  first,  tlie  senior  elec- 
trical engineers  left  on  their  annual 
inspection  trip  of  industrial  plants 
where  practical  stpplications  of  what 
has  been  taught  in  the  electrical  en- 
gineering school  may  be  studied.  The 
trip  was  substantially  the  same  as 
those  which  have  been  conducted  tor 
the  R.  E.  students  during  the  past 
several  years.  It  afforded  an  oppor- 
tunity to  the  students  to  form  a  better 
idea  of  the  significance  of  electrical 
engineering  activities.  The  features 
scheduled  made  it  possible  for  the  stu- 
dents to  see  something  of  hydro-elec- 
tric engineering,  of  the  methods  used 
in  large  modern  steam-electric  gener- 
ating stations,  of  the  methods  used  in 
manufacturing  highly  standardized 
products  and  also  highly  specialized 
machinery  where  but  a  single  unit  of 
a  given  design  is  to  be  constructed. 
This  year  the  engineers  went  through 
the  Chicago  district,  Lockport.  Mil- 
waukee, and  intermediate  points  of 
interest. 

The  party  left  Champaign  on  Tues- 
day afternoon,  spent  the  night  in  the 
Fort  Dearborn  Hotel,  Chicago,  and  the 
next  morning  left  for  the  hydro-elec- 
tric station  of  the  Sanitary  District  at 
l.dckport  where  an  inspection  was 
made  of  the  locks,  gates,  and  water 
wheels:  alternating  current  generators 
had  auxiliary  equipment  installed  in 
that  station.  On  the  way  to  the  West- 
ern Electric  Company,  the  Crawford 
.\venue  station  of  the  Commonwealth 
Kdison  Company  was  visited  and  the 
huge  turbo-generators,  transformers, 
and  power  plant  studied.  In  the  after- 
noon, after  a  luncheon  at  which  they 
were  guests  of  the  Western  Electric 
Company,  the  seniors  were  conducted 
through  the  immense  plant  and  saw 
the  processes  used  in  the  pro(lu<'tion 
of  the  telephones.  The  party  was  di- 
vided into  small  groups,  each  in  the 
charge  of  competent  guides  and  the 
afternoon  was  spent  in  various  depart- 
ments of  the  Western  Electric  factory. 

Hack  in  the  city,  a  dinner  wa;i 
served  the  electrical  party,  together 
with  the  other  Engineering  College  In- 
spection groups,  by  the  Illinois  Public 
Utilities  Association  in  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  Restaurant.  After  the 
dinner,  Mr.  W.  A.  Durgin.  Director 
of  Public  Relations  of  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  Company,  introduced 
Mr.   W.   I,.   .Vhljot,   the  chief  operating 


engineer  of  the  Kdison  Comiiany.  and 
Mr.  C.  A.  Schneer,  Assistant  to  Chief 
Operating  Engineer  of  the  Peoples 
Cas,  Light  and  Coke  Company.  Roth 
of  these  speakers  gave  the  students  an 
opportunity  to  learn  much  concerning 
the  engineering  problems  which  con- 
front the  electric  and  utility  com- 
panies at  the  present  time,  together 
with  a  picture  of  the  opportunities  for 
engineers  in  the  utility  field. 

In  Milwaukee,  the  next  morning,  the 
students  saw  the  methods  employed  by 
the  A.  0.  Smith  Company  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  automobile  steel  frames 
by  the  use  of  highly  specialized  auto- 
matic machinery,  and  at  the  Westing- 
house  Lamp  Company  they  were 
shown  all  of  the  details  of  manufac- 
turing incandescent  lamps  by  modern 
machinery.  The  afternoon  was  spent 
at  the  Milwaukee  Electric  Railway 
and  light  Company.  Here  an  illustrat- 
ed lecture  was  given  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Row- 
land concerning  the  industrial  fea- 
tures of  the  city  of  Milwaukee  and  a 
discussion  of  the  service  rendered  by 
the  Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  and 
Light  Company.  A  detailed  explana- 
tion was  made  of  the  engineering  fea- 
tures to  be  found  at  the  Lakeside  Sta- 
tion of  this  company.  The  party  then 
went  in  special  cars  to  this  important 
generating  station  where  the  group 
was  taken  around  the  plant  by  guides 
and  the  electrical  equipment  was  in- 
spected. 

On  Friday  morning,  the  party  left 
for  the  works  of  the  Allis-Chambers 
Manufacturing  Company.  Here  the 
party  was  divided  into  small  groups, 
each  in  the  charge  of  a  guide,  and 
the  entire  day  was  spent  in  the  fac- 
tory. On  the  way  back  to  Chicago  on 
the  special  train  of  the  Chicago,  North 
Shore  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  the 
party  stopped  to  inspect  one  of  the 
automatic  substations  which  furnish 
electricity  tor  operating  the  trains. 
'I'he  operation  of  the  substation  was 
clearly  explained  by  Mr.  Ceasar  An- 
tonio, General  Foreman  of  Electrical 
Construction  of  the  Chicago,  North 
Shore  and  Milwaukee  Railroad. 

The  next  morning  the  party  depart- 
ed on  the  Illinois  Central  for  South 
Chicago  and  the  party  entered  the 
South  Works  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany where  an  inspection  was  made 
of  the  processes  involved  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  rolled  steel  products.  From 
South  Chicago,  a  trip  was  made  to  the 


lircjukdale  Sub-sati(jii  of  the  CoiiinKJii- 
wealth  Edison  Company.  Here  engi- 
neers from  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Company  explained  the  details  of  this 
substation  which  furnishes  electricity 
for  the  operation  of  the  electrified 
trains  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
The  mercury  arc  rectifiers  installed  in 
this  station  were  of  special  interest. 

During  the  whole  trip  the  engineers 
were  given  the  utmost  consideration 
and  attention  by  the  representatives 
of  the  various  plants  that  were  visited 
and  the  guides  explained  the  different 
features  in  ways  that  left  clear  im- 
pressions of  all  the  educational  fe.i- 
tnres  that  were  inspected. 

—Carl   Cederbloni    ■:!1. 


Civil 

The  manager  of  the  Fort  Dearborn 
Hotel  in  Chicago  on  Wednesday,  Nov. 
2,  1927,  at,  or  around  6:30  a.  m.,  came 
dashing  down  the  corridor  to  see  what 
all  the  commotion  was  about  in  the 
lobby  of  the  hotel.  He  was  politely  in- 
formed that  the  Senior  Civil  Engi- 
neers of  the  University  of  Illinois 
were  only  preparing  to  embark  on 
their  annual  inspection  trip.  After 
final  preparations  had  been  made  and 
the  C.  E.'s  informed  that  they  had  an 
inspection  trip  ahead  of  them  and  not 
an  eight  o'clock,  the  brethren  hopped 
into  the  awaiting  bus  that  took  them 
to  the  Illinois  Steel  Co.,  located  at 
Gary,  Ind.  This  plant  covers  an  area 
of  two  square  miles.  Enroute,  they  ob- 
served the  layouts  of  the  Standard 
Oil  and  Refining  Plant  at  Whiting. 
Ind..  and  the  Universal  Portland  Ce- 
ment Plant  at  Buffington. 

The  inspectors,  on  arriving  at  the 
Illinois  Steel  Plant,  went  directly  to 
the  ore  unloading  dock  where  they 
saw  the  modern  methods  of  unloading 
oi'e  from  lake-boats.  The  ore  was  fol- 
lowed through  the  different  treat- 
ments, taking  them  step  by  step  with 
full  information:  the  blast  furnace, 
the  open  hearth  furnace,  the  molding 
of  the  ingots,  the  rolling  of  the  ingots 
into  steel  rails,  the  stamping  of  the 
finished  product  with  a  number  that 
refers  to  the  heat  of  the  rail  in  ordei- 
that  the  history  of  each  product  can 
be  traced  back,  and.  the  methods  of 
making  car  wheels.  Last  of  all  they 
inspected  the  source  of  energy  for  the 
plant — the  Power  House  whose  2.00() 
horsepower  gas  engines  are  supplied 
with  fuel  gas  from  the  blast   furnaces. 


Jdiiiiiin/.  /.''?.S 


'I'm-:  Ti:(ii\(»(!K'Ai'ir 


Tit 


Tho  C.  K.'.s  were  very  much  iiuprt'ssed 
with  the  magnitude  of  the  plant:  its 
systematic  arrangement  and  the  ex- 
tent to  \vhi<li  n\achinery  lias  been  de- 
veloped. 

Time  out  was  called  I'oi'  lunch,  after 
which  a  house  under  construction  was 
the  next  thing  on  the  program.  Fol- 
lowing that  came  the  American  Bridge 
Co.  of  Curtis.  Here  they  received  very 
useful  information  on  the  methods  of 
bridge  layouts  and  etc.  such  as  mak- 
ing and  boring  holes  of  flanges  and 
sliffners  for  plate  girders,  the  assem- 
blying  of  parts  and  how  templating  is 
done.  That  evening  they  were  enter- 
tained at  a  dinner  in  the  Edison  Bldg. 
Restaurant  as  guests  of  the  Illinois 
Public  X'tility  Assn.,  meeting  many 
prominent  men  in  the  engineering 
world  and  hearing  some  very  fine 
speaches.  Thus  passed  the  first  da.v  of 
the  inspection  trip. 

The  following  morning  they  began 
i).v  inspecting  the  buildings  in  the 
Loop  with  special  attention  given  to 
two  buildings  under  construction:  the 
Engineers'  Building  and  the  Chicago 
Evening  Post  Building.  Next  in  order 
was  the  La  Salle  St.  improvement  in- 
cluding the  La  Salle  St.  bridge  with 
full  information  on  the  construction 
work.  Following  that  the  boys  were 
entertained  at  a  rliicken  dinner,  given 
by  the  Strauss  Const.  Go.,  and  the 
Builders'  Club  in  the  dining  room  of 
the  Builders'   Bldg. 

After  dinner  the  Senior  C.  E.'s  jour 
neyed  to  the  Chicago  .-Kve.  Pumping 
Station  and  observed  its  workings,  be- 
ing especially  interesting  in  the  four, 
40,000,000  gal.  per  day  capacity  pumps 
Then  they  went  to  the  rooms  of  the 
Western  Society  of  Engineers  where 
they  heard  some  very  interesting  and 
instructive  talks  on  traffic  and  pav- 
ing problems.  And  another  day  of  the 
inspection  trip  was  numbered  with  the 
past. 

The  next  morning  the  first  object 
of  inspection  was  the  Crawford  Ave. 
station  of  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Co.  Tho  inspectors  were  very  much 
impressed  with  the  orderliness,  clean- 
liness and  systematic  arrangement  of 
the  plant.  The  By-Products  Co.  of  The 
Peoples  Light,  Gas  and  Fuel  Co.  was 
the  next  stop,  revealing  to  them  the 
methods  of  making  water  gas  and  the 
byproducts  obtained  in  the  process. 
The  Westside  Sewage  Disposal  Plant, 
which  is  now  under  construction,  of- 
fered another  opportunity  for  the  ob- 
serving eyes  of  the  future  builders,  es- 
pecially the  way  the  pouring  of  such 
large  (luantities  of  concrete  for  the 
Imhoff  tanks  and  settling  basins  were 


handled.  The  remainder  of  the  after- 
noon was  spent  inspecting  the  pave- 
ment. 

On  Saturday  morning  the  C.  E.'s 
went  to  the  39th  St.  Sewage  Pumping 
Station  and  from  there  over  to  the 
I)ier  construction  for  the  new  outer 
drive.  They  were  scheduled  to  go 
boating  but  due  to  the  weather  they 
called  it  off.  Thus  endeth  the  rather 
rushed  but  nevertheless  a  very  inter- 
esting and  useful  inspection  trip. 

— Len  Winget  'SO. 


General 

Huge  foundries  and  steel  mills, 
giant  automatic  machinery  with  more 
than  human  skill  and  accuracy,  one  of 
the  most  up  to  date  power  plants  of 
the  country,  and  finally  a  tour  of  one 
of  Chicago's  finest  and  best  equipped 
hotels,  constituted  the  points  of  intei-- 
est  on  the  annual  inspection  trip  of 
the  General  Engineers. 

The  Indiana  Steel  Company  at 
(iary,  Indiana,  a  branch  of  the  Illinois 
Steel  Corporation,  was  the  first  plant 
visited.  It  produces  rails,  plates,  car 
wheels  and  immense  quantities  of 
structural   steel. 

The  seniors  followed  the  ore  from 
the  holds  of  the  lake  steamers,  where 
it  is  unloaded  by  huge  14  ton  capacity 
ore  dippers  into  immense  bins  which 
hold  sufficient  ore  to  last  through  the 
winter  season  when  the  lakes  are 
frozen,  to  the  automatic  rolling  mills 
where  it  conies  out  in  glowing  red 
ingots.  Every  thing  in  this  plant  is 
operated  in  the  most  efficient  man- 
ner. Exhaust  furnace  gas  is  re-used  as 
fuel  and  the  slag  which  is  tapped  off 
from  the  blast  furnaces  is  sold  to  the 
I'niversal  Portland  Cement  Company. 
The  old  fashioned  type  of  shouting  la- 
bor boss  is  conspicuous  by  his  absence. 
Each  man  in  the  plant  knows  his  duty 
on  a  job  before  he  starts. 

The  American  Bridge  ('omiiany. 
Curtis,  Indiana,  a  sub-company  of  the 
I'liited  States  Steel  Corporation,  de- 
spite its  name,  manufactures  every 
type  of  structural  steel.  This  com- 
pany builds  bridges  for  all  parts 
of  the  world.  While  the  seniors  were 
at  the  plant,  two  bridges  to  span  the 
Mississippi,  one  to  be  erected  at  Cairo, 
Illinois,  several  railroad  bridges  for 
the  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Koosevelt 
Road  Bridge  wei'c  all  under  <M)nsl ruc- 
tion. 

Good  plant  layout  was  noticeable. 
10a<'li  operation  follows  consecutively 
and  no  ground  is  retraced.  A  very 
complicated  overliead  crane  system 
bandies    all    materials    and    products. 


One  unit  of  this  crane  system  is  a 
lifting  crane  of  12.'i  tons  capacity  bar- 
ing a  span  of  12.t  feet  and  a  run  of 
.'528  feet.  All  work  is  assembled  or 
laid  out  in  the  gantry  before  it  is 
shipped. 

Next  in  the  list  of  plants  visited 
was  the  Allis-Chalniers  Corporation. 
This  company  makes  huge  hydro- 
electric machinery,  steam  turbines, 
electric  motors  and  generators  and 
some  mining  machinery,  especially 
giant  ro<k  crushers.  Most  of  their  jobs 
are  on  special  orders,  so  automatic  ma- 
chinery plays  a  smaller  part  here  than 
in  most  of  the  other  plants  visited. 

The  most  impressive  thing  in  this 
plant  is  the  huge  size  of  the  jobs.  A 
new  hydraulic  casting  cleaner  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  pieces  of  new 
machinery  in  the  plant.  It  directs  a 
jet  of  water  under  a  pressure  of  200- 
:500  pounds  on  the  castings  and  cleans 
them  much  more  efficiently  and 
cheaply  than  the  older  methods. 

The  Falk  Corporation.  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin,  is  somewhat  similar  to  the 
.\llis-Chalmers  plant  except  that  here 
steel  castings  predominate  instead  of 
iron.  This  plant  shows  good  organiza- 
tion and  efl'icient  methods  of  manu- 
facture. A  friendly  management  added 
much  to  the  interest  in  this  plant. 

The  chief  points  of  interest  were 
the  explanation  of  the  high  cost  of 
steel  castings  and  the  manufacture  of 
"Herring-Bone"  Gears.  The  high  cost 
of  steel  castings  results  from  two 
things:  the  cost  of  cleaning  the  large 
castings  and  cutting  off  risers,  and  the 
fact  that  all  the  castings  must  be  an- 
nealed to  take  out  the  strain  in  the 
steel.  The  "Herring-Bone"  gears  are 
used  for  speed  reduction.  These  gears 
are  unusually  efficient  (98%)  and  re- 
markably silent.  They  are  the  chief 
product  of  the  company,  but  large 
Diesel  engines  and  the  Bibby  Coup- 
ling are  also   made. 

The  A.  O.  Smith  Corporation.  .Mil- 
waukee. Wisconsin  provides  an  exam- 
ple of  the  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  the  use  of  automatic  machinery. 
This  company  turns  out  pressed  steel 
car  frames  for  most  of  the  motor  cars 
of  this  country.  It  has  a  corner  on  this 
production  because  it  has  made  a 
large  investment  in  special  automatic 
machinery  and  operates  so  efficiently 
that  it  can  undersell  any  would-be 
conipetitor.  The  principal  machine  in 
tliis  plant  represents  an  original  in- 
vestment of  about  nine  million 
dollars. 

In  the  six  story  building  which 
houses  the  plant  everything  is  done  by 
Voiitinurd  nn  Pn<j<'  Kti! 


so 


TIIK  TKOTTNonUAl'TT 


JdiiiKirji.  1928 


DEPARTMENTAL 

NOTES 


3 


Physics  Rates 


Physics  is  a  bore,  an  imprartital. 
theoretical  subject  with  no  utility  anil 
no  connection  with  the  common 
thought  or  the  lives  of  men.  So  ran 
the  opinion  of  many  undergraduates, 
premedics,  engineers,  especially  pre- 
medics.  But  something  happened  to 
that  opinion,  and  the  cause  of  that 
something  lay  in  a  series  of  lectures 
by  Dr.  Robert  A.  Millikan,  director  of 
the  Norman  Bridge  laboratory  of 
physics.  Such  was  the  interest  in  the 
man  and  his  subject  that  the  Univer- 
sity Auditorium  was  filled  at  each 
lecture. 

Dr.  Millikan  devoted  two  lectures  to 
a  discussion  of  science,  evolution,  and 
religion,  and  a  third  to  recent  devel- 
opments in  physics.  His  last  lecture  in 
the  evening  of  December  eighth,  on 
the  announced  topic,  "Evolution  and 
Religion,"  probably  aroused  the  most 
interest,  though  the  others  were  ex- 
ceptionally well  received. 

The  subjects  included  in  the  scope 
of  these  lectures  were  as  broad  as  the 
mind  of  the  man  who  discussed  them, 
yet  they  were  bound  together  and  in- 
terrelated with  the  order  and  preci- 
sion of  scientific  data,  but  with  more 
clearness  than  most  of  us  are  willing 
to  credit  to  problems  of  such  a  na- 
ture. War,  progress,  science,  evolution, 
religion,  society  and  education  were 
analysed   more  or   less   briefly. 

It  seemed  that  almost  every  connec- 
tion between  science  and  religion  was 
dwelt  upon,  enlarged  and  clarified  to 
give  the  hearer  a  comprehensive  con- 
ception of  the  relation  between  the 
two  and  the  nature  and  purpose  of 
each. 

"Religion."  he  said,  "consists  of  two 
parts;  man's  conception  of  the  mean- 
ing of  existence,  and  his  own  position 
relative  to  God.  It  is  man's  idea  com- 
bining hope.  Inspiration,  destination 
and  duty.  Pure  science  has  made  the 
greatest  advances  of  recent  years,  but 
if  the  objective  method  which  has 
been  so  successful  in  science  were  ap- 
plied to  the  social  sciences,  they  too. 
would   soon   keep   pace   with   progress 


instead  of  showing  Ijut   littlo  advance- 
ment. 

In  speaking  of  the  rapid  changes 
in  science  and  physics,  Dr.  Milikan 
said,  "Our  changed  conceptions  in  the 
physical  world  have  made  us  realize 
that  we  don't  know  everything;  they 
have  given  us  a  reverence  and  a  hu- 
mility; they  have  made  us  realize  that 
all  life  about  us  is  in  a  state  of 
growth,  and  they  have  taught  us  the 
truth  of  the  past  and  the  meaning  of 
the  present." 


Civil 

A.    S.   C.   E. 

On  Dec.  1,  before  a  joint  meeting  of 
the  Central  Illinois  section  and  the 
local  student  chapter  of  the  A.  S.  C. 
E.,  Mr.  W.  J.  Karner  outlined  some  of 
the  natural  and  political  difficulties 
which  had  to  be  overcome  before  the 
completion  of  the  Eads  jetties  at 
South  Pass  on  the  Mississippi  river. 
Karner,  who  worked  under  J.  B.  Eads 
in  the  construction  of  the  jetties,  was 
general  manager  of  the  project,  and 
had  charge  of  the  construction  com- 
pany's offices  at  New  Orleans. 

Mr.  Karner  stressed  the  overcoming 
of  the  natural  obstacles  of  the  work 
including  the  fighting  of  yellow  fever 
which  was  prevalent.  Another  import- 
ant hindrance  was  the  opposition 
which  the  United  States  engineering 
department  offered  to  the  project. 

The  Dec.  15  meeting  was  featured 
with  a  talk  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Dencer, 
president  o  f  the  American  Bridge 
Company.  During  the  course  of  his 
talk  on  "Developments  in  Structural 
Engineering,"  he  expressed  the  opin- 
ion that  students  are  entering  the 
field  of  constructional  engineering 
with  a  better  and  more  practical 
working  knowledge  than  they  have 
had  previously.  He  described  a  num- 
ber of  engineering  projects  that  his 
company  has  fabricated  and  then 
stressed  the  great  accuracy  with 
which  these  projects  are  designed.  Mr. 
Dencer  sees  no  problem  too  great  for 
the  engineer  to  solve. 


Faculty 

Prof.  Crandell  has  just  returned 
from  the  seventh  Annual  meeting  of 
the  Highway  Research  Board  of  the 
National  Research  Council  held  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  Prof.  Crandell,  who 
was  on  the  Committee  on  Causes  and 
Prevention  of  Highway  Accidents,  and 
who  also  is  the  contact  man  repre- 
senting the  University  of  Illinois,  pro- 
nounced the  gathering  a  high  success 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  nothing  was 
accomplished  about  the  question  of 
lighting  the  highways.  Prof.  Wester- 
gaard  of  the  T.  &  A.  M.  Dept.  was  also 
there  as  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Structural  Design  of  Roads. 

The  meetings,  which  began  Thurs- 
day morning,  December  1,  lasted  two 
days  and  included  four  sessions  ex- 
cluding the  Highway  Research  dinner 
at  the  Washington  Hotel,  Thursday 
night. 

Between  and  after  sessions.  Prof. 
Crandell  and  Mr.  Bauer  were  taken 
about  the  city  of  Washington  where 
various  engineering  projects  were  to 
be  seen.  Among  the  more  important 
of  these  were  the  Potomac  Memorial 
Bridge,  and  the  shop  where  the  men 
were  shown  a  new  and  successful  way 
of  making  art  pieces  out  of  concrete. 

Fifteen  Italian  artists  are  employed 
at  the  shop,  where  fancy  pieces  and 
panels,  ranging  from  a  plain  colored 
slab  to  the  Chicago  Statue  of  Time, 
have  been  constructed. 

Since  returning  from  the  meeting 
Prof.  Crandell  has  received  a  letter 
from  the  director  of  the  Research 
Board  saying  that  from  the  standpoint 
of  attendance  and  interest,  this  An- 
nual Meeting  has  been  the  most  suc- 
cessful ever  held. 


Chemistry 

The  chemistry  department  of  the 
University  of  Illinois  is  a  leader  in 
many  new  methods  of  research  now 
being  practiced  in  this  country. 

A  report  from  Dr.  G.  L.  Clark  of 
the  research  department  informs  us 
that  the  new  X-ray  laboratory  is  now 
open  and  in  use.  Various  and  sundry 


JaniHiri/,  192S 


Tiiio  Ti:cnNOGKAPn 


81 


substances  are  studied,  their  reactions 
and  behavior  photographed  by  means 
of  the  X-ray.  The  department  at  pres- 
ent is  devoting  its  labors  to  the  study 
nf  chemical  and  industrial  materials. 

The  equipment  of  the  laboratory  is 
the  most  modern  and  up-to-date  de- 
vices of  any  laboratory  in  the  coun- 
try. In  fact  the  department  has  a  few 
machines  that  are  the  first  and  only 
ones  of  their  kind  in  the  United 
States.  There  is  one  rectified  80.000 
volt  research  power  plant,  and  one 
40.000  volt  machine  that  were  design- 
ed especially  for  this  industrial  re- 
search work  by  the  General  Electric 
Co.  With  the  machines  it  is  possible 
to  take  fourteen  X-ray  pictures  at  one 
time  and  the  machine  operates  con- 
tinuously. Another  wonderful  machine 
and  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  this 
country  is  the  New  Spectrograph  de- 
signed by  the  Hilger  Co.  in  England. 
By  means  of  the  Spectrograph  it  is 
possible  to  use  eight  different  methods 
of  analysis  in  a  few  minutes  by  simply 
interchanging  a   few  parts. 

Working  with  Dr.  Clark  on  this  new 
venture  are  H.  L.  Tschentke.  G.  R. 
Yohe.  A.  G.  Scroggie  and  Van  Orden. 
At  present  they  are  engaged  in  a  num- 
ber of  problematic  studies  as  those  on 
(1)  Special  copper,  (2)  Rayon.  (Z) 
Rubber,  (4)  Asbestos,  (5)  Platinum 
catalysts,  (6)  Road  materials,  (7)  Re- 
inforcing Steel,  (8)  Wells  (steel), 
(!))  Shellac.  (10)  Spark  plug  porce- 
lain. (11)  Paraffine  wax.  (12)  Elec- 
tro-deposit chromium.  The  fine  struc- 
ture of  these  materials  are  studied  in 
earnest  detail  with  regard  to  their  im- 
portance as  industrial  products. 

In  the  near  future  the  department 
is  planning  to  begin  work  on  internal 
combustion  engines  in  such  phases  as 
detonation   (knock)  and  the  like. 

It  should  be  a  great  source  of  pleas- 
ure and  instructive  knowledge  for 
every  student  in  the  chemistry  depart- 
ment to  keep  in  touch  with  the  work 
of  the  Research  department  and  the 
great  progress  it  is  making. 


Architecture 

Professor  L.  C.  Dillenbach  left  Ur- 
bana,  December  20th,  for  New  York  to 
act  as  a  judge  for  the  Beaux  Arts 
judgment.  This  is  a  judging  of  sev- 
eral hundred  drawings  from  all  parts 
of  the  country  under  the  New  York 
supervision  in  which  all  the  drawings 
are  placed  under  a  common  standard. 

F.  Harold  Naegele  who  won  the  last 
Plym  Fellowship  sent  in  a  very  inter- 
esting report  of  his  second  month's 
work.  The  report  starts  from  Harwich. 


England  through  Holland  into  Ger- 
many where  he  visited  Berlin,  Leipzig, 
Nuremberg,  and  Munich,  then  leaving 
to  go  to  Rome.  His  report  shows  care- 
ful critical  work,  displaying  a  sound 
fundamental  training  and  an  indepen- 
dence of  judgment  which  is  seldom 
found.  The  announcement  of  the  fif- 
teenth Plym  Fellowship  stated  that 
.lanuary  10,  1928.  is  the  deadline  for 
entries  and  any  contestants  can  re- 
ceive the  particulars  from  Professor 
L.  H.  Provine  who  has  charge  of  re- 
gistration. 


The  students  in  the  department  arc 
urged  to  attend  to  these  meetings  and 
to  join  the  branch  if  they  have  not 
already  done  so.  Membership  entitles 
the  student  to  many  of  the  privileges 
of  the  national  society,  and  the  right 
to  junior  standing  without  fees  if  the 
application  is  made  within  one  of 
week  of  graduation. 


Mechanical 

The  annual  inspection  trip,  conduct- 
ed this  year  at  Chicago  and  Milwau- 
kee, has  probably  become  quite  dis- 
tant in  the  minds  of  the  seniors,  but 
actually  they  have  not  forgotten  that 
the  plants  visited  were  far  more  in- 
teresting and  educational  than  expect- 
ed. A  full  account  of  the  trip  would  be 
far  too  lengthy,  but  for  those  under- 
graduates who  as  have  seen  very  little, 
if  anything  of  the  practical  side  of 
their  profession,  it  might  be  well  to 
mention   something  of  the  trip. 

The  Falk  Corporation  at  Milwaukee 
is  one  of  the  most  progressive  manu- 
facturers of  special  gears  in  the  coun- 
try. Their  newest  development  is  a 
double-helical  or  herringbone  gear 
shaper  that  forms  the  teeth  from  a 
single  gear  blank  without  prodiicing 
a  relief  groove  for  the  cutting  tool. 
This  type  of  gear  is  being  applied  to 
hoisting  machinery,  speed  reducers, 
rolling  mill  equipment,  etc. 

The  A.  O.  Smith  Company  at  the 
same  city  has  a  plant  for  the  pro- 
duction of  automobile  frames.  Four 
years  and  over  seven  million  dollars 
were  spent  before  any  of  the  equip- 
ment was  in  operation.  All  work  is  en- 
tirely automatic,  including  the  final 
fabrication  of  the  parts  into  the  fin- 
ished frame.  This  degree  of  protec- 
tion made  it  possible  on  one  occasion 
to  run  the  plant  continuously  tor 
twenty-eight  hours  at  the  rate  of  six 
frames  per  minute  before  any  adjust- 
ments became  necessary. 
A.   S.   M.   E. 

The  activities  of  the  student  branch 
were  interrupted  during  November  hy 
the  inspection  trip  and  the  Thanks- 
giving recess,  but  were  resumed  with 
the  meeting  of  December  7,  1927.  at 
which  Prof.  T.  E.  Savage  of  the  Geol- 
ogy department  discussed  the  origin 
of  coal.  He  stated  that  according  to 
one  of  the  present  theories  about  5000 
years  were  required  for  the  formation 
of  the  Southern  Illinois  coal  deposits. 


Railway 

Sponsored  by  Sigma  Epsilon,  hon- 
orary railway  fraternity,  the  Railway 
Club  has  shown  more  activity  this 
year  than  ever  before.  Meetings  have 
been  held  regularly  every  two  weeks, 
at  which  time  slides  were  shown,  lec- 
tures given  by  prominent  men  in  the 
railway  field,  and  talks  made  by  mem- 
bers of  the  club.  The  purpose  of  the 
club  is  to  furnish  a  recreation  center 
where  the  students  may  discuss  sub- 
jects not  met  with  in  the  class  room. 
The  officers  for  the  first  semester  are: 
P.  N.  Simmons,  president.  M.  H.  Mac- 
leod,  vice-president,  R.  A.  Applemann. 
treasurer,  and  N.  H.  Barnard,  secre- 
tary. 

Within  the  past  week  the  seniors 
of  the  railway  school  have  carried  on 
a  very  interesting  experiment.  An  ef- 
fort was  made  to  determine  the  resis- 
tance which  a  train  oifers  to  being 
moved,  and  once  being  in  motion,  to 
being  kept  moving.  The  test  was  made 
between  Champaign  and  Centralia 
with  the  Illinois  Central  and  ITniver- 
sity  Test  Car,  the  passenger  train  be- 
ing furnished  by  the  railroad.  To  the 
casual  observer  it  would  seem  that  all 
that  was  necessary  was  to  start  the 
train  and  keep  it  moving,  but  many 
factors  enter  into  the  problem  which 
play  an  important  part  in  making  or 
destroying  the  comforts  enjoyed  on 
the   modern   passenger   train. 

The  Railway  Test  Car  presents  a 
very  interesting  operating  plant.  The 
motion  of  the  train  is  relayed  to  a 
revolving  roll  of  paper  of  approximate- 
ly forty  inches  in  width.  By  means  of 
ruling  pens,  twenty-nine  different 
things  are  recorded  on  the  paper,  such 
as  draw-bar  pull,  wind  direction  and 
velocity,  time,  distance,  track  curva- 
ture, speed  of  train,  air  brake  appli- 
cations, and  locomotive  performance 
in  general.  From  the  record  it  is  pos- 
sible to  determine  the  train  resistance. 

The  railway  electrical  engineering 
department  expects  to  have  in  the  E. 
E.  Show  this  spring  a  very  interesting 
exhibit  showing  how  railway  signal- 
ing is  made  possible.  It  is  a  complete 
railway  system  in  miniature,  pattern- 
ed  after   the   trains   operating  on   the 


8J 


riii:  'I'liciixofiKAi'ii 


■I III! mil !i.  JD2S 


Soulh  Sliore  Railway  of  Chicago,  ami 
is  being  loaned  to  the  railway  depart- 
nient  tlirough  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  K. 
IS.  Stover,  general  engineer  ot  the 
South  Shore  Line. 


Ceramics 

Cku.vmk-  SiioKT  Coi  lisi: 
The  Oepartnient  of  Ceramic  Kngi- 
neering  is  offering  a  Short  Course  in 
Clay  Working  and  Enameling  to  be 
given  January  9,  to  21,  1928.  This 
course  is  offered  for  the  benefit  of 
anyone  interested  in  the  application  of 
scientific  principles  to  the  various 
branches  of  the  ceramic  industry.  This 
includes  heavy  clay  products  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  refractories,  pottery  bodies, 
glazes,  and  vitreous  enamels  on  me- 
tals. The  course  is  designed,  primari- 
ly, to  meet  the  requirements  of  prac- 
tical men  and  employees  in  ceramic 
industries.  Registration  will  begin  at 
eight  o'clock,  on  Monday.  January  9th 
and  the  first  address  will  be  given  by 
Dean  M.  S.  Ketchum  at  nine  o'clock 
the  same  morning. 

This  course  is  given  under  the  di- 
rection of  C.  W.  Parmelee.  Professor 
of  Ceramic  Engineering,  and  Head  of 
the  Department.  The  following  are  the 
lectures  and  instructors:  M.  S.  Ketch- 
um, Dean  of  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing: A.  M.  Buswell.  Professor  of  Elec- 
trical Engineering:  \V,  E.  Britton. 
Professor  of  Law:  R.  K.  llursh.  Asso- 
ciate Professor  of  Ceramic  Engineer- 
ing: T.  E.  Laying.  Assistant  Professor 
of  Chemistry;  A.  I.  Andrews,  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Ceramic  Engineer- 
ing; A.  E.  R.  Westman.  Research  As- 
sociate; T.  N.  McVay.  Associate  in 
Ceramic  Engineering;  AV.  X.  Espy,  In- 
structor in  Mechanical  Engineering: 
D.  R.  Mitchel.  Instructor  in  Mining 
Engineering:  E.  G.  Bourne.  I^abora- 
tory  Demonstrator  in  Ceramic  Engi- 
neering. Visiting  lectures:  M.  W. 
Blair.  Manufacturers  Equipment  Co.. 
Dayton.  Ohio;  M.  C.  Boo/.e.  Chas.  Tay- 
lor Sons  Co..  Cincinnati.  Ohio;  J.  E. 
Hanson.  Ferro  F;nampling  Co..  Cleve- 
land,   Ohio. 

RKSK.VHCII    DKl'AUlMK.Nr 

At  pre-sent.  there  are  several  re- 
search projects  under  way.  The  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
is  financing  investigations  on  "The 
Slagging  of  Refractories,  Such  as 
Used  in  Boiler  Plants."  Some  of  the 
other  projects  are:  "The  Drying  of 
Clay  Wares."  under  the  auspices  of 
the  National  Brick  Manufacturers'  As- 
sociation; "Investigation  of  Sheet 
Metal  Enamels"  for  the  Ingram- 
Richardson     ."Miinulacturlng    Co..     "In- 


vestigation ot  Enamels  for  Cast  Iron" 
for  a  group  of  eight  companies,  "In- 
vestigation of  Feldspar"  for  Oolding 
and  Sons'  Company,  and  the  "Inves- 
tigation ot  Electrical  Porcelain  for 
High  Tension  Insulators"  for  several 
public   utility   companies. 


Electrical 

A.  I.  E.  E. 
There  was  a  joint  meeting  of  tbc 
Electrical  Engineering  Society  and 
the  A.  I.  E.  E.  Wednesday  in  tlic 
Physics  Laboratory.  Professor  C.  T. 
Knipp  of  the  Department  of  Physics 
gave  a  very  interesting  talk  on  his 
experiences  in  Cambridge  during  the 
past  year. 

E.     E.     SotlKTV 

There  was  a  special  meeting  of  I  he 
iOlectrical  Society,  Friday,  November 
IS,  at  which  time  the  Manager  for  this 
years'  Electrical  Show  was  elected.  J. 
C.  Springer  was  elected  to  the  man- 
ager's position  at  this  time.  Some  time 
was  spent  in  discussing  plans  for  the 
show,  and  the  major  part  ot  tlie  re- 
maining time  was  given  over  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  open  liouse  program  as 
it  affected  the  Electrical  Engineers. 
A  committee  was  appointed  to  build 
an  electric  sign  to  hang  in  front  of 
the  Electrical  Laboratory.  Some  an- 
nouncements were  handed  out  to  the 
A.  I.  E.  E.  members  present  and  the 
meeting    adjoined. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Society  on 
Friday.  Dec.  2.  J.  C.  Springer  the 
uewly  elected  ^Manager  of  the  Electri- 
cal Show  talked  with  various  mem- 
bers of  the  society  concerning  the 
work  which  they  would  do  on  the 
192S  show.  The  following  appoint- 
ments were  made  for  positions  on  the 
executive  staff  of  the  Show. 

Business  Manager — N.  X.  Wright : 
Assistant  Business  Manager  —  L.  H. 
Hull:  Chief  Engineer — M.  Rebuffoni; 
Treasurer — G.  D.  Greene;  Publicity 
Manager — H.  K.  Haekbarth:  Electri- 
cian— F.  J.  Christman:  Program  Ad- 
vertising— H.  H.  Slocum:  Personnel — 
C.  AV.  Swartz;  Stunt  Manager— L.  C, 
St.    Pierre. 

Active  work  on  I  be  show  will  slart 
immediately  after  the  Christmas  vaca- 
tion. 

The  Electrical  Engineering  Society 
co-operated  w  i  t  h  the  Engineering 
Council  as  much  as  possible  in  order 
to  put  over  the  best  Engineering  Open 
House  yet  held.  A  new  system  was 
put  into  effect  this  year  for  the  guid- 
ance of  visitors.  In  order  that  the  vis- 
itors might  see  as  much  as  possible, 
and,  at  the  same  time  comprehend  as 


much  as  possible,  it  was  decided  to 
furnish  guides  to  them.  It  was  the 
object  of  the  guides  to  attempt  to 
show  the  visitors  the  chief  objects  of 
interest  and  to  explain  such  apparatus 
to  them  as  was  of  interest.  Also  it 
was  attempted  to  answer  the  questions 
of  any  visitors  as  nearly  as  possible. 

This  plan  proved  itself  much  better 
than  the  old  method  of  merely  allow- 
ing the  visitors  to  find  their  way 
around  as  best  they  could. 

.Many  objects  of  interest  were  shown 
in  the  laboratory  for  the  inspection  of 
the  visitors.  It  was  attempted  to 
show  as  nearly  as  possible  the  general 
work  which  is  being  carried  on  l)y 
the  Department  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neering. 

Skmi.nah 

At  one  of  the  regular  seminar  lie- 
liods.  U.  L.  Doherty  of  the  Educa- 
tional Department  of  the  General 
Electric  Co.  gave  a  short  talk  on  the 
post-graduate  training  methods  used 
by  the  General  Electric  Co..  and  told 
of  some  of  the  various  types  of  work 
which  graduates  of  Universities  per- 
formed after  connecting  with  his  com- 
pany. 

All  in  all.  Mr.  Doherty's  talk  was 
one  of  exceptional  interest,  inasmuch 
as  it  brought  out  some  of  the  points 
which  would  be  of  especial  interest 
to  the  seniors,  who  are  looking  for- 
ward to  jobs  after  graduation.  It 
served  especially  well  to  lighten  up 
the  boresome  routine  of  talks  by  mem- 
bers of  the  class,  few  of  which  are  on 
topics  of  interest  if  one  is  to  judge 
l)v  the  attitude  of  the  seminar  group. 


Castings  Direct  from 
Furnaces 

Making  castings  direct  from  the 
blast  furnaces  in  order  to  avoid  the 
expense  of  remelting  in  cupolas  is  be- 
ing employed  by  pipe  firms,  particu- 
larly in  Germany.  Certain  technical 
difficulties  have  been  solved,  and 
many  foundries  are  employing  the 
new  method.  It  is  calculated  that  di- 
rect casting  from  the  blast  furnace 
achieves  economies  equal  to  approxi- 
mately seventeen  per  cent.  —  Bras.i 
Woihl. 

Fi!.\NK  T.  SiiKKis.  c.  e..  'l-t,  chief 
highway  engineer  for  the  State  of  Il- 
linois, at  a  recent  meeting  in  Denver, 
was  elected  president  ot  the  American 
Association  of  State  Highway  Offici- 
als. The  membership  ot  this  organiza- 
tion is  made  up  of  executive  officers 
and  engineers  o(  all  State  Highway 
Departments  and  the  U.  S.  Bureau  ot 
Roads. 


■/(I  iniiin/.  m^iS 


I'lli;  'I'llCIINdCIv'AI'll 


SM 


The  Echo  Dam 


J.  .1. 1). 


II.ANIP 

So  II  i  Inn/   l!iii/iii'  iriiiii 


'I'lic  i;(lici  l);iiii  in  I  lull  is  dill'  (if  llic  iiiosi  rcciMil 
111'  wfsliMii  I'liiiiiR't'iiiiji  ])r()j('cts.  Tiic  s|(ecil'ii';iliiiiis. 
wliifli  have  just  iieen  issued  arc  of  more  tliau  |ias- 
sin<;'  interest  in  view  of  tlie  fact  that  tlie  work  in 
volves  the  interests  of  three  ini)iortant  jmhlic  aiicn 
lies,  iianicly  tijc  l-'cdcral  (!ovei-iiineiit.  the  Slate  of 
I'tali,  and  the  I'nion   Pacific  Railroad. 

A  n I  arose  foi-  additional  storajjc  facilities  for 

I  lie  Salt  Lake  Kasin  irrifiation  i)roject.  The  only 
feasjlile  ilaiii  and  I'esei-voii-  site  thai  imilil  lie  fminil 
was  one  wliicli  was  already  traveiseil  liy  ilie  Lini-oln 
lliiihway  and  tlie  I'ark  ("iiy  ami  lii-ass  d'cek 
liranclies  of  the  rnimi  I'acifir.  Al  the  i'ei|nesl  of 
Iliiise  inleiesteil  in  the  de\e1o|inienl,  the  uiiveininenl 
iinileiioiik  111  I'inanre  and  dii-ecl  the  necessary  cnn 
sirnctiim  nndei'  the  lernis  of  the  l\eclainatioii  Acts. 
The  siale  and  llie  lailniail  iiini|iany  agreed  In  re 
liications  at  the  e.\]iense  of  the  |iroji'(l.  The  s|ieii 
I'icalioiis  llierefii|-e  eiiihody  the  rci|nil-eniciits  of  lliree 
ilisijiicl  ciiLiineerini;  orsLtanizations  and  it  is  nl'  in 
icresi  to  niiie  ili\ eruence  or  ajireenienl  at  ]ioinis  nf 
o\eila|i.  In  addiiinn  the  work  includes  an  nnnsnal 
nninlier  of  differciil  types  of  structures  and  eni;i 
iieeriiii;  leatiircs.  The  ]ilans  and  sectinns  shnwii  in 
l"ii;llie  1  will  aniiilify  most  of  the  fnllnwini;  lilief 
ih'si-ri]it  inns. 

(;i:m:i:.m. 

The  ]iiojiTl  is  liicaleil  on  the  W'elier  Itixcr  one 
half  niilr  rmiii  the  tnwii  of  IaIio.  I'tah.  and  aliinil 
."iD  miles  nin-theast  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Cnnl  innniis 
hyiliii;^ra|ihir  records  since  I'.MI.'i  slmw  a  Intal  yearly 
iiinori'  xaryiiii;  from  a  ma.vimiim  of  T.'iS.KKt  acre 
feet  ill  HID!)  to  a  miniiniim  of  ISd.'.MKI  acre  feet  in 
l!MI.",.  The  maximiini  rhmd  i.'.,HIO  second  feet  i  was 
leciiideil  in  1!HI!).  the  year  of  maximnm  rniiorf. 
These  rijiiilcs  w  iMe  reciiriled  liejiiw  the  niiillth  n( 
Lost  <'reck  which  tniiiisheil  aliiuil  clc\en  |ici-cent  of 
the  tiilal   riliniff. 

Hiiriniis  slmw  that  the  silc  is  iinilcrla  id  with 
ciiniiliimeia  tc.  I  ninicilia  tely  aliine  the  lied  imk  is 
a  layer  nf  |iorons  sand  and  uravel  of  xaryiiiii  thick 
ness.  This  in  tniii  is  n\erlaid  liy  a  layer  nf  im|ier 
\  inns  clay  and  sand  and  ura\el. 
1).\M 

The  dam  will  have  a  ienulli  nf  alinul  l.SIM)  feet 
and  a  maximum  hciiilil  nf  lli-'i  feet  alune  llie  slieam 
lied.  The  ln|i  width  is  -JO  feel.  Ulisll'eaill  slnpe  :!:l. 
dnw  iisdca  m  slnpe  J  ;  1 .  The  main  liody  will  lie  cum 
pnsed    lit    an    caiih     fill    pintecleil    nii    the    icser\  ni  r 


slope  by  coni;lonieiale  ripraji  and  mi  llie  dnw  n 
stream  face  hy  gravel  and  cohhies.  (Seolonical  cnn 
dilions  will  recinire  the  ])lacin<i  of  a  jiuddled  clay 
lilt  off  at  the  npstreani  to  he  laid  mi  the  lied  ruck. 
The  joiiil  plane  will  he  jirotected  liy  a  concrele  core 
wall  e.\tendin<i-  a  safe  distance  inin  lied  ruck  and  at 
least  .")  feet  into  llie  iiuddled  core.  Where  the  thick 
ness  of  the  upper  layer  of  imiiervious  (day  and  sand 
and  i>-ra\('l  is  Ino  j;feat  to  )ierinit  of  econonnc  strij)- 
pinj;  a  cmicreti'  ctitnff  wall  will  lie  jilaced  in  stojied 
e.\ca\atioii  to  seal  the  Inwer  |icr\imis  layer  overly- 
iiii;  Ihe  lied  rock. 

Si'ii.i.w.w 

Spillway  capacity  for  alimit  three  times  Ihe  max 
imiim  recorded  flnnd  is  pro\iile(|.  Lmir  elect  rically 
o]ieraleil  radial  ;;ates  will  lie  anlnmatically  cmitrol 
led  frnm  icsei\nir  finals.  lOacli  t:ati'  is  l.'«!  feel  wide 
and  17  feet  liii^li  and  is  cminterlialanced  tn  facili 
tale  o|ieniiij;.  The  sjiillway  channel  is  comjiosed  of 
counterforted  walls  nf  a  maximnin  lieijiht  of  :'>()  feeL 
'i'hese  are  coniiecled  liy  wariied  walls  to  litiini;  jilac- 
ed on  a  1  :1  slope.  The  fliinr  \aries  in  thickness 
from   ll!  inches  to  IS  inches. 

( liTi.F.r  AVniiKs 

.\  pi'essnrc  tunnel  alimit  •"i-'id  feet  Imiu  will  carry 
the  water  from  the  Irashrack  sirilctnre  In  two  ." 
feel  liy  ('.  feel  hydraiil ically  operaled  slide  i;afes. 
The  millet  of  each  uate  will  discliaii;e  into  a  7"-' 
inch  steel  jiipe  which  will  lie  carried  Ihroniih  a  pijic 
Iniinel.  rnnisioii  is  thus  made  for  maintenance 
and  repairs.  ICacli  pipe  mitlet  will  lie  controlled  Iiy 
a  (iO  inch  balanced  needle  \al\('.  These  \alves  will 
ail  as  Ihe  jirimary  cmitrnl  fnr  water  tn  lie  released. 
The  ;;ate  valves  |(roviile  addilimial  safely  and  will 
he  used  when  repairs  are  necessar.v  mi  the  needle 
\  ahes. 

The  slide  jiates  are  ii]ieraleil  by  reinnle  cnntrnl 
frnm  a  lioiise  located  direclly  abnve  them  mi  Ihe 
iiesi  of  Ihe  dam.  Contrnl  of  the  needle  valves  will 
be  frnm  special  tables  Incaleil  in  a  bnildinj;  housiii<; 
the  \al\es.  The  limises  will  be  constructed  of  rein 
fnrceil  cnncictc  with  rnnfs  of  s]ianish  tile, 
llioiiw.vv  Kf.i.ikation 

The  hiuhway  relocation  will  reijiiirc  the  con- 
slruclion  of  abmil  4  miles  of  new  line.  The  new 
rnad^ay  seclimi  will  lia\e  a  width  of  -I  feet.  In 
addilion  to  Ihe  usual  jiradin.u  ami  small  cnlvert 
wnik  mie  deck  girder  bridjic  over  the  lailrond  is 
pinpnscd.     The  overall   leii;:lli    will   be   ir.O  feel.     All 


TUE  TECHNOGKAl'U 


•ECIFICATIONS    NO   463 


Junuunj,  1928 


■I'liiKdrfi.  1D2S 


THE  TECHXOGRAPH 


DRAWING    NO. 


TH   OF   RIVER  CHANNEL 

Zn''''-Axis  of  Dam 
l"^"""      Ei  5570 


'ay, Sand  and  ' 

ovel .  Sprinkled  ^^.-^   ^i^ 

d  Rolled  in  8"  Layen-r^^r. 


■  -  Gravel  and  Cobbles 
spreod  in  8' Layers 
Sprinkled  and  Rolled 

.-  Conqlomerate  Fill 
spread  in  12"  L  avers 
Sprinkled  and  Moiled 

■&.5id0 


nd  and  Qrovel  '■-■'.•  ■ ".'.    ■ 

'\;^ate---^f^''^^'^^^^^^^^W^'^'^'^ 
\  IN  RIVER   CHANNEL 


im^^ 


6*50 
AREA  ACRES  =  0 
OUTLETS  S.F.  =  0 
DIVERSION   S.f.  "  0 


UU-M  ' 

P 

flf 

-    •?/ 

Mlfl 

y-dtz--  —  - 

:=         Bed  Rock' 


',,  18" ''Concrete  Cut-oft 
SECTION  E-E 


2000 
2000 
MOO 


2500 
2500 
5000 


CAPACITY   CURVES 


Depar'^£-nt  of   rne  Interior 

BUREAU     or    RECI-AMATION 

SALT    LAKE  BASIN   PROJECT-   UTAH 

.WEBER    RIVER    DIVISION 

ECHO    DAM 

GENERAL  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS 


2J037 I 


"^ 


D£NVC^.  CO/ O. ore  20. /9^6 


aX^Cc^ 


T*;^ 


I79-D- 


S(i 


•I'lli;  ■|'i:(IIM>(;i;.\l'll 


■la  una  III.  I02S 


ciirvcs    ,irc    sii|H'irlc\  .1  icil.      'I'lic   st:iiiil:iril    liijiliway  |il:iii>il   ilicrciii   I'lir  llic  MiccriMlinj:  IkiIcIi." 
rciicc  will  Id'  riiiii|H)scil  111'  S  liy  S  jKisIs  s|iiicc(l  S  IVcl  h:iiii  :     ■•Tlic  iiiixin^i  of  iMcli  li:i  Icli  slij  II  loiil  iiiiii' 

(Clilrr   Ici  (•••iilcr  :lliil    ihli'c  .".   Ii\    S  i-.iils  s|i:|(im1    1    IimiI  mil    IcsstllMM    P  •_.    nil  II II I  I's  :i  I'icr  ;i  1 1   ill'   I  lie   IIIM  Iciiii  Is. 

li  iiiclics  ci'Mlcr  111  rciilci-.  Wiivcii  u  i  ii'  rciiil'iniiMiii'ii  1  i  ml  iidiiii:    w.-iIit.    mic    in    lli"    iiiixrr.    iliiiiiii;    wliirli 

liclwi'rii    Ihc   iiijil\\;i\    ami    llir   lii|i  iif   ihi'   inidillc   l:lil  lililc   Ihr   liiixfl'  sli.ill    luhilc  ■.\\    :[   ]ii'ri)ilicr;l  I   s|icc(l   of 

^ilTiirils  aiiililiiiiMil    luulcil  imi.  .ilinill   L'l)(l  led   |iim-  luiniilf." 

liAii.uii.vn  i\i;i.iiiA  riiiN  WiiiiK.\i;i  in  n    anh  ( 'unsistkntv 

Tlic    irliMMlcil    r;iil\\;i.v    line    is   .iKiiiil    "i    liiili's    in  jl.-i  il  iii;iil  :      "'riic  i|U;inlily  nf  wjilcr  iiscil   simll   lie 

Iniulli.      'I'lif    iiiajiir    si  riicliirrs    nijiiii  nl    imliiilr    :i  llic    iiiiiiiiiiiiiii    ncfcssa  iv    In    |iiiiiluri'    iinirrclr    nT    a 

ilidililc  liMiii'li'ii  arcli  riil\fit   Hi  IVcl  in  ilia  iiiclri-.  17(1  wmkaliilily  ii-i|nirril  liy  I  In' iinii  lacl  inu  ulTircr.    'I'lic 

t'l'cl   Imii;  al    l",i-liii  Cirrl;.  ami  a   siiii:lr  liarrcl  riil\  rrl  rnnsisli'iiry    of    llii'    ciim-M'tc    shall    Ur    iiitMsiircd    liy 

111'  similar  siTiimi  l-'lli'i  IViM   Imii;  al  <ii-ass  Ci-cck.     In  ihr  slniiip  li'st  as  (li'srrihcd  in  llic  'I'l'iilaliM'  .Midlmd 

adililiim   a    niiinln'i-  uT  Imix  and  iiijic  i-iil\i'ils  air   in  mT   TcsI    fur   ( "unsistfiicy   of    I'orlhiiid    ('ciiifiil,   ('(in 

rliidcil.  Srclions  iit'  railway  and  liii;liway  arc  show  n  rrcic   liir   Tax cincnls,  or  fur   I'avcnicnl    l!asc    (Serial 

111!  I'i^iirc  I.  I»csii;iiaii(iii,    I>    K'.Si'L'T.i    nf   llic   Amci-icaii   Socii'ly 

Si'i:iini'Ai  iiiNs  fur  Tcstini;   .Materials.     The  slinn|i  fur  (lie  diffei-ent 

'riic   s|iccifii-al  imis   lia\c   heeii   caicfully    |irc|ia  red  lypes  nf  ciiiicrctc  shall    mil   lie  i;reatcr  than    thai    iii- 

aiiil   as   |ire\-innsl\    slated    cnntain    many    iiilercsl  iii^  dicaled    in    the   talile   unless   aiitlinri/.ed    liy    the   eon 

]iro\isiiiiis  due  In  the  three  fold   inleresi    in   the  enlli  IrarliiiL;  iiffieei-: 

|ilele  worU.     The  i;nvcrnmenl.  of  eoiii-sc.   is  direclly  -j' n ^i,   ,,i  Cdiicntc  Miir.  Slinii j) 

res|iiiiisilile  to  llie  railroad  and  the  slate  fnr  siiecifir  |        .M;|ss   eniierete ;!  ili(dies 

lierforiliaiue  in  aiinrdame  with   their  ri,'i|iiireiiieiils.  ._.       Kcinfnreed  conerete: 

Tiiis  situation   lirin^s  up  ihe  i|iieslinii  of  siiccifyiiii;  , .,  ,  'piij,,  vertical  sect  ions  and  (•oliiiiiiis__<i  inches 

|iro|iortions  of  ceiiieiit,   sand,   and   .gravel.     The  i;ov-  ,  j,  |   ||,.;ivy  sections .">  iiiciies 

ernineiit.  ill  s|iccifyiiiL:  ihese  |irii|i<irtioiis  fnr  cniilrol  ^ ,. ,  -piijn   ,.,,|,fii,,,,|  huriy.ontal   sectiniis_.8  iiiclies 

works  al   the  dam.  slates  that  such  prniinrt  inns  will  •.       |-,,;|,],s  and    I'avements: 

depend   ii|iiin   tests  made  nil   the  aL;i;rei;ale  and  shall  |  .,  ,  i[;,,„]    finished .'!  inches 

he  varied   al    llie  discreiinii   nf  the  cnnliacliiii;  offi  ||,|   Maehine  finished 1   iindi 

,vy.      j'.veii    Ihoiiuh    Ihe  oilier   Iwo  iiarlies  michl    he  |       Mortar  for  floor  finish L' iiwlies 

convinced    llial    siicli   a    mell were   more  desiral.le  |ii„i,,vav:      ••Siifficienl    water    shall    lie    iise.l    in 

il    xvonld   he   impnssililc   fnr   Ihein   In  sn  specify   illil.'ss  ^^^.^.^^^    ^^^^^.^^    ,.nncrele    In    iirndnce   a    mi.Ml.le    which 

Ihey   were    willini:    In    rely   entirely    npnn    the  jiid^e  ^^.^^   ^.^.^^^^^^  ^^^^^1  ^^^^^^|.^,  ^^1^^,^^   depnsiled   in  place,  lull 

m,.„|    of   Ihe  cniilraclin^   officer   whn   represents   Ihe  ^^^^^    ^^^^^^^^^^^^   ^^^  ^^^^^^^    .^    ^^^   |,|^^^^__  _^^^^^     .^^   ^^^.^.^^^,  ^.^^^^ 

rinancin-  ai^cmy.      It    seems   ihcrefnre   Ihal    there   ,s  ^^^_^^^   .^_    ^^^^.^^^    reinforcemenl    is   In   lie  emhedded    lo 

^lill   "^''  I'"-  "'-■  "'<!  '•'•""■"'  ^^nid-ravel   ralm  in  ex  j,,,,,,,,,^,,,  .,   ,„i,,„,,,  ,,.|,i,,|,  ,vill   finw  sln-ishly  when 

pressin-   concrele   proporl  miis.  worked    and    which    al    Ihe    same    liiiic    can    lie    cm, 

Olher    various    ^eiier.il    ilifferenccs    are    hesl    .'X  ^.^,^.^,^|   ^.^.^^^^^   ^^^^_  ^^^.^^,^.   ^^^   ,|^^,   ^.^^^.^^^^   willionl   separa 

l'l"'i"''l  '•>■  '•' <-xlracis  from  the  specifications.  ^.^^^^   ^_|,   ^^^^^  ^.^^^^^.^^,  a:-r.-ate   from   the  mortar.      In 

TiMi:  OF  .MixiNi;  ,,,,  ,,.|^,.  ^||.|||   ,,!,.     „.||,iiiv  nf  water  uscil   lie  suffici 


K'ailrnad;     "The  mixing  nf  each   lialch  shall  cnii 


■III   In  cause  Ihe  col  led  ion  of  a  snr]iliis  in  the  forms 


linne  mil    less   Ihaii  iine  mi  nnte  a  fler  al  I   Ihe  maleri  ,,.^^^^.      ..,,^^1^.    ^„||-„.i,.„,    ,,..,,,,,,   ^|,,,|i    |„.   „sed    In 

.-lis  are   in    Hie   mixer,  diirin-   which   Hie  mixer  shall  ^^.^.,|^.^.    ,.,„„.,,.,,;  „,■    ,„|,;,l,h.    wnrkaliilily.    as    deler 

'•"'•""■  ='l    =1    piM-iiiheral    s] I   nf  aliniil    LMIII    fcl    per  ^^^.^^^,^|    |^^.    j,^^,   ^. ,..,,.,!„.    ,,ffi,.,.,.   .,i,i|    such    as   will 

""""''*■  flnw    itf  iiermil   nf  wnrkiiii;  iirii|ierl.\    iiitn  place  willi 

Tli-liway:      -The    mixin;.;    shall    cniiliniic    fnr    a  ,|„„.,,„u|,  spadin-  nr  wnrkin-.     I  n  .uencral.  a  wel  ler 

mjiiimiiiii    lime  nf  i.nc  and   om^lialf    iPn    minules  ,.,„|^i^„,,„.,.  ,|,,.|n  thai  corresi lin-  In  a  slump  of  I 

after  all  the  in.m-cdicnls  are  asscmliled  in  Hie  ilriiin.  i,,,.,,,,^    „.|,',.||   |,.^|,.,i   |„  accordance  willi  Ihe  -Tenia 

diirin-    which    lime    the    drum    shall    revolve    at    the  ,j^,^,   Specifica  lions   for   Wnrkaliilily   of  Concrele  for 

speed   lor  which   il    was  designed.  Iiul   shall   nol    make  ,.,„„.,,.|,,    I',,  venieni  s"    of    Hie    .\mericaii    Society    for 

less  Ihan    II    iinr  ninrc   Hian  I'll  revoluHnns  per  min  'pesHn-    .MaKM-i.-i  Is.    will    nol    he    permilled    for    the 

ule.  The  mixer  shall  lie  e,|uip]ieil  willi  an  allachim-nl  ^^^,^-^^  |Hirlinns  nf  Hie  miicrele  sirucliires.     A  -realer 

fnr  aninm.-ilically  Inckiii-   Hie  discliai-.uiiii;  ile\  ice  sn  ^p,,,,!,  n,.,,,    i   jmhes  luii   iml  cxceedin.u  a  ma.ximiim 

as  to  jirevenl   Ihe  .■mplyin-  nf  Ihe  mi.xer  uiiHI  all   Ihe  ,,|.    ,;    i|„.l„.s     will     lie    permilled     where    specifically 

inalei-ials   lia\e    Im'cii    mixed    lo-eiher    for    Ihe    mini  a,,!  hnri/.ed    hy    Hie   cnniraclin-    nfficer   fnr  concrele 

mum    lime    rei|iiireil.      The    enlire    cniilenis    of    ihe  ji,  ,„,;.;j,i,,|,s  .litTiculI   In  placi'.  such  as  liinnel   liiiin,- 
ilium   shall    he   discharged   liefore  any    malrrials  are  foiitiiiiii->l  on   I'niir  I  Id 


■lantKirii.  1f}2S 


Tin:  TKCIIXOdltAI'II 


87 


Tommy  Attends  the  Open  House 

Twii   (liiys   jijist    \v;is   loiiisliiitiiiii.   mihI    iwo   dnvs       mil  uilli  siniic  of  I  lie  "lii;;  li(i\s"'<iii  llic  cjiiiiihin. 
|i;ist    was   Toiuiny's   last   jjlimpsc   of    tlic    Architect  Fiiiall.v  slic  ajjreeil  to  accompany  the  iici-sislciil 

Ciil  he  had  so  nobly  assisted  diiriii;;  ic;;istiatioii.  yoniij;  eiij;in!MT  to  the  o]ien  house  the  IOni;iiieerini: 
Tlie  mental  foj;  that  hiinj:  as  a  itall  over  liis  mental  ("ollc'tf  was  sta^inj;.  and  wlirn  the  iiii;lii  of 
ily  t'dllowinj;  theii-  meetini:  hail  liflei]  ylii^htly  and  niuiits  arrived  Toinniy  |ini  on  his  new  red  necktie, 
the  yonni;  en;;ineer  livi;an  In  tiiinU  of  seeiiiL;  her  carel'iilly  sliciced  his  ii.iir  into  iilace.  and  adjnsled 
:in;iiii.  his  lillh-  i;reen  cap  to  a  cocky  ani:lc. 

One  narrow  link  connected  'roniiny  with  llic^iil.  It   was  with  i;real   jiride  lliat   lie  h-d  ihe^irl  past 

I'oiir  hazy  nuinliers,  remeniliered  I'rnni  the  day  he  display  aflei-  display  li-oni  l>ehin<l  which  his  class 
hclpeil  her  llironjih  registration  I'lnttered  llii-oui;h  males  stared  in  frank  admiral  ion.  Tommy  fell  pei 
his  mind.  Init  it  seemed 
im])ossil)le  to  shift 
them  around  to  a  likely 
comhination  for  a  tele- 
]dioiie  number.  One  eve 
ninj;  after  algebra  ami 
trigonometry  had  been 
finished.  Tommy  work 
ed  the  four  i)recious 
figures  into  twenty  dif 
f  e  r  e  n  t  combinations. 
The  next  night  was 
sjieiit  in  trying  the 
nnndiers  he  had  form 
nlated  and  tlie  seven- 
teenth trial  brought  — 
success  I 


HrOR/AULICS      LAQ. 


Ks^ 


T    iimiv"'"     -ri    tl    '  T().\IMV  E.\lM..\iXEii  TU.vr  IIIK  I'OOl.s  ot  w.VTKE!  IN    1  mi:  HVIHIAC- 

lomm>  .      s.iKi   tne         ^  ^^.^^  Depakt.mknt  cox-stitited  .\  coi.oFisn  n.\r(  hkuy  mit  iiie 
I'o.No  ox  tiif:  Soi'iii  C.vmits. 


sweet  voice.  "Oh  yes. 
the  dear  boy  that  jiaid 
my  fees."' 

■".No."  said  Toiiimy.  ■ 
iliiotigh  registration. 


fectly  in  his  eleiiieiil 
among  the  exhibits  ami 
he  look  it  upon  himsidf 
to  make  (dear  to  liis 
com]ianioii  The  secrets 
id'  these  wondel-s  .d'  the 
engineering  woild.  The 
transits  in  the  C  10.  de 
paitnieiit  were  tele 
scopes  with  wliicdi  the 
siir\  cyiH'  deleiniiiied 
his  lalitnde  and  longi 
tilde  by  the  stars,  he 
said,  and  tlie  water 
hammer  in  the  T.&  .V.M. 
dejiarfment  was  a  de 
vice  for  (diurning  ami 
beating  the  li(piid  into 
ice. 

The    blueprint     ma 


chine  in   the  Traiis]ioi-tation  building  was  an  excel 

m  the  one  who  helped  yon  lent  example  of  .Man's  genius  in  turning  the  tide  of 

,,--   _,^_   ...  Xaliire's  forces  lo  do  his  biibling,  according  to  Tom 

"(Ml   yes.    r   remember  yon" — with   a    fascinating  my.  It  was  on  this  machine  I  hat  I  he  nllra  \iolei  rays 

little  emphasis  on    the   last    woi-d.   The   niomeiit    for  were  fon-ed  lo  sniilniiii  drawing  paper  until  the  ile 

action    hail   arrived.    With   a   gulp   to  clear  his   tense  sired    lines   .ippeared    on    il    —    ihe    same    rays    tlial 

throat     and     a     urilliiii:     of     leiMli     lie     s|iriiiig     llie  p.-iiiiled   freckles  on  his  face, 
iplestion. 


"Xo.  dear.  I'm  sorry.  Some  of  the  uirls  al  llie 
<iamiiia  l-;ia  Sizzle  house  have  asked  me  to  iliinier 
those  evenings.  .\iid  doll — ei- — Tommy  I'll  tell  yon 
a    secret    if  you'll    |iromise   to   kee]i   it  —  I    think    I'm 

going   to   be   bid.   \\'oiri    ihat    be   w lerflll'.'   fall    me 

ii|i  ai;aiii.   won't    yon?  ( ; 1    bye,   dear." 

She  h.id  called  him  "dear."  Xo  algebra  or  Iri 
gonometry  was  done  tli.it  night.  Week  after  week 
Tommy  called  the  (iamma  T'ta  Sizzle  house  his 
fingers  be<-ame  calloused  from  the  tidephoiie  dialiiiL: 
— the  ]dedges  at  the  sorority  lost  much  wci;,;lil  in 
running  to  the  |)liiiiie  coiisi.inlly  all  in  \ain.  The 
.Vndiitecl  (!irl  had  ni.iiiy  dales  in  an  elToil  to  raise 
her    house's    jiolilical    st.indiiig.    she    said,    she    went 


In  one  of  the  buildings  a  steam  turbine  was  spin 
iiing   ;i    i;eiieraIo|-. 

"Thai  niiisl  be  the  olllfil  one  of  the  boys  told 
iiic  about  the  oilier  day.  They  |)nm|i  a  lol  of  water 
into  that  iron  bo\  ;  the  electric  motor  o\er  there 
starts;  .i  lot  of  little  blades  in  the  bo.v  chop  the 
water  into  xcry  small  particles:  they  heat  the  pari 
iiles;  and  ste.im  is  the  result.  The  steam  is  used  to 
inn   niailiinery.   Wonderful,  isn't    it'.'" 

Tommy  explained  thai  the  pools  of  water  in  the 
hydraulics  deparlnienl  const  itiiled  a  gold  fish  h.ilidi 
cry  for  the  pond  on  ihe  soiilh  campus,  ;ind  that 
llie  p.illeiM  shop  was  a  miniature  sawilnsi  ;iiid  e\ 
cidsior  factory  that  sujiplied  fuel  for  the  nearby 
Continued  on   I'uyc  .''•) 


Tin-;  Ti:(iiN(>(iKAiMi 


J II II  III!  11/,   J'.l.iS 


MIK  Ti;cilXU(iKAl'Jl   STAFF 


!•;.  F.  ToDi.  "28 Editor 

F    K.    Molmstrand    '28 Asxocifitr  Eriitor 

I.   \V.   Schoeniiiger   '28 A.sxoiiiitr  Editor 

H.   K.    Ilittenhouse   '29 A.s.sialant  Editnr 

M.   B.   Fierke  '29 Assistant  Editor 

M.   Thompson   '28 Art  Editor 


_/)(/.s//(r.\x  Mil  11(1  ijrf 


C.  F.  (iHHIIAItDT  '28 

R.   H.   Landon    '28 Associute  Business  Mtinaijer 

R.   F.   Morrison   '29 Circulation  Maniif/er 

R.   E.  Mullady  '30 National  Advertising  Manager 

M.    S.   Anderson   '28 Local  Advertising  Manager 

R.  M.  Hainsfurther Coi)y  Manager 


ASSISTANTS 

H.   Ryerson   '2S,   N.   Burnam   '29,   L.   Winget   '30,  G.   E,   Sorensen   '30,  J.   V.   Manley   '29, 

J.  W,  Dt-Wolf  '30.  C.  Cederblom  '31,  W.  Ridgway  '30,  H.  A.  Dodge  '30,  D.  E.  Heiman 

•29.    .1.    Martin    '29,    0.    W.    German    '30,   R,    Mullady    '30,    R.    Bruhnke    '30, 

H.  C.  Schroeder  '31,  K.  Lind  '31 

DEPARTMENTAL  REPRESENTATIVES 


O.  C.   Gairing  '28 Architecture 

R.    F{onp    '28 Ceramics 

T.    S.    Watson    '28 Chemical 

\V.   G.   Flagg   '28 Civil 

h.  H.  Hull  '28 Electrical 


F.  M.   Morgan   '29 General 

J.  Manley  '29 General  Engineering  Plii/sirs 

G.  M.  Kendrick  '28 Mechanical 

G.  A.  Peacock  '28 Mining 

H.  W.  German  '28 Railway 


Reclaimed  Coal 

III  llic  \\'iliiiiiij,'t(iii  ((lal  t'ii'hl  district  .south  we.st  of  ("liicaj^d  there  arc  several  layers 
of  eoal  at  various  dejiths.  Tlirouji'h  past  eiiter]irises,  the  deeper  veins  have  been  found  un- 
profitable, as  anyone  can  readily  see  when  he  rides  throuf^li  this  area  and  notices  the  de.serted 
shale  piles  and  deserted  mine  shafts.  The  top  vein  hapjx'iis  to  l)e  very  shallow  and  uni- 
form over  an  e.xtensive  area. 

Chicajio  capitalists,  with  the  aid  of  a  large  force  of  engineers,  are  commencing  an 
enormous  jtroject,  built  on  j)rogressive  ideas,  which  will  last  for  40  years  and  take  millions 
of  dollars  for  com])letion.  The  entire  vein  is  to  be  worked  by  surface  mining  and  at  ])resent 
the  cori)oi'ation  is  using  the  largest  electric  shovel  in  the  world  near  the  city  of  Wilmington. 
To  tlie  ordinary  visitor  the  mine  seems  like  nothing  more  than  a  large  gravel  pit. 

It  is  e.xtremely  interesting  to  note  that  tliis  large  coal  field  had  been  given  up  by  small- 
er com])anies  and  that  practically  the  entire  start'  of  the  new  corporation  is  made  up  of 
highly  trained  engineers.  Of  course,  it  took  a  large  LaSalle  Street  corporation  for  the  ac- 
ciiniidishineiit  of  tliis  ])roJect;  they  are  the  only  ones  capable  of  paying  for  the  best  men.  The 
young  engineci-  is  the  future  LaSalle  Street  man  for  he  makes  a  ])r()tit  on  reclaimed  coal 
after  the  engineer  of  vesterdav  lias  shaken  his   head    in   di'spair. — H.   E.   K. 


Technoiiraph  Wins  Awards 

At  the  recent  coin ciition  of  lOngiiiecring  College  Magazines,  Associated,  which  is  au 
organization  of  twenty -one  undergraduate  etigineering  publications,  awards  were  made  for 
excellence  in  certain  basic  editorial  features.  The  TcchiiDf/raiih  was  given  a  .second  place, 
both  in  student  articles  and  in  cover  designs,  while  K.  F.  Bicknell's  article,  "Glimpses  of 
South  America,"  which  a|)peared  in  last  year's  ^larch  isstie.  was  judged  the  second  best 
student   aiticle  aiijieaiiiig   in  any  of  the  maga/incs  dnriiig  the  ye.ii-.  The  awards  were  made 


JniuKtry,  1928  THE  TECHNOGRAPH  89 

as  a  i)ai't  of  the  general  program  of  Engineering  College  Magazines,  Associated,  to  raise  tlie 
bnsiness  and  editorial  standards  of  the  member  magazines. 

Willie  three  second  places  might  be  considered  a  creditable  i-ecord  by  some,  we  are  fai' 
from  satisfied.  We  cannot  jndge  ourselves  merely  on  the  basis  of  a\vai-ds:  we  mnst  ]iublisli 
aitides  and  features  of  such  a  nature  that  every  membei'  of  the  engineering  scliool  will  find 
a  \ery  definite  interest  in  tlie  magazine.  Tf  we  do  this,  higliei'  awards  will  inevitably  result. 

Concerning  Our  Salt 

A  recent  featui'e  in  "The  ^^'estiMgllollse  Magazine"  concerns  an  investigation  of  tlie 
question:  "Is  a  young  man  wortii  his  salt?"  The  answer  to  tlie  ([nesl ion  is  jirovided  liy  tlie 
replies  of  a  number  of  tiie  employees  of  the  Westinghouse  comjiany  wliu  hold  ])ositions  vary- 
ing from  vice-president  to  member  of  tlie  Graduate  Student  Course.  A  concensus  of  their 
o])inions  clearly  evidences  the  fact  that  the  large  corporation  does  not  consider  the  average 
young  man  a  good  sliort  term  investment;  if  lie  is  willing  to  learn  and  lias  entliusiasm  for 
his  work  it  is  proliable,  however,  that  he  will   prove  valuable  in  the  long  run. 

Many  of  us  wlio  have  a  sublimely  insjiired  view  of  our  own  ability  will  no  doubt 
raise  our  hands  in  unspcai^able  horror  at  such  a  ghastly  idea.  We  are  very  conscious  of  liie 
fact  that  any  company  wliicli  obtains  our  sei'vices  will  have  obtained  the  .services  of  a 
learned  and  talented  individual  whose  contributions  to  industry  will  far  outweigh  any  pal- 
try monetary  reward  which  may  be  jiaid  to  us   (our  salt). 

We  admit  that  the  corporations  are  probably  right  in  saying  that  the  average  young 
man  is  only  profitable  as  a  long  term  investment,  and  that  as  such  he  is  iii(lis])eiisable  be- 
cause he  brings  "energy,  ambition,  fresh  courage,  and  new  viewjioint  to  iiidiisti'v."  Or,  ])ut- 
ting  it  another  way,  the  young  man  will  earn  his  salt  if  his  chief  desire  is  "to  make  a  life," 
not  merely  to  "make  a  living." 

But  that  is  the  average  young  man — not  our  own  distinguished  self.  Each  of  us  is 
])Ositive  that  his  exceptional  personality  and  his  uncommon  ability  to  reason  takes  him  from 
the  "average"  rabble;  each  is  sure  that  once  the  coveted  diploma  is  obtained  his  cajiability 
is  ])roved  beyond  doubt,  and  any  organization  which  is  fortunate  enough  to  list  him  on  its 
jiiiyroll  is  assured  of  brilliant  success. 

We  are  heartily  in  favor  of  prohibiting  corporations  from  making  such  lilidous  state- 
ments I'Cgarding  our  value  immediately  after  graduation.  These  statenicnts  collajise  oiir 
rose  colored  visions  of  self-importance  in  a  most  disheartening  fashion. 

A  Five  Year  Course  for  Engineers 

Is  the  student  engineer  an  exalted  individual  whose  intelligence  far  outstrips  that  of 
the  liberal  arts  and  commerce  student?  Is  he  a  man  with  a  broad  background  who  is  such 
an  apt  conversationalist  that  he  may  S|)eak  freely  and  without  embarrassment  to  people  who 
have  had  an  education  which  included  literatui'e,  economics,  and  the  liberal  sciences?  Does 
he  go  into  a  profession  where  public  si)eaking,  history,  and  financial  accounts  arc  regarded 
as  abstract  vagaries  of  a  listless  mind?  Of  course  not  I 

Yet  the  student  engineer  takes  IS  hours  of  work  where  the  commerce  and  liberal  arts 
student  takes  15.  The  technical  subjects,  which  he  must  get  into  his  curriculum,  reipiii'e  the 
juggling  of  electives  until  they  gi-ow  woefully   spar.se  and  inade(|uate. 

The  Law  School  now  requires  a  University  degree  before  entrance  is  jiermitted.  Why 
not  require  the  engineer  to  take  a  five  year  course,  a  course  which  would  jmt  his  work  on 
an  eipial  basis  with  that  of  the  other  students  on  the  cam])us  and  would  ])rovlde  him  with 
a  liberal  education  uiion  wliich  to  iniild  his  technical  knowledge? 


'rill';  'n:(iiN(i(;i;Ai' 


■hill III! III.    I!).>S 


K^jtA:H. 


college: 

NOTES 


Open  I  louse  Dazzles 
Nhinx  Visitors 

Sfveral  lumdred  people  t'ollowed  llio 
chalked  marked  path  that  led  from 
huilding  to  laharatory  during  the  fiCth 
biennial  Kngineering  Open  House. 
Sixteen  engineering  buildings,  and 
many  more  laboratories  were  thrown 
open  to  the  interested  public  in  order 
that  they  might  become  better  ac- 
iinainted  and  nu)re  familiar  with  the 
forces  and  problems  with  which  the 
engineer  has   to  cope. 

From  Engineering  Hall,  which  was 
the  first  building  in  the  well  marked 
path  of  the  Open  House,  to  the  Struc- 
tural Engineering  laboratory,  the  end 
of  the  path,  almost  every  part  of  the 
space  was  taken  up  with  .some  new 
and  unusual  display.  And  yet,  all  of 
the  work  that  was  being  done  wa.; 
part  of  the  regular  work  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering. 

The  arrows  pointed  first  to  the  En- 
gineering Library  located  in  Engineer- 
ing Hall.  In  this  room  were  displayed 
copies  of  rare  old  books  dealing  with 
the  various  branches  of  science  as 
they  were  known  in  earlier  times.  The 
exhibits  of  the  sanitary  engineers 
were  shown  on  the  second  floor.  The 
department  of  architecture  is  located 
on  the  third  and  fourth  floors.  The 
men  from  the  different  classes  were 
working  on  their  projects.  Twenty- 
eight  seniors  were  working  on  the 
second  class  A  project,  which  was  to 
be  sent  to  the  Heaux-Arts  institute  for 
judgment. 

A  very  interesting  experiment  of 
passing  an  electric  spark  through 
water  was  conducted  in  the  Physics 
Building.  There  were  two  aluminum 
electrodes  about  a  half  an  inch  apart 
placed  in  a  jar  of  water.  Between 
these  electrodes  100,000  volts  of  elec- 
tricity were  passed.  Nearby  were  some 
electrodes  which  had  been  used  for 
two  minutes,  showing  how  the  impact 
of  the  current  had  flattened  the  ends. 

In  this  same  room  was  shown  the 
method  by  which  radio  tubes  were 
coated  with  potassium-sodium  alloy. 
by  heating  the  alloy  and  allowing  (he 


vapor  to  deposit  on  the  cold  glass  in 
the  form  of  a  silvery  coating.  The  pur- 
pose of  the  coating  is  to  suppl.v  elec- 
trons so  that  too  much  electrical  ener- 
gy is  not  taken  from  the  battery. 

Various  types  of  drills  were  being 
operated  in  the  mining  engineering 
laboratory.  The  drills  on  display  were 
not  the  ordinary  small  drills  that  are 
eoniiiionly  seen,  but  large  affairs  that 
cut  through  concrete  slabs  with  ap- 
parent ease.  A  larger  drill  used  for 
undercutting  was  shown  as  another 
exhibit. 

The  Ceramic  exhibit  proved  to  be 
quite  educational  for  the  many  who 
had  never  been  in  a  pottery.  Several 
articles  were  being  shaped  on  the  pot- 
ter's lathe  and  others  were  being  cast 
by  hand.  Upon  being  completed  the 
articles  were  placed  in  the  kilns  and 
heated  to  red  heat.  The  enameling  of 
the  pottery  was  done  on  the  second 
floor.  Small  souvenir  metal  plates  of 
orange  and  blue,  with  an  "I"  were 
given   as  a   memento  of  the   show. 

Tests  were  being  run  on  an  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  locomotive  in  the 
locomotive  laboratory.  In  the  trans- 
portation building  modern  methods  of 
railroading  and  automatic  block  sys- 
tems  were   shown. 

Several  types  of  steam  and  gas  en- 
gines greeted  the  visitor  as  he  entered 
the  Mechanical  engineering  laborato- 
ry. The  power  plant  that  supplies  the 
I'niversity  proved  to  be  very  interest- 
ing to  the  seekers  after  practical 
knowledge.  Full  time  classes  were  be- 
ing run  in  the  pattern  shop  and  foun- 
dry. The  class  project  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  a  marine  motor.  The  several 
patterns  for  the  motor  are  made  in 
the  pattern  shop:  the  moulds  are 
made  and  poured  in  the  foundry:  the 
castings  are  taken  to  the  niaebine 
shop  where  they  are  machined,  fin- 
ished, and  assembled.  The  final  pro- 
duct is  a  finished  marine  motor. 

The  laboratory  of  Applied  Mecha- 
nics was  running  tests  on  the  strength 
of  concrete  cylinders.  One  cylinder  did 
not  fail  until  a  force  of  21!1.()(}0  pounds 
had  been  exerted  on  it. 


The  Open  House  for  1927  was  tlu' 
biggest  and  best  attended  that  the 
University  of  Illinois  has  ever  known. 
Those  in  <harge  set  a  mark  that  will 
probably  not  be  reached  for  numy 
years.  Much  credit  is  due  the  instrn<- 
tors  for  the  hearty  manner  in  which 
they  co-operated  to  make  the  Open 
House   the  success  that   it   was. 


Prof.  Thomas  E.  Savage  of  the  de- 
partment of  geology  addressed  the  stu- 
dent branch  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  on  the 
"Origin  of  Coal."  at  their  regular 
meeting  December  7.  1927. 

Prof.  C.  C.  Wiley  of  the  department 
^of  civil  engineering,  who  was  vice- 
president  of  the  Central  Illinois  As- 
sociation, was  elected  president  at  a 
meeting  held  in  the  Inman  hotel,  De- 
cember 7.  1927.  Prof.  G.  W.  Pickles 
of  the  department  of  civil  engineering 
was  re-elected  secretary-treasurer. 


Dr.  G.  L.  Clark  of  the  departmenl 
of  chemistry  was  chosen  to  give  the 
chief  address  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  Automotive  Engineers,  De- 
cember (i,  1927  in  Chicago. 


Prof.  A.  R.  Knight.  Prof.  Ellery  B. 
Paine,  and  M.  A.  Faucett.  of  the  de- 
partment of  electrical  engineering  at- 
tended the  committee  meetings  of  the 
engineering  section  of  the  (ireat  Lakes 
division  of  the  National  Light  Asso- 
ciation  which  met  at   Lafayette,   Ind. 

PloXEKIt    EXGINEKU    AUDRKSSKS    A.S.C.E. 

VV.  ,1.  Karner,  a  pioneer  in  engineer- 
ing construction  work,  spoke  before 
the  Central  Illinois  section  and  stu- 
dent chapter  of  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  on  December  first. 
Mr.  Karner,  at  the  age  of  88  years, 
is  now  retired  and  lives  in  Danville. 

.Mr.  Karner  worked  with  James  B. 
Eads  on  the  South  Pass  Jetties  at 
New  Orleans,  and  in  the  promotion 
of  the  Tehnautspec  ship  railway 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  was 
proposed  to  carry  ships  across  the  Is- 
thmus by  this  railway,  but  the  propo- 
sition failed. 


./nil  liar!/.  1^'^ 


T1TI-:  'ri:(iixt)(;i;Ai'ii 


01 


Fur  a  long  time  Mr.  Knnu'r  was 
assistant  to  the  chief  engineer  with 
John  F.  Wallace  on  the  Panama  Canal 
ccinimission.  Mr.  Wallace  was  the  first 
iliief  engineer  after  the  United  States 
look  over  the  project. 


En<>ineering  Experiment 
Station  Bulletins 

Bulletin  Xo.  IWti  of  the  Kngiiieerine; 
Kxperiment  Station  of  the  fniversity 
tif  Illinois  contains  the  results  of  five 
series  of  tests  of  reinforced  concrete 
ln'anis.  These  tests  were  made  to  study 
the  action  of  web  reinforcement  (so 
( ailed  shear  reinforcement  I  under 
load  and  to  give  information  on  the 
amount  and  distribution  of  stress  in 
such  reinforcement.  The  139  beams 
tested  were  reinforced  in  a  variety  of 
ways,  and  particular  attention  was 
given  to  types  of  reinforcement  that 
would  offer  resistance  to  diagonal  ten- 
sion and  bond  failure.  The  tests  were 
all  made  on  simple  beams  subjected 
lo  two  point  loading,  so  that  in  all 
cases  the  web  reinforcement  was  plac- 
ed in  a  region  of  constant  shear. 

The  results  show  that  through  di- 
rect measurement  of  stress  in  the  web 
reinforcement  by  means  of  a  strain 
gage,  a  method  for  which  these  tests 
represent  one  of  the  earliest  appli- 
cations, it  is  possible  to  estimate  the 
web  resistance  as  well  as  to  study  the 
variations   in   web  .stress. 

The  action  of  reinforcement  in  re- 
sisting diagonal  tension  is  not  sus- 
ceptible of  exact  analysis  because  of 
the  non-homogeneity  of  the  reinforced 
concrete  member  and  the  high  local- 
ization of  stress  in  and  around  the  re- 
inforcing steel.  The  design  of  web  re- 
inforcement, therefore,  is  usually 
made  by  empirical  or  semi-rational 
methods.  These  methods,  although 
l)ased  very  largely  upon  observations 
of  certain  types,  cannot  be  expected  to 
ajiply  with  any  degree  of  certainty  to 
new  and  untried  types  of  members  or 
ai-rangements  of  reinforcement.  It  is 
fell  that  the  measurement  of  stresses 
in  the  web  steel  of  test  beams  as  re- 
potted in  this  bulletin  furnishes  data 
iroin  which  may  be  drawn  some  gen- 
eral conclusions  as  to  the  behavior 
anil  effectiveness  of  different  types  of 
reinforcement  in  producing  web  resis- 
tance  in   beams. 

lluUelin  No.  165  of  the  Engineering 
I'^xperiment  Station  of  the  I'niversity 
of  Illinois,  entitled  "A  Study  of  Fa- 
tigue Cracks  in  Car  Axles."  contains 
lh(>  report  of  an  investigation  carried 
on  l)y  the  I'niversity  of  Illinois  in  co- 


operation with  the  I'liliiies  Co-opera- 
tive Committee. 

The  tests  reported  in  this  Inilletin. 
which  is  a  report  of  progress,  are  be- 
lieved to  give  some  significant  in- 
formation concerning  the  appearance 
and  spread  of  fatigue  cracks  caused 
by  repeated  stress  in  <ar  axles  and  a 
general  idea  of  the  probable  effective- 
ness of  systematic  inspection  of  incip- 
pient  fatigue  cracks. 

With  the  use  of  rotating-beam  type 
of  testing  machine,  fatigue  cracks 
were  produced  in  specimens  cut  from 
car  axles.  The  critical  diameter  ol 
these  specimens  was  about  one  inch, 
and  under  various  conditions  of  stress 
a  study  was  made  of  the  progress  of 
fatigue  cracks  from  their  first  ap- 
pearance to  the  complete  fracture  of 
the  specimen. 

Fatigue  cracks  were  detected  by  the 
use  of  a  low  power  microscope,  and 
also  by  the  discoloration  of  a  coating 
of  whiting  on  a  specimen  by  oil 
s(|ueezed  out  of  a  crack  when  the 
specimen  was  subjected  to  bending 
stress.  The  oil  and  whiting  method  is 
one  used  in  shop  practice. 

Prof.  H.  J.  Macintire.  of  the  mechan- 
ical engineering  department,  has  re- 
cently completed  a  text  book  on  refri- 
geration. It  is  published  by  the  Wiley 
book  concern.  Mr.  Macintire  deserves 
much  credit  for  his  work,  because  he 
is  the  first  person  to  have  written 
such   a   volume. 


Heating  Body  Holds  Two 
Day  Meeting 

Three  hundred  members  of  the  Nat- 
ional Warm  Air  Heating  Research  as- 
sociation held  their  mid-year  conven- 
tion at  the  Urbana-Lincoln  Hotel,  No- 
vember ;?0  and  December  1.  C.  E.  Hall, 
president  of  the  association,  was  in 
charge  of  the  program.  President  Kin- 
ley,  stressing  the  value  of  research 
work,  opened  the  meeting  and  wel- 
comed the  members  to  the  Twin  Cities. 
.1.  D.  Hoffman  talked  on  "Standard 
("ode  and  Ordnance  Forms."  which 
was  followed  by  a  talk  by  H.  F. 
Kichardson  on  "Publicity  Progress." 

In  the  afternoon,  S.  W.  Arny  dis- 
cussed "Publicity — Active  and  Plans.  ' 
W.  K.  Barns  talked  on  "Your  Oppor 
t  unity."  This  was  followed  by  a  gen- 
eral discussion  of  "Profits."  The  pro 
gram  of  the  evening  consisted  of  a 
banquet  at  the  hotel,  at  which  H.  F. 
Richardson  was  loasfmaster.  Enter- 
tainment was  furnished  by  students, 
and  several  impromptu  speeches  were 
made. 

The   session    was   coinplete<l    on    De- 


cember first  with  an  inspection  of  the 
research  residence  in  Crbana,  and 
talks  by  Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum  of  the 
College  of  Engineering,  and  C.  E.  Hall, 
president  of  the  association.  Prof.  A. 
C.  Willard.  head  of  the  department  of 
mechanical  engineering,  and  Prof.  A. 
P.  Kratz  and  Prof.  V.  S.  Day,  both  of 
the  department  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering, discussed  the  more  recent  de- 
velopments in  research  work. 


More  Men  Honored  by 
Kniles  of  the  Worm  Cjear 

The  entrance  of  the  Knites  of  the 
Worm  Clear  upon  the  Ingine  Campus 
has  been  heralded  with  great  ovations. 
Since  its  establishment  in  November 
many  Loyal  Sons  of  Foe  Pahs  have 
diligently  endeavored  to  have  their 
names  emblazoned  upon  the  Tablet  of 
Prodigious  Feats  where  all  the  boners 
of  the  members  of  this  ornery  frat 
club  are  recorded.  The  Dean's  Office, 
which  heartily  endorses  all  types  of 
achievement,  is  highly  in  favor  of  this 
worthy  organization. 

Those  who  have  assiduously  striven 
tor  offices  during  the  past  month  have 
been  carefully  considered  and  are  now 
about  to  be  duly  awarded. 

Jack  Rose,  arch.  '31,  retired  one 
evening  at  eight  o'clock  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  being  awakened  by  the 
chimes  of  his  Big  Ben  at  nine  the 
following  morning.  He  has  not  yet  dis- 
covered what  caused  his  clock  to  jan- 
gle harshly  at  nine  that  same  even- 
ing. This  monstrosity  of  intelligence 
has  gained  him  the  office  of  Last 
Knite  of  the  Worm  Gear. 

Dan  Lyon,  m.  e.,  '28,  is  heartily  en- 
dorsed for  the  office  of  Worst  Knite 
of  the  Worm  Gear.  In  an  E.  E.  class- 
room. Dan  made  the  statement  that  the 
fastest  speed  record  ever  made  by  any 
locomotive  was  recorded  in  ISOO. 
Stevens'  "Rocket"  must  have  been, 
and  also  ran.  because  the  first  report 
we  have  of  it  was  in  1S23.  Dan.  you've 
been  holding  out  on  the  boys. 

There  is  but  one  more  office  to  be 
filled:  Tooter  of  the  Sacred  Lunch 
Whistle  -  steward.  Many  candidates 
for  this  office  have  entered  their 
iiualifications,  but  due  to  the  high 
standards  required,  no  suitable  person 
has  yet  been  found.  Don't  forget  thai 
you  may  still  enter  your  favorite  in 
the  contribution  box  outside  of  the 
Technograph    office. 

Many  new  members  have  been 
elected.  The  electrical  engineers  are 
distinguished  by  having  a  senior  head 
this  list.  Their  man  is  E.  P.  Halligan, 

('iiilliilllril  on    I'lil/r   lOi; 


02 


TiiK  ti:(II\<m;i;ai'ii 


■tdiniiu/i.  I!)2S 


Concrete  Pavements  Opened  On  the  Basis  of  Strenjith  Tests 

Ciiiithiiieil  from   I'dijr  i',S 


1:111(1  (■(•iiii'iils.  OiiuT  cDiiiiiiiiiics  arc  iiiakiiii;  special 
(■('iiu'iits  wliicli  are  no)  .so  {"ood  as  timsc  just  men 
lioiied,  lull  wliicli  are  better  than  llic  (ndinaiy  ci' 
tiieiils.  Xearly  all  tiiese  eeineiits  sell  lor  one  dollar  a 
liarrcl  above  the  ordiiiarv  ]>ricc.  It  is  i|iiitc  ]iossililc 
tlial  these  special  feineiils  will  hccomc  the  icuulai- 
cements  in  the  near  1'titiirc. 

licam   Test.   Until    a    lew   years   ago   neatly   all 
tests  on  concrete  were  made  on  compression  speci 


Fii;iHE  1 — Beam  Tiostinc;  Onirr  0\V-M:r)  by  Civil  Engineer- 

i.Nc.  Department.     The  Load  Applied  at  the  End  (ie 

THE  Extentio.n  Arm   is  Indic.\tei)  ox  a 

CiiATiLi.ox  Dynamometer 

mens.  Mr.  Clifford  Older,  formerly  Chief  Highway 
Hngineer  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  developed  a  theory 
of  pavenn'iit  slab  desijin  in  which  the  concrete  slab 
was  considered  as  a  cantilever  beam.  The  weakest 
portion  of  a  slab  is  at  a  corner  formed  by  the  edge 
of  the  slab  and  a  tiaiisx  cise  crack  or  joint.  Since  the 
concrete  is  not  always  in  contact  with  the  siibgrade, 
this  .slab  at  the  corner  is  fiiiict ioiiing  as  a  canti- 
lever. With  tliis  new  couceiitioii  of  design  it  was 
necessary  to  determine  the  beam  strength  of  C(ni- 
crete.  Beam  strengths  are  given  as  the  moduli!  of 
rnptiire  comjinted  from  the  formula  S  ^  J/ r  I  in 
wliich  S  is  the  extreme  fibre  stress  (or  modulus  of 
rupture ) 

c  is  distance  from  neuti-al  axis  to  extreme  fihi-e 

I  is  the  niomeiil   of  ineitia  of  the  section  of  the 

beam 

Beams  are  tested  either  as  simple  or  cantilever 

beams.  Simj)le  beams  may  be  loaded  at  the  middle 

or  thii'd  iioints.  In  the  cantilever  test  usually  about 

a  foot  of  the  beam  projects  beyond  the  snjiport  and 

an  extension  arm  is  fastened  on  the  in'ojecting  ]ior 

tion.  A  load  which   can   be   measured   is  aiijilied  at 

the  end  of  the  extension  arm.  The  external  nionu^nl 

tending  to  break  the  beam  is  made  \\\\  of  three  jiarts, 

that  of  the  overlianging  concrete,  the  extension  arm. 

ami  the  foi'ce  ajiplied  at  the  end  of  the  extension 

arm. 


i'tijitit  I  shows  the  lie;ini  testing  ;ipparalns 
owned  by  the  Civil  l-",ngineeiing  l>eparlnienl  at  the 
liiiveisity  of  Illinois.  This  jiart  iciila  r  outfit  was  de 
signed  by  .Mr.  1  >.  I).  .McCiiiic,  a  former  slndcii(  in 
the  Ki'parlinenl.  II  is  inlendcd  for  field  use.  lie- 
cause  of  the  general  use  of  the  beam  lest  now.  it  is 
expected  Ihal  the  American  Society  tor  Testing  .Ma- 
terials will  write  a  standanl  method  for  llie  per 
rorniance  of  this  test,  which  will  include  the  design 
of  the  machine  and  'he  size  of  test  specimen. 

Sdiiir  Job  Results.  During  the  jiast  summer  the 
w  ritei-  was  employed  as  Assistant  City  Engineei-  for 
the  City  of  Chani])aign.  Illinois,  and  in  that  cajuic- 
ily  made  beam  tests  on  concrete  taken  from  vari- 
ous pa\-enieiit  jobs.  These  restilts  are  of  interest  be- 
cause iiractically  no  such  results  are  available  in 
])rinted  form.  Xearly  all  of  the  beam  testing  has 
been  done  by  the  vai-ioiis  state  highway  dejiartments 
who  have  not  published  their  results.  Others  have 
made  their  tests  in  the  laboratory. 

In  all,  six  series  of  tests  were  ruu.  Three  beams 
were  cast  for  each  series.  Each  beam  was  Oin.  x  (J  in. 
by  44  in.  A  break  was  taken  on  each  beam  at  2,  4,  7 
and  28  days.  The  results  are  shown  in  Fig.  2.  Each 
]ioint  ])l()tted  is  the  average  of  three  values.  The 
beams  remained  in  the  forms  from  24  to  4<S  hours, 
at  the  end  of  which  time  they  were  jtlaced  in  a  moist 
room  until  tested.  A  different  cement  was  used  in 
each  series.  The  coarse  aggregate  in  some  was  i)eb- 
bles  and  in  the  rest  cru.shed  limestone.  The  mix  was 
1  part  cement,  2  parts  of  sand  and  .S  jtarts  of  coarse 
aggregate.  In  all  ca.ses  the  concrete  was  mixed  at  a 
central  mixing  |ilant  and  li.-iiiled  to  the  streets  in 
trucks. 

The  greatest  variation  in  the  results  occurred  at 
the  2-day  age.  The  highest  value  was  secured  from 
concrete  which  was  ])oured  during  the  hottest 
weather  of  the  year  and  the  lowest  value  was  from 
conci-ete  |ionred  during  the  coldest  weather  of  the 
Slimmer.  If  the  temperature  had  been  more  nearly 
nniforin  the  test  results  would  li.-ne  been  closer  to- 
gether. No  28-day  value  is  re)(or(ed  for  one  of  the 
series.  The  specimens  in  this  series  were  not  pro])- 
ei-ly  ]irotected  from  the  sun  and  wind  and  as  a  re- 
siill  the  concrete  checked  badly.  Only  thie(>  breaks 
could  be  secured  on  unchecked  ixirtions  of  the 
beams. 

The  state  legal  lo.id  limit  of  S.OOO  pounds  on  one 
wheel  (apidied  at  a  corner  I  will  inodiiee  an  extreme 
fibre  stress  in  the  concrete  in  the  iiavements  as  de- 
signed in  the  City  of  Chani]iaign.  of  2.")0  lb.  ])er  scj. 
ill.  At  2  days  all  specimens  had  .i  modiilns  of  iiiji- 
ture  exceeding  300  lb.  per  si),  in.,  so  that   no  great 


Jatnuwy,  19  28 


THE  TECnXOGEAPH 


93 


risk  would  be  taken  if  the  iiaveiiieiils  in  (inestion 
were  opened  to  traffic  at  that  time.  There  are  few 
trucks  in  this  locality  which  exceed  the  lej!;al  load 
limit,  the  pavements  are  smooth  so  that  there  is  not 
likely  to  be  an  appreciable  impact  loadinj;.  and  the 
subjirade  is  without  (piestion  in  contact  with  the 
slab  durinji^  the  day,  a  condition  which  was  not  fi5r- 
ured  on  in  the  desi<;n.  For  other  desi<::ns  and  i)roba- 
bilities  of  loading,  the  streni;tli  i-e(|uired  before  o])en- 
ing  will  depend  on  conditions. 


\ 


I 


The  Seminole  Oil  Fields 

Continued  from  Paye  (I'l 
bnttiirn  (iF  tiic  small  tubing.  By  applying  pressure  lie 
tween  tiie  tubing  and  the  casing,  the  oil  is  forced 
down  in  this  area,  and  up  the  inside  of  tlie  tubing. 
^V]len  the  outside  level  readied  the  bottom  of  the 
tuljing,  air  or  gas  bubbles  escape  up  through  the  oil. 
Tlie  natural  viscosity  of  the  oil  jnevents  the  air 
bubl)les  from  slipjjing  by  it  very  rajiidly  and  the 
volume  of  the  bubbles  raises  the  level  of  the  oil  in 
the  tubing  so  that  the  aeriation  is  sufficient  to  raise 
the  level  to  the  top  of  the  well  and  ii  flow  is  es 
tablished.  For  continuous  operation,  about  i.'2() 
]((mnds  {)ressure  is  applied  at  the  casing  liejul. 

Either  air  or  gas  may  be  used  for  this  oper;i 
tion,  depending  on  the  natural  gas  available.  In 
Seminole  Ijoth  are  u.sed,  but  all  the  large  plants 
com]ness  the  gas  with  natural-gas  compressor 
units.  The  new  Sinclair  ])lant  constructed  last  An 
gust  is  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world  and  con 
tains  fifty-two  160  H.  P.  natnral-gas  compressoi' 
units.  A  natural-gas  engine  is  the  same  as  a  gaso 
line  engine  except  that  the  carburator  is  different. 
(h\{'  Mihiintage  of  using  gas  in  the  lift  is  that  the 
v;i|niis  can  be  condensed  before  a  second  cycle  of 
comiiresslng  takes  jtlace  nnd  a  large  cpiantity  of 
casing-head  gasoline  pi-oduced.  This  is  tlie  so  called 
n;itni-al  gasoline  and  often  jiays  for  the  operating 
expense  of  whole  ])l;nit. 

The  riilaiy  drill  is  used  most  of  the  dejilh  to  the 
Wilciix  sanil  wliere  they  ordinarily  strike  pay  al 
l.'ioo  led.  A  general  idea  of  the  ai>i>earancc  nf  lln' 
rotary  may  be  olitained  from  the  iihotograjili.  Xa 
lural  gas  is  used  in  the  three  boileis  and  a  twin 
len-by  twelve  steam  engine  without  a  flywheel  is 
used  foi-  ])ower.  The  mud  is  j)umped  with  a  steam 
pump  of  about  the  same  size  cylinders.  The  drill 
pipe  has  a  iioje  do\\  n  the  center  and  mud  is  ])uini)ed 
tioiM  the  |)onds  next  to  the  well,  down  to  the  bit. 
This  coiilinua]  circulation  of  mud  lubricates  the  bit 
and  iifings  out  the  drilled  mu<l. 

The  rotary  driller  has  his  trouliles  and  ofieii  has 
to  change  to  the  cable  drill  for  completion.  After 
|pulling  the  bit  out.  the  drill  will  often  start  an  evi- 
ilentlv  new  hole  or  go  crooked.  Some  sav  that  ten  or 


twelve  holes  have  been  made  in  one  well  and  that  a 
bit  has  been  known  to  bend  around  and  come  to  the 
surface  again  on  a  neighbor's  lease. 

It  is  hard  to  visualize  the  money  used  in  a  field 
like  Seminole.  There  are  hundreds  of  $'>(){)()  trticks, 
millions  of  dollars  worth  of  pipe  and  storage  tanks, 
and  each  well  rejtresents  a  $."')0.000  to  ST.l.OOO 
enterprise. 

The  city  of  Seminole  itself  has  a  romantic  his- 
tory. Two  yeais  ago  it  was  a  typical  sleepy  Okla- 
homa town  with  less  than  oOt)  ])opulation,  situated 
on  a  branch  of  the  Kock  Island  Kailroad.  Oilwells 
were  started  one  year  ago  last  summer  and  by  that 
December  the  po])ulation  of  the  little  town  had  swol- 
len to  ajiproximately  4.'),000.  In  our  civilized  times  it 
is  hard  to  imagine  a  city  of  4."), 000  with  no  sewer 
system,  mud  and  ruts  a  foot  dee])  in  all  the  streets 
and  the  majority  made  u])  of  the  wildest,  hardest, 
roving  ]ieople  in  the  country. 

The  families  live  in  tents  or  crude  wood  shan- 
ties constructed  with  the  least  ])Ossible  expense. 
Many  make  their  living  by  running  amateur  gro- 
cery stores,  carrying  only  the  bare  necessities  of 
food  and  clothing,  and  a  few  confectioneries.  In  the 
surrounding  territory  including  the  city  i)roi)er  it 
was  estimated  that  there  were  about  10t).000 
peojile  in  the  area  of  about  ten  scjuare  miles,  and  the 
school  system, "churches,  and  law  were  the  same  as 
that  formerly  supplying  the  needs  of  the  ai)proxi- 
mate  1000  the  year  before.  After  a  year  of  civiliza- 
tion there  were  four  small  churches  for  the  100,000 
i)eople  and  each  had  an  attendance  of  from  thirty  to 
fifty.  The  few  ])olice  that  were  in  ])0wer  were  help- 
less and  all  Skinners  on  the  road  and  truck  drivers 
were  furnished  gtins  by  the  employers.  Shanker- 
towii,  the  slums  of  Seminole  had  New  York's  un- 
derworld skuid<ed  for  lawlessness  and  other  barbar- 
isms. Of  course,  now  the  government  of  the  terri- 
tory is  back  to  tile  a\ei-age  .\niei-ican  control  and 
the  greatest  jiart  of  the  "holy  ro\'ers'"  have  gone 
since  the  work  is  not  as  jdentiftil  as  formerly.  Sem- 
inole is  now  aTi  nji  to  date  city.  Although  it  has  gone 
tiirongh  exactly  the  same  conditions  Tulsa  went 
ilii-ongii,  it  will  never  become  a  large  city  with  the 
pT-csent   iialnra!  resources. 


Readin'  An'  Writin'  Etc. 

Conliiiufd  from  Page  Hi 
close  the  book  with  disgust  and  say,  "You  and  who 
else  I" 

These  ai'e  not  the  only  fact(Ms  that  hel|»  to  ob- 
s<Mii-e  ideas  in  a  mauuscri|it.  It  is  common  experi- 
ence 111  lie  deeply  engrossed  in  the  content  of  a  story 
aTid  suddenly  realize  that  you  have  started  mentally 
reading  words, — minus  ideas.  Obviously,  fatigue  is 
not  the  only  cause  for  this  lapse.  The  monotonous 


!»l 


Till':  TKCTIXOCI^AI'II 


■liiinmnj,  192S 


repel  it  iiiii  of  words  arraiified  closely  li>f;('tlier  will 
very  (|ni<'kly  (urn  tlie  reader's  altciilioii  t(t  words. 
Til  stiidyiii};  this  article,  it  will  he  seen  that  "These 
are  .  .  ."  occurs  in  two  sentences,  three  lines  apai't. 
In  three  sentences,  just  written,  tlie  words  iifit  the 
onlji  apjiear  twice.  The  result  is  distracting  and  in- 
elTective  thoufjli  the  words  are  <i;ood  I'^Ujilish.  Such 
errors  would  not  occur  in  a  perfert  Icchnical  article. 
Tiresome  tonf/iie-tirixtrrs  tiinn'd  info  fhoiif/hts  al- 
most always  c]ianjj;e  the  impi'ession  from  a  mental 
to  a  visual  one.  Pretty,  meaniiiiiU'ss  i)hrases,  divei't 
the  reader's  attention  and  lie  niiisi  ■'coinc  ii]i  for  air" 
liefore  he  can  find  his  way  lia(l<  to  liie  main  ar^u 
ment.  The  surveyor  no  longer  draws  fat,  truni])etinii 
cheruhs,  sailing;  vessels  and  ivy  vines  ai'ound  the 
com])ass  points  on  his  majjs.  Similarly  the  scientist 
no  loiifjer  says  anything'  except  (hat  which  jiei'tains 
directly  to  liis  thesis. 

The  foresjointt  remarks  lunc  been  made  wi(li  (lie 
iio]H'  (if  dispelling  the  idea,  common  among  engi- 
iieciiiiji  studenls,  (hat  to  wi'ite  a  technical  pa])ei' 
one  must  imitate  some  kind  of  unusual  literary 
style.  Tn  inalignino-  the  engineer  as  "inarticulate" 
and  as  being  hopelessly  lacking  in  the  ability  to 
write,  the  critics  fail  to  make  the  just  distinction 
between  technical  comj)osition  and  other  forms.  An 
engineering  graduate,  with  all  of  his  training  fo- 
cused on  the  ideal  of  thinking  in  straight  ]ines  is 
fitted  for  technical  authorshi])  even  without  the  spe- 
lial  tiaining  so  widely  advocated.  Left  alone  with 
his  ])encil  and  his  thoughts,  an  engineer  can  Avrite 
algebraic  sentences  in  symbols  that  are  unrivaled  as 
sricntific  stntcineiits.  That's  his  natni'i'.  Why  should 
lie  fail  when  il  ((inics  to  snlistilut ing  language  foi' 
symbols? 

lie  bccdincs  obsessed  willi  (lie  idea  (hat  writers 
nnisl  ]iossess  a  spai-k  of  genius  for  juggling  words 
in((i  fancy  gronjis  accmding  (o  (he  patterns  fni-n- 
islicd  widi  his  coiirsr  in  ICnglisli  L'.")(i.  AVith  a  slide 
rule,  a  (ransit  and  a  blue  jirint,  and  a  mind  stud- 
ded widi  decimal  ]toints,  he  nevertheless  vainly  at- 
Icmpls  ((I  (Mdei-  the  field  of  classical  ])rose  writing. 
.More  often  than  otherwise,  (he  result  is  ludici-ous. 
The  actor  is  not  himself,  he  is  self-conscious, — a 
failure   ;iiid    he   knows    i(. 

.\r(fiil.  lovely,  graccfnl  phrases  liial  ajipeal  (o 
(he  emotions  are  ;is  useful  in  his  business  as  a 
waltz-dancing  circus  horse  is  to  a  messenger.  It  is 
true  many  an  engineer  has  the  gift  for  writing  in 
an  entertaining  way  and  the  "literati"  concede  this 
to  be  the  only  redeeming  fcatarc  of  an  otherwise 
hopeless  class,  lint  many  (inics  (lia(  engineer  has 
los(  (he  ar(  of  dii-ec(  expression  and  his  gifts  are 
liable  (o  make  liini  daiigei'ons  in  the  fields  of 
science. 

With  vouug  technical  writers  made  aware  of  (he 


fac(  (lia(  technical  sentences  must  be  simjjle,  direct, 
clear,  and  honest,  there  will  be  no  further  fault  to 
find  with  their  formal  training.  Tn  every  engineer's 
heart  is  the  desire  to  be  versatile.  Ilis  ])rofession 
requires  that  of  him;  but  when  he  dejjarts  from  a 
(ield  that  demands  the  test  of  literal  inter])retation 
to  one  that  jtermits  fanciful,  creative  writing,  let 
him  recognize  his  jiosition  and  write  accordingly. 

A  scientific  wi'iter, — ojien-minded  and  not  an 
egotistic  sorehead:  an  editor  with  a  broad  under- 
standing of  liis  subject  and  not  iiedantic  and  arro- 
gant; and  a  reader  who  is  not  a  bonehead: — these 
are  modern  prerecpiisites  to  the  establishment  of 
(echnical   ideas. 


Tommy  Attends  the  Open  House 

Continued  from  Pni/e  87 
Idiindry  laboratory. 

"I  wish  I  knew  as  much  about  architecture  as 
yon  do  about  engineering,"  said  the  girl  softly,  and 
a  ti-usting  little  arm  linked  with  his  own  as  they 
ste])ped  into  the  hardening  room  of  the  M.  E.  de- 
l>artment.  A  large  crowd  of  people  w-ere  grou])ed 
about  a  man  who  said  at  intervals,  "There,  that's 
a  good  one,"  or  "Xot  so  good"  as  he  .set  a  small 
jiiece  of  metal  on  a  platform  and  pulled  a  trigger 
that  sent  a  pointer  spinning  around  a  dial.  The 
jiointer  sto])ped  at  a  different  number  each  time. 
Here  was  a  peculiar  diversi(ni  to  have  a  ])lace  in  an 
Engineering  0|)en  TTouse,  tlunight  Tommy.  He  had 
seen  ouc  of  those  things  before,  at"  a  county  fair, 
lin(  he  elbowed  his  way  to  the  center  of  the  group, 
<liagging  the  Architect  Girl  behind  him.  He  ])lop])ed 
a  dime  onto  the  i)latform  and  said,  "Ten  cents  on 
number  thirty — and  I  want  a  floor  lamp."  The  de- 
vice turned  out  to  be  a  scleroscope  for  testing  the 
hardness  of  s(eel. 

"Oh  well,  don't  mind.  Tommy  dear.  You're  of  a 
more  practical  mind,  as  your  lawn-mower  and  trac- 
(or  repairing  shows.  I  would  much  rather  have  you 
])ractical  than  theoretical,"  soothed  the  voice  at  his 
side.  "Let's  go  see  the  movies.'' 

And  until  ten-thirty  they  sat  side  by  side,  watch 
ing  "The  Story  of  t'oal"  speed  before  them  on  the 
siher  screen.  Milton  Center  held  no  sucli  royal  en- 
tertainment. T']xcei(t  foi-  medicine  show  nights  it 
was  "eai'ly   di   bed   and  early  (o  rise." 

A  cou]de  of  sips  of  an  Arcade  coke — and  the  two 
were  stainling  on  the  (iamma  FAn  Sizzle  hearth.  She 
looked  111)  '^^  Mm  slowly.  "I've  had  a  wonderful  time. 
Tommy,  (iood  night."  For  a  full  minute  she  waited. 
looking  scpiarely  into  his  eyes,  then  with  (piick  (urn 
she  was — gone. 

Ilarly  (he  nex(  morning  as  the  milkman  passed 
by  he  called  out,  "I'aralized,  brother'?" 


■faiiudrjf,  1028 


THE  TECnXOGRAPn 


95 


Fraternity  Activities 


Tau  Beta  Pi 

Tau  Beta  Pi  announces  the  election 
of  the  following  men  into  its  member- 
ship: 

H.  H.  Holscher,  Cer..  '28,  E.  B.  Noel. 
E.E.,  '28.  A.  W.  Howell.  E.E.,  '28,  A.  P. 
Stiller.  C.E..  '28,  G.  R.  Marton,  E.  E.. 
'28.  P.  F.  Schwarzlose.  E.E..  '28.  M. 
Rebufioni.  E.E..  '28,  R.  G.  Hart,  C.E.. 
'28.  F.  A.  Cox.  E.E..  '28,  J.  W.^  Scho- 
eninger,  Cer.,  '28,  E.  F.  McDonald, 
Cer.,  '28.  E.  W.  Pfeiffer,  M.E.,  '28.  X. 
H.  Barnard.  R.M.E..  '28,  E.  K,  Emer- 
son, E.E.,  '28,  E.  A.  Skogsberg.  M.E.. 
'28,  R.  E.  Berthold.  E.E..  '28. 
Honor  Juniors: 

Ellis  Danner,  R.C.E..  •2n.  L.  0.  Hub- 
bard, E.E.,  '29. 

The  formal  initiation  and  banquet 
was  held  at  the  Inman  Hotel.  Decem- 
ber 20.  The  chapter  at  present  has  an 
active  membership  of  29.  It  helps  to 
point  out  that  Tau  Beta  Pi  is  a  goal 
to  work  for.  and  attainable  with  just 
a  little  more  effort. 


\ 


Phi  Alpha  Lambda 

The  informal  initiation  of  Phi  Al- 
pha Lambda  was  held  Friday  evening. 
December  9.  followed  by  the  formal 
initiation  Sunday.  December  11. 

The  new  members  are:  W.  L.  Jul- 
ian, '29,  R.  C.  Youtsey.  '29,  W.  J. 
Karch,  '29,  K.  J.  Howard.  '29,  and  E. 
L.  Smith,  '29;  we  are  all  glad  to  wel- 
come these  new  brothers  into  our  or- 
ganization. 

Frank  Collins  acted  as  toastmaster 
at  the  innitiation  banquet,  and  the  ad- 
dress of  welcome  was  given  by  Pres. 
Ralph  Landon.  followed  by  the  re- 
sponse from  the  pledges  by  AV.  L. 
Julian. 

Mr.  Wilsey  gave  a  short  talk  which 
was  followed  by  an  address  by  Dean 
Jordan.  In  his  talk.  Dean  Jordan 
stressed  especially  the  side  of  Phi  Al- 
pha Lambda  which  pertains  to  schol- 
arship, and  we  hope  to  be  able  to  ful- 
fill his  requests. 


Eta  Kappa  Nu 

Eta  Kappa  Xu  has  had  five  meet- 
ings this  semester,  four  of  which  were 
regular  routine  business  meetings, 
and  the  other  was  a  smoker.  On  Oc- 
tober 21  about  thirty  men  of  high 
scholastic  standing  from  the  classes  of 
'28  and  '29  were  invited  to  the  Beta 
Psi   house   to   meet   the   members.   Ci- 


garettes, cider,  and  doughnuts  were 
consumed  genei'ally  before  and  after 
the  talks  of  Profs.  Payne  and  Knight. 
Eighteen  pledges  were  selected  from 
the  group.  Pledging  and  the  formal 
initiation  have  already  taken  place. 

The  following  brothers  are  guiding 
the  destinies  of  the  Chapter  for  this 
semester  in  the  offices  note.  "\V.  X. 
Parker.  President;  G.  D.  Greene,  Vice- 
president:  G.  R.  Norton,  Recording 
Secretary;  T.  D.  Hartsell.  Correspond- 
ing Secretary;  A.  B.  Cox.  Treasurer: 
H.  H.  Slocum.  Assistant  Bridge  Edi- 
tor; and  P.  F.  Schwartzlose.  Seargant 
at  Arms.  Brother  Martin  Rebuffoni  is 
Master  of  Initiation. 

So  far  as  the  "E.E.'s"  are  concerned, 
the  annual  inspection  trip  was  a  great 
success.  Every  man  arrived  back  in 
school  on  Monday,  and  each  one  felt 
just  a  bit  more  sophisticated  than  be- 
fore. Of  course  this  is  as  things  should 
be. 


Chi  Epsilon 

Chi  Epsilon  held  its  informal  initia- 
tion on  Xovember  29.  The  formal  ini- 
tiation was  held  at  the  Inman  Hotel 
on  December  9.  The  speakers  at  the 
banquet  were:  Prof.  J.  Vawter,  Prof. 
J.  J.  Doland.  C.  K.  Moore.  M.  F.  Linde- 
man.  and  C.  Coffel. 

The  new  members  are:  A.  P.  Stiller 
•26.  W.  L.  Collins,  '28,  J.  C.  Brown, 
•28.  R.  B.  Plummer,  '28,  W.  R.  Whit- 
aker,  '28,  C.  S.  Coffel,  '28,  C.  E.  Dillon. 
■28,  F.  J.  Schnitzer,  '29,  H.  S.  Ponzer. 
•29,  T.  J.  Dolan.  '29.  J.  Danzer.  '28. 
and  J.  M.  Giftord,    29. 

With  the  addition  of  these  new  men. 
Chi  Epsilon  expects  to  round  out  an 
active  and  valuable  semester  of  activi- 
ties. A  program  which  calls  for  talks 
by  well  known  civil  engineers  has 
been  arranged. 


Sioma  Epsilon 

Sigma  Epsilon,  the  honorary  rail- 
way engineering  fraternity,  held  its 
annual  fall  initiation  on  Monday,  De- 
cember 19.  The  following  six  men,  who 
have  come  up  to  the  standards  set  by 
Sigma  Epsilon,  were  initiated: 

R.  H.  Timmons,  •28.  T.  K.  Greenlee. 
•29.  H.  \V.  Derman,  '28,  E.  B.  Danner, 
•29,  P.  C.  Traub,  '29,  Prof.  E.  C.  Young. 
Honorary.  The  formal  banquet  was 
held  at  the  Southern  Tea  room,  Jan- 
uary 10. 


Among  the  activities  of  Sigma  Epsi- 
lon this  year  is  the  support  of  the 
Railway  Club,  and  new  members  will 
be  required  to  be  active  in  that  or- 
ganization. It  will  also  sponsor  the 
Railway  Club  Tea  Dance,  to  be  given 
sometime  during  the  coming  semes- 
ter. 

Sigma  Epsilon  also  promotes  lunch- 
eons for  its  members  and  guests  dur- 
ing the  year,  several  of  which  have 
been  given.  In  this  way.  the  railway 
group,  which  is  one  of  the  smallest 
in  numbers  in  the  school,  is  brought 
closer  together,  and  made  more 
united. 

There  is  now  a  movement  on  foot 
to  extend  Sigma  Epsilon  to  Purdue, 
and  also  to  Massachusetts  Tech.,  both 
of  which  have  prominent  railway 
schools. 


Mu  San 

Mu  San,  professional  municipal  and 
sanitary  engineering  fraternity,  held 
its  formal  initiation  at  the  Inman 
Hotel  on  December  4.  The  new  mem- 
bers are: 

R.  B.  Moorman.  '29,  E.  F.  Ream.  A. 
R.  Nieman.  '29,  R.  G.  Purnell.  '29,  E. 
J.  Herringer.  '29,  E.  P.  Williamson, 
'29.  W.  H.  Honsa,  '29,  J.  D.  Hillyer,  '29. 

An  exceptional  spirit  of  fellowship 
prevailed  at  both  the  formal  and  in- 
formal initiations.  At  the  banquet  a 
new  fraternity  song  was  selected  and 
sung  with  much  gusto  by  all  those 
present.  Prof.  H.  E.  Babbit.  Prof.  V. 
R.  Flemming.  and  Dr.  Buswell  were 
the  speakers.  Responses  were  given  by 
each  of  the  new  members  to  the  wel- 
coming address  of  Pres.  R.  B.  Plum- 
mer. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  .Mu  San  to  pro- 
mote a  spirit  of  comradeship  among 
the  men  taking  the  sanitary  option. 
By  means  of  its  monthly  dinners  and 
addresses,  the  success  of  this  purpose 
seems  assured. 


Synton 

Synton  announces  the  pledging  of 
the  following  men:  R.  D.  Merril,  '29, 
V.  G.  Politsch.  '28,  W.  C.  Adams.  '30, 
W.  X.  Parker.  '28,  W.  M.  Cronin.  '30, 
J.  T.  Schaefer,  '29,  I.  A.  Rockman,  '30, 
and  J.  E.  Cravens.  "30.  The  informal 
initiation  of  these  men  will  take  place 
shortly  after  the  Christmas  vacation, 
and  will  be  followed  in  a  few  weeks 
by  the  formal  initiation. 


nr, 


'IMIK  ti:<'ii\()(;i;ai'I1 


.IniiUiiru,  Hr^S 


Arch  Fete  Costumes  for  Rent 

40  St^  les— $1.00     $1.50     $2.50     $3.50—40  Styles 


Sf)ortiu!i  Goods 


HWSTIIN'i; 


Fountain  Pens 


Seelv  Jdliiiston  '24 


?.9  Maiu  iStreet 


When  You  Lift  the  Receiver 

Continmd  friDii  I'liiie  77 
lion  for  talkinji;.  The  first  circuit  is  J.I.I,  Fij,'ure  '). 
Starting  at  the  V.  O.  relay,  and  following  the  heavy 
(lotted  line,  the  current  passes  through  the  plug 
and  jack  and  through  the  winding  of  the  relay  C  to 
battery  and  ground.  The  C.  O.  relay  operates,  break- 
ing the  line  lamp  circuit,  and  preventing  the  line 
lamp  from  lighting  upon  the  A  board  of  the  called 
parties  office.  The  manner  in  which  this  could 
otherwise  happen  is  shown  in  Figure  :!.  Kelay  C 
also  operates,  opening  the  contact  at  1  and  extin- 
guishing the  guard  lamp  on  the  B  board,  indicating 
to  the  oi)erator  that  the  i)aity  has  answered. 


lar  to  that  with  which  the  supervisory  lamp  A  was 
shunted.  The  lamp  B  is  thus  extinguished,  as  far 
as  the  A  board  operator  is  concerned.  This  indi- 
cates to  her  that  the  called  party  has  answered. 

As  long  as  the  lamps  A  and  B,  Figure  2a,  remain 
extinguished,  the  o[)erator  knows  that  the  parties 
are  talking,  and  that  the  cords  are  in  use.  It  is  for 
this  reason  that  the  lamps  are  called  supervisory 
lamps,  since  by  means  of  them,  the  operator  may 
supervise  the  completion  of  the  call. 

It  may  readily  be  seen  that  whenever  either  of 
the  parties  replaces  the  receiver  upon  the  hook,  the 
operation  of  the  relays  will  t^ike  place  in  inverse 
order,  so  that  the  respective  supervisory  lamp  will 


The  second  circuit  to  operate  in  the  final  stej) 
is  shown  by  the  heavy  line  KKK.  This  completes 
tfie  talking  circuit  from  the  called  exchange  to  the 
called  party's  t«'lephone,  tlirough  the  battery  of  the 
called  exdiauge,  and  also  throiigh  the  sujtervisory 
relay  1).  When  relay  J)  operates,  tlie  third  cir- 
cuit is  brought  into  operation,  as  shown  by  the 
heavy  d<.ttcd  line.  This  relay  shunts  tlic  10.0(l(>  ohm 
winding  of  relay  A  with  another  winding  W2.  of  l.")."J 
ohms.  The  total  resistance  of  the  two  is  thus  de- 
creased to  about  l.">()  ohms.  The  decrease  in  resist- 
ance allows  a  nuich  larger  ( luiciit  to  tlow  in  circuit 
(UIG  than  flowed  before,  a  cuiiciil  sufficient  to 
operate  the  supervisory  rel.iy  <'  in  the  calling  office. 
The  operation  of  the  relay  <"  shunts  the  sui)ervisory 
lamp  B  with  a  -tO  ohm  resistance  in  a  manner  siuii 


light  on  the  A  board,  indicating  that  the  jjarty  has 
disconnected.  When  both  ])arties  disconnect,  and 
both  lamps  light,  the  operator  removes  both  of  the 
A  board  cords  from  the  jacks.  The  guard  lamp  on 
the  B  board  will  not  light  until  the  calling  cord  on 
the  A  board  has  been  taken  down  from  the  jack  at 
Q.  Figure  .1.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious,  since 
the  guard  lamp  will  remain  extinguished  as  long  as 
the  cord  remains  inserted  at  JI.  The  cord  will  re- 
main there  as  the  B  operator  will  have  no  imlication 
as  to  when  the  conversation  is  finished.  When  the 
cord  is  removed  at  Q,  however,  relay  A  is  released, 
thus  releasing  relay  B,  breaking  the  contact  2  and 
making  contact  at  1.  There  will  then  be  a  com])lete 
circuit  NNN,  indicated  by  the  heavy  line.  Figure  .">, 
Continued  on  Page  110 


January,  1928 


TUK  TEPHNOGRAPH 


97 


A  L  U  JvlN  I 

NOTHS 


i) 


After  wielding  an  executive  hand 
over  some  of  the  largest  steel  con- 
struction projects  in  America  for  the 
past  twenty-five 
years,  Aigust  Zies- 
ixo,  ni.  e..  '7S  has 
chosen  to  retire. 
For  a  quarter  cen- 
tury he  has  been 
president  of  the 
American  Bridge 
Company,  and  dur- 
ing that  time  the 
Auijust  /.irsiiKj  concern  has  erect- 
ed the  Hell  Gate  Bridge  in  New  York. 
The  Delaware  bridge  at  Philadelphia. 
The  Woolworth,  the  Metropolitan  Life, 
and  the  Equitable  buildings  in  New 
York,  The  Marshall  Field  store,  Mor- 
rison hotel.  Tribune  Tower,  and  Ste- 
vens Hotel  in  Chicago.  Who  could 
more  deserve  a  life  of  retirement? 

But  Mr.  Ziesing  will  continue  to  de- 
vote a  part  of  his  time  to  consul- 
tation work  in  the  engineering  field — 
the  part  that  is  not  spent  at  his  or- 
chard in  Michigan,  his  farm  near 
Deerfield,  III.,  or  with  his  family  at 
Glencoe. 

A  place  in  the  drafting  room  of  the 
Lassig  Bridge  Company  was  Mr. 
Zeising's  first  Job.  but  he  did  not  al- 
low himself  to  be  "thrown  on  the 
shelf,"  and  found  wide  experience 
with  this  and  other  companies.  In 
1902  he  became  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  the  American  Bridge  Company  and 
two  years  later  was  made  president. 

Appraisals  of  public  utilities  prop- 
erties is  the  specialty  of  H.  E.  Bart- 
i.ET,  c.  e.,  '93,  who  is  chief  engineer 
for  James  Walker,  Chicago. 

A.  B.  LooMis,  c.  e.,  '93,  is  with  the 
Standard  Engineering  and  Contract- 
ing Company,  Toledo.  Ohio,  who  are 
building  a  bascule  bridge  at  East  Chi- 
cago, Indiana. 

Doctor  of  Science  was  the  degree 
conferred  on  Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum 
of  the  College  of  Engineering  by  the 
University  of  Colorado  at  its  recent 
semicentennial  celebration.  Dean 
Ketchum  was  a  member  of  the  faculty 
of  the  Colorado  institution  from  1904 


to  1919. 

J.  E.  Pfeffer.  e.  e.,  '9G,  is  president 
of  the  Continental  Engineering  Com- 
pany, having  factories  at  Chicago  and 
Joliet.  The  concern  specializes  in  oil 
burners. 

Harry  Hixtoox.  m.  e.,  '05.  is  master 
mechanic  of  the  International  Harves- 
ter Company  tractor  works  at  Chicago. 

For  the  past  twelve  years  T.  A. 
Peebles,  m.  e.,  '06,  has  been  chief  en- 
gineer for  the  Hagan  Corporation, 
combustion  and  chemical  engineers,  of 
Pittsburg. 

H.  R.  RiciiARDso?.".  e.  e.,  '17,  is  a 
laboratory  engineer  for  the  research 
bureau  of  the  Brooklyn  Edison  Com- 
pany. 

"The  class  of  '17  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering is  often  referred  to  by  other 
classes  as  a  model  of  alumni  organiza- 
tions," said  Prof.  A.  C.  Willard  of  the 
department  of  mechanical  engineering 
before  a  meeting  of  that  group  of 
alumni  during  Homecoming.  Twenty- 
one  were  present,  fully  half  of  those 
that  graduated.  It  was  a  record-break- 
ing representation. 

John  T.  Kelly,  m.  e.,  '18,  is  the  de- 
signer of  many  machine  specialties, 
and  is  president  of  the  Kelly  Machin- 
ery Company,  Chicago.  His  company 
specializes  in  steel  fabricating  machin- 
ery and  tools,  and  has  been  in  busi- 
ness  since   1921. 

D.  Forty,  m.  e.,  '18,  is  assistant  en- 
gineer to  the  production  manager  of 
the  Public  Service  Company  of  Nor- 
thern Illinois,  at  Chicago.  Much  of  his 
time  is  spent  in  following  new  devel- 
opments in  the  public  service  field. 

E.  J.  Meiire.v,  c.  e.,  '06,  has  recently 
returned  from  Europe  where  he  at- 
tended the  International  Economic 
conference  at  Geneva.  His  trip  was  in 
the  Interest  of  the  McGraw  Hill  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  is  vice-president. 
This  company  has  compiled  in  a  small 
volume  the  articles  and  dispatches  re- 
ceived from  the  conference  and  has 
published  it  under  the  name  "World's 
Business  in  Geneva."  Italy  and  Ger- 
many were  also  points  on  Mr.  Meh- 
ren's  itinerary. 


Paul  Kircher,  c.  e.,  '11,  a  student  of 
high  ranking  scholastieally  and  active- 
ly while  in  school,  and  a  most  success- 
ful engineer  later,  died  during  the 
past  summer,  following  a  streptocicci 
infection.  He  was  student  colonel  in 
the  R.  0.  T.  C,  and  a  member  of  Sig- 
ma Xi  and  Scabbard  and  Blade.  He 
spent  a  year  in  graduate  study  at  the 
University,  getting  his  C.  E.  degree  in 
1912.  He  has  worked  for  the  city  of 
Chicago,  the  Illinois  Central,  the  Port- 
land Cement  company,  and  other  or- 
ganizations, but  the  last  two  years  he 
had  spent  as  vice-president  of  the  Ca- 
nadian Concrete  Products  Company 
and  resident  manager  of  the  Union 
Switch  and  Signal  Company  at  Mon- 
treal. 

C.  H.  Kreiling,  c.  e.,  '09,  is  connect- 
ed with  a  flood  control  project  at  Ha- 
vana, 111. 

LoREXz  G.  Straih.  c.  e.,  '23,  is  now 
in  Europe  after  making  away  with  the 
Freeman  Travelling  Fellowship  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
The  investigation  of  European  meth- 
ods in  hydraulic  engineering  is  the 
purpose  of  his  visit.  Although  he  will 
spend  most  of  his  time  in  Germany, 
he  will  see  Czechoslovakia,  Norway, 
Italy.  Switzerland.  Russia,  and 
Prance. 

Mr.  Straub  studied  at  graduate 
work  for  three  years  following  his 
graduation.  He  received  his  master's 
degree  in  1924,  and  his  doctorate  in 
1927.  both  from  University. 

E.  E.  Bauer,  c.  e..  '19,  of  the  Uni- 
versity engineering  faculty,  recently 
attended  a  meeting  of  the  Highway 
Research  Council,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  G.  Moore,  r.  e..  '27,  is  a  student 
at  the  railway  school  conducted  by  the 
General  Electric  Company  at  its  fac- 
tories  in   Schenectady.   N.  Y. 

M.  E.  JoHNSo.v.  g.  e..  '27,  is  with  the 
Whiting  Corporation  in  Harvey,  Illi- 
nois. He  is  preparing  himself  for  a 
position  as  sales  engineer. 

L.  D.  Mandell,  Jr.,  a.  e.,  '27,  is  a 
heating  and  ventilating  expert  for  the 
Dwyer  Equipment  Company,  Chicago, 
manufacturers   of   heating   equipment. 


ns 


THE  TECHNOGRArn 


./(iiiiifif!/.  U)2f< 


Ten    little   engineers,    coming    for    tlic 

first  time. 
One  took   trig,   and   tliat   left   nine. 

Nine   little    engineers,    bravely    facing 

fate, 
One  flunked   descrip.   and    then   there 

were  eight. 

Eight     little     engineers     with     great 

hopes  of  heaven. 
One   said   a    naughty   word,    and    that 

left  seven. 

Seven   little   engineers,   working   little 

tricks, 
One  was  a  co-ed.  and  that  left  six. 

Si.\  little  engineers  feeling  very  live. 
One  rushed  the  co-ed.  and  then  there 
were  five. 

Five  little  engineers,  coming  back  tor 

more. 
One  stuck  his  neck  out.  and  then  there 

were  four. 

Four  little  engineers,  gay  as  could  be. 
One  said,  "Calculus  is  easy."  then 
there  were  three. 

Three    little    engineers,    working    the 

year  thru. 
One  studied  mechanics,  that  left  two 

Two    little    engineers,    setting    in    the 

sun. 
One   was   worked   to   death,   and    that 

left  one. 

One  little  engineer,  suffering  all  alone. 
He  didn't  come  back,  then  there  were 
none. 

Ten  hardy  engineers,  sad  to  relate. 
In  quest  of  knowledge,  each  met  his 
fate. 
— [''.  0/  V.  Journal  of  Enyineeriny. 


As  usual  Rastus  Jones  pulled  into 
the  office  ten  minutes  late.  The  boss 
saw  him  and  motioned  for  him  to 
come  over.  Rastus  slowly  plodded 
over. 

"You  are  late  again.  Rastus,"  said 
the  boss  in  a  manner  which  could  not 
be  termed  benevolent. 

"Y — y — yas   sir." 

"You  have  that  alarm  clok  I  gave 
you,   haven't  you?" 

"Y — y — yas   sir." 

"What  is  the  matter,  can't  you  hear 
the  alarm  when  it  goes  off?" 

"Tha's  de  wourst  of  it,  boss.  The 
durn  thing  goes  off  w'ile  I'se  a-sleep." 


Here  is  a  good  one  for  you,  engi- 
neers. Have  you  heard  about  the  girl 
who  is  so  hot  they  will  not  let  her 
talk  over  the  telephone  for  fear  she 
will  melt  the  wires?  Nope,  she  is  not 
a  Pi  Phi.     Guess  again. 


AS  CLEAR  AS  SOME  CALC 
PROBLEMS 
If  the  train  before  was  never  before 
behind,  before,  then,  why  was  the 
train  that  was  behind  the  train  be- 
fore, before  the  first  train,  if  the  train 
before  had  never  before  been  behind 
the  train  behind,  which  was  always 
behind. 


Two  stuttering  M.  E.'s  were  work- 
ing in  the  lab  tempering  a  piece  of 
steel.  After  heating  the  piece,  the  first 
said  to  the  second,  "N — n — n — no — 
now  y — y — y — you  h — h — h — hi — hit 
it." 
"W — w — wh — wh — where?" 
"O — o — o — oh.  hell!  N — n — n — now 
we  h — h — h — have  to  s — s — s — start 
all  o — o — o — over  again." 


"What  manner  of   human   is   that. 

Plodding  slowly  down  the  street. 
Who  is  drooping  in  the  shoulders 

And   has   eyes   that   are   in   need   of 

sleep;" 

"Whose  hair  is  ruffled  and  tangled 
Under    a    hat    that    looks    old    and 
dead; 
Whose  shoes  have  never  been  shined, 
And  whose  beard  should  have  long 
been  shed." 

"What   manner   of   man   is   that? 

He  seems  very  odd  to  me. 
He  surely   can't  be  a  college  student. 

For  they  look  so  nice,  you  see." 

I   drew  her  closely  aside 
And  whispered  in  her  ear. 

"That  forlorn  person  you  see  there 
Is   only   a   student   Engineer." 


It  has  been  said  that  the  reason 
so  many  Chicago  students  are  in  the 
Infantry  is  that  they  are  able  to  learn 
how  to  use  a  machine-gun. 


He — "Do  you  know  the  difference  be- 
tween a  cow  chewing  her  cud  and  you 
chewing  your  gum?" 

The  Proverbial  "It" — "No-o-o,  what 
is   the   dift'erence?" 

He,  without  even  cracking  a  smile — 
"The  cow  looks  intelligent." 


Simple — "You   sold  me  a  car   about 
two  weeks  ago." 

Ton — "How  do  you  like  it?" 
Simple — "I  want  you  to  tell  me  ev- 
erything  you   said   about   the   car   all 
over  again — I'm  getting  discouraged." 
— California   Engineer. 


How  about  the  absent  minded  pro- 
fessor who,  upon  stooping  to  tie  his 
shoestring,  started  to  undress. 


Hurray  I  At  last  we  have  found  a 
college  story  written  by  a  man  who 
has  gone  to  college.  The  title  is: 
"Brown  Learns  to   Study  at  College." 


Janunry,  1928 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


!>n 


READERS  OF  THE  TECHNOGRAPH 

STRAUCH'S 

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./uiiuury,  1928 


Once  Overs 

Continued  from    I'liye   US 
Co-ed  at  football  game — "Hold  him, 
George,  I  know  you  can." 


This  was  heard  in  a  telephone 
l)oolh.  Why  you  dirty  thing!  You  just 
wait  until  I  tell  you  the  story  before 
you  make  any  hap-hazard  guesses. 
Now  I  will  proceed  with  the  story.  Our 
Young  Hero  (for  every  story  must 
have  a  hero)  took  down  the  receiver 
of  the  telephone  and  deposited  his  five 
tents.  Finally  a  sweet  voice  came  over 
tlie  wire  waking  our  Young  Hero. 

"Number    please?" 

"2-2-2-2,"  was  the  quick  response. 

"Oh.  that's  allright,  big  boy,  give 
me  your  number  first  and  we  will 
play  train  afterwhile." 

Well,  there  was  nothing  left  for  nur 
Hero  to  do  but  to  step  right  out  of 
tlu>  booth  and  shoot  himself. 


One  of  our  dear  brethern  who  has 
been  touring  Europe  came  back  with 
the  profound  news  that  in  Italy  it  is 
a  general  custom  among  the  inhabi- 
tants that  their  breakfast  is  always 
served  in  the  mornings. 


Ec.  Prof — "What  is  untold  wealth?" 
Engineer — "That  which  does  not  ap- 
pear on  income  tax." 


Lee — "Enjoy  the  Legion  Convention 
in  Paris.  Tom?" 

Tom — "Naw.  I  never  did  run  across 
that  second  looie." — Life. 


He — "Would  you  mind  getting  up 
for  just  a  minute,  miss?" 

She— "Why?" 

He — "I  want  to  hang  up  this  notice. 
'Wet  Paint'." — U  of  V  Journal  of  En- 
(jineering. 


John — "I  heard  a  new  one  the  other 
day.  I  wonder  if  I  told  it  to  you." 
Brown — "Is  it  funny?" 
John — "Yes." 
Brown — "Then  you  haven't." 

— Rose  Technic. 


HEARD  IN  M.  E.  3 
M.    E.    Prof — "Wake    Mr.    Lotz    up, 
please. 

Voice  in  rear — "Wake  him  up  your- 
self, you  put  him  to  sleep." 


Teacher — "W'hat  month  has  twenty- 
eight  days  in  it?" 

Just  a  Freshman — "You  can't  fool 
me,   they  all   do." — Penn   Trianyle. 


"Well,  if  they  put  you  in  a  glass 
bowl  without  your  swimming  suit 
you'd  turn  red  too,"  protested  the  gold- 
fish.— The  Rose  T ethnic. 


First  Traveling  Salesman — "Being 
on  the  road  ain't  what  it  used  to  be." 

Second  Ditto — "Naw.  I've  been  on 
the  road  for  ten  years  now  and  never 
had  to  sleep  at  a  farmer's  house  yet." 
— .\  mil  erst    Lord  Jeff. 


Man  at  the  telephone — "Zander  I 
Zander!  Z!  Z!  No  not  C!  ABCDEPG 
HIJKYMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ  —  Z!   ^ 

('(ijtfornin   Prliran. 


The  prof  was  in  the  midst  of  his 
lecture  when  the  ten  minute  bell  rang. 
The  students  began  to  leave. 

"You  are  not  dismissed  until  I  fin- 
ish my  lecture,"  said  the  stern  prof. 

"Give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death." 
said  a  voice  from  the  multitude. 

"Who  said  that?"  requested  the 
prof. 

"Patrick  Henry."  was  the  reply. 


"Hard  as  concrete,  you  say?" 
"Yeh,    fact    is,    I    took    her    for    a 
walk." — The  Armour  Engineer. 


"I  have  only  one  request  to  make," 
groaned  the  college  man  who  had  just 
come  to  participate  in  the  harvest. 

"What  is  that,  Mr.  Smith?"  returned 
the  farmer. 

"Please  let  me  stay  in  bed  long 
enough  for  the  lamp  chimney  to  cool 
off." — The  Co-op  Engineer. 


An  Alabama  darky  was  telling  a 
friend  of  a  certain  church  service  he 
had  attended. 

"De  preacher  wasn't  feelin'  so  good 
last  Sunday."  he  said,  "an'  he  made 
de  stove  preach  de  sermon." 

"Made  de  stove  preach  de  sermon?" 

"Yassah;  made  it  red  hot  from  top 
to  bottom  an'  den  he  tells  de  sinners 
to  take  a  good  look  at  it  an'  go  to 
thinkin'." 


A  tourist  stopped  at  a  farm  house 
located  in  the  hills  of  southern  Mis- 
souri. When  he  approached  the  door 
he  noticed  four  holes  in  the  bottom  of 
it.  On  seeing  the  farmer  the  tourist 
asked  him  the  reason  for  the  four 
holes. 

"Wal  yu  see,  I  has  four  cats." 

"But  wouldn't  one  hole  be  enough 
for  the  cats  to  go  through?"  inquired 
the  tourist. 

"Hell  no!!  When  I  say  scat,  I  mean 
Scat!" — Ohio  State  Engineer. 


A  teacher  was  instructing  her  class 
in  the  use  of  antonyms. 

"Now,  children,"  she  said,  "what  is 
the  opposite  of  sorrow?" 

"Joy."  shrieked  the  class  in  unison. 

"What  is  the  opposite  of  pleasure?" 

"Pain." 

"And  what  is  the  opposite  of  woe?" 

"Giddap." 

— The  Co-op  Engineer. 


"Clarence."   she   called. 

He  stopped  the  car  and  looked 
around. 

"I  am  not  accustomed  to  call  my 
chauffeurs  by  their  first  names.  Clar- 
ence. What   is  your  surname?" 

"Darling,   madam." 

"Drive  on,  Clarence." 

— Judge. 


"Dad — "Remember,  son,  beauty  is 
only  skin  deep." 

Lad — "That's  deep  enough  for  me, 
Dad,  I'm  no  cannibal." — loicd  Engi- 
neer. 


Our  Calculus  prof  surely  must  be 
an  optimist.  He  has  asked  the  class 
to  write  a  theme  on  the  much  beloved 
subject  of  the  sophomore  Engineers- 
calculus.  Before  we  dare  undertake 
such  a  task  we  would  like  to  know 
about  calc  ourselves. 


"Statistics,"  declared  the  convoca- 
tion speaker,  "shows  that  the  modern, 
common  sense  style  of  woman's 
clothes  has  reduced  street-car  acci- 
dents at  least  fifty  per  cent." 

The  usual  subdued  voice  from  rear 
of  hall — "Gee.  why  don't  they  do  away 
with  accidents  altogether."  —  The 
Auburn    Engineer. 


New  Vacuum  Tube  Tester 

Testing  radio  tubes  by  machinery  is 
now  being  done  by  a  leading  American 
vacuum  tube  manufacturer.  The  de- 
vice consists  of  revolving  disk  several 
feet  in  diameter,  with  sockets  for  the 
tubes  mounted  on  one  face.  As  it  re- 
volves, the  tubes  are  connected  suc- 
cessively to  circuits  which  test  them 
for  the  essential  characteristics  of  a 
good  tube.  If  one  fails  to  measure  up 
to  standard,  an  electro-magnetic  plun- 
ger located  behind  the  machine  pushes 
the  tube  into  a  basket  for  further  ex- 
amination. While  the  most  expert  hu- 
man operators  can  test  only  2000  tubes 
per  day,  this  machine  easily  examines 
30,000  and  with  a  much  higher  degree 
of  accuracy — Tech  Engineering  Netcs. 


Janwn-ji,  1928 


THE  TErilXOCIfAI'll 


101 


With  Eads  and  Gorthell 

Continued  from  I'aae  T.J 
u;a\o  iiisti'iictidiis  to  place  tlic  work  in  as  safe  con 
(litioii  as  possililc,  ])ut  iniimiiu's  in  cliai-i^e  to  protect 
tlie  property,  and  all  others  to  come  North.  Wc 
carried  out  his  instriidions  to  llie  best  of  oui'  aliil 
ity.  One  of  our  boats  came  up  the  river  witli  I  he 
engineers,  the  office  force  and  families,  and  the 
others  witli  the  laborers. 

ilost  of  the  enf;incers  with  families  and  the  of 
fice  force  had  homes  in  or  near  St.  Louis.  T  nu't 
them  at  the  wharf  with  railroad  tickets  and  ru.slied 
them  North  without  goin^-  throujjli  the  infected  dis 
trict.  Yet  some  were  stricken  after  arrivin<;-  Xoi'th. 
and  a  few  of  them  never  came  back,  among  that  num 
her  was  Ca])tain  Xelson,  the  former  partner  of  ilr. 
Eads  in  the  wrecking;  and  salvage  business.  As  we 
iiad  a  good  hos])ital  stewaid  and  nui-se  at  Port  Eads. 
many  of  the  men,  who  ha<l  no  Ikhiics  in  the  South. 
remained  at  Port  Eads  on  the  work.  After  distri 
buting  the  refugees  fi-om  the  work,  as  my  telegraiih 
o])ei'ator  was  an  immune,  I  jjlaced  him  in  charge  of 
the  office  and  i)rei)ared  to  go  North.  On  account  of 
a  shotgun  (piarantine  at  some  i)oints  ou  the  rail 
roads,  with  Mrs.  Karner  and  Mr.  Corthell,  I  came 
North  by  sea.  AVe  had  an  uneventful  trip  North,  e.x 
(■e]it  running  into  a  Norther  off  TTatteras,  wliicli    I 

Continued  on    Pmie   Id.', 


Ype 


INIQDE,'^^ 


IlNiQUE 

W COLORED 


NUS 

PENCILS 

The  Largest  Selling  Suality  ^Pencils 
in  the  H'orld 

T/ie  Lead  is  absolutely  free 
from  grit  or  even  the  slight- 
est coarseness;  remarkably 
smooth  and  long-lasting. 
Each  of  the  17  degrees  are 
tiniform  with  every  pencil 
of  that  degree — always. 
The  uiood  is  specially  select- 
ed cedar,  of  the  best  quality 
obtainable. 

Theirperfectionmakesthem 
economical  as  they  can  be 
used  down  to  the  last  inch. 
The  distinctive  watermarJc 
finish  avoids  substitution  — 
known  and  recognized 
throughout  the  world. 

17  Black  Degrees 
3  Copying 


COLORED  Pencils 


Make  fine  lines  for  fieurins,  check- 
ing, sketchiog,  blueprints,  etc 

Blue  Purple  Pink 

Red  Brown  Lt.  Blue 

Green  Orange  Lt.  Greea 

white  Yellow  Maioon 


$imperdoz. 


For  bold  heavy  lines 6B.5B-4B-3B 

For  wriluK,  skelchiiig 2B-BHB-F-H 

For  clean  fine  lines  . .  2H-3H-4H.5H.6H 
For  delicate,  iUd  lines 7H.8H.9H 

Plain  Ends— per  doz.  $  1 .00 

Rubber  *'  — per  doz.  $1.20 

At  Stationers  and  Stores 

throughout  the  fVorld 

American  Lead  Pencil  Co. 
218  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


Pease  Imported 
Drawing  Instru- 
ments can  be  had 
in  both  semi  -  flat 
and  square  type 
styles  —  in  either 
single  pieces  or 
complete   sets 


Pease  Steel  Base 
Table.  Top  can  he 
raised  or  lowered 
any  distance  be- 
tween 35  and  46 
inches  from  the 
from  1 6" 
to  30  seconds. 


A  Sound  Beginning 

And  a 

Finishing  Touch 

to  an 

Engineering  Course! 

Pease  Drafting  Room  Equipment 

\  •■r.\  |)r()l>al>l.\  llic  InX  limi'  >  ou  cvci-  s:il  (iciwri  lirldic  a  liaciii:;. 
DIK-  set  III  drawing  instniincnN  iiiiiUed  (In-  saiiii'  as  aiKillirr  and 
one  drawing;  taldi-  si'diicd  no  dillrrcnl  Iriini  llic  rrsl.  llo\\r\ci-, 
niosi  liUi'lj.  as  with  tliimsands  ol  Kn^^lnccrin;:  SliKicnts  il  didn'l 
take  ionj;  to  Irarn  IVase  Drauini;  Instriinienis  worUt'd  sn\ootlit'r, 
had  iHTliM  I  balance,  were  more  (liiraliU-  and  ciialilrd  you  to  draw 
niosl   a<(ura(('l,v. 

'crhap.s  you  also  found,  that  IVase  Di-awiny  Tallies  «avc  the 
most  solid  level  dr.iwini;  surface  and  <ould  be  slantfHl  most  (on- 
veniently  lo  a  comfortable  position. 

.\s  a  mattei-  of  (■.•At  iCs  llic  same  with  all  I'ea.se  Drafting  Koom 
K(|Uipment — desii^ned  especially  to  answer  its  purpose  most  satis- 
factoril.N — in  eltliei  llie  ilass  room,  nrol'essional  or  eouunercial 
field. 

Write  for  Catalog  DE  31A 

THE  C.  F.  PEASE  COMPANY 

831  North  FrankUn  Street 
Chicago,  Illinois 


102 


Till';  'ri^ciixocKAi'ii 


■fdniKiijj,  tO.iS 


9 

o  the  uanid  Boone^ 


m  every  man  .- 


/ 


IT  is  still  the  day  of  the  trail  blazer. 
In  the  telephone  industry  pio- 
neers are  cutting  new  paths  in  the 
knowledge  of  their  art. 

This  industry  is  continually  on 
the  threshold  of  new  ideas,  with 
each  development  opening  up  a 
vista  for  its  explorers  to  track 
down. 

Their  activity  will  be  as  engi- 
neers in   laboratory  research  and 


plant  operation,  but  also  in  super- 
visory and  executive  positions  — 
planning  the  course  of  activity  for 
groups  of  men  and  carrying  the 
burdens  of  administration. 

The  responsibility  and  opportu- 
nity of  management  take  on  an  in- 
creasing importance  in  an  industry 
such  as  this,  where  forward-look- 
ing leadership  must  point  the  way 
to  ever  better  public  service. 


Jdniifiri/,  19.28 


THE  TErnXOORAPn 


io: 


I 


With  Eads  and  Corthell 

Continued  from  Page  I'll 
tliiiik  Imuislied  all  the  fever  ffei-ms  from  our  systems, 
if  we  were  carrying  any  North.  It  was  the  worst 
(■l)i(lemic  of  the  "Yellow  Scourge"  whicli  had  visited 
\ew  Orleans  in  nearly  half  a  century.  During  tiie 
.season  there  were  sixty-five  cases  of  fevei'  at  Port 
lOads,  of  which  thirteen  were  fatal.  Early  in  De- 
cember it  was  declared  safe  for  us  to  return.  We 
liurried  back  to  Xew  Orleans  and  were  soon  at  work 
at  an  increased  speed. 

Tiie  jetties  were  so  successful  thai  late  in  lS7!t 
a  diannel  was  obtained  across  the  bar  at  South 
Pass,  with  the  minimum  contract  deptii  of  thirty 
feet.  The  principal  work  during  the  winter  of  J879- 
ISSO  was  completing  the  work  at  the  ends  of  each 
jetty  and  doing  .some  finisliing  re(]uii-ed  l>y  the 
I'nited  States  Engineer  in  charge,  before  he  would 
cei-tify  to  the  completion  of  the  work.  Early  in  the 
Spring  of  1880,  Mr.  Eads  gave  Mr.  Corthell  a  long 
h'ave  of  absence,  partly  on  account  of  liealth,  and  to 
write  a  com])lete  history  of  the  great  engineering 
woik  in  opening  the  mouth  of  South  Pass  for  the 
admission  of  deep  draft  vessels.  As  the  need  of  an 
office  in  Xew  Orleans  was  diminishing,  I  was  de- 
tailed to  accompany  Mr.  Corthell  to  New  York  to 
assist  him.    I  was  glad  to  go  back  to  Xew  Yoi'k,  l)iit 


as  typewriters  were  not  in  general  use  tiu'u,  I  knew 
it  meant  writing  with  pen  and  pencil  many  thou- 
sands of  words  fi'om  dictation.  In  writing  that 
history  "1  sure  liad  troubles  of  my  own."  1  w  rote 
about  ten  thousand  words  and  sent  the  manuscript 
to  tlie  publisliei-,  who  turned  it  in  to  the  i)rinter. 
Two  days  later  there  was  a  fire  in  the  printing  of 
fice  and  our  manuscript  went  up  in  smoke.  When 
I  was  told  of  it  I  walked  around  the  block  we  lived 
in  whistling  "Di.xie,"  tlien  re-wi'ote  the  ten  thousand 
words  from  the  rough  draft  I  had  retained  in  my 
room.  Even  after  the  history  of  the  Jetties  was 
published,  I  was  carried  on  Mr.  Ead's  jiayroll,  with 
the  understanding  I  could  accejit  any  tem])orarv 
employment  I   wished. 

In  justice  to  Mr.  Eads,  I  wish  to  say  heie  that 
in  twenty-five  years,  the  jetties  he  built,  as  an  oh 
ject  lesson  to  tlie  United  States  Engineers  of  later 
date,  were  such  a  complete  success  that  the  (Jovern- 
ment  engineers  not  only  approved  them,  but  to  still 
further  benefit  navigation  on  the  lower  Mississi]i])i, 
under  appropriation  for  the  i)urpose,  they  construct- 
ed jetties  at  the  mouth  of  the  Southwest  Pass  on 
])ractically  the  same  ]ilan  of  the  Eads  jetties  and 
the  plan  pi-esented  to  (^)ngress  by  'Slv.  Eads  in  1874- 
187o,  which  the  C.overnment  engineers  then  so 
bitterly  opposed. 


WIRE 


automobile  and  airplane  wires, 
electrical  wires,  submarine  cables, 
bridge-building  cables,  wire  rope, 
telegraph  and  telephone  wire, 
radio  wire,  round  wire,  welding 
wire,  flat  wire,  star-shaped  and  all  different  kinds  of  shapes  of  wire, 
sheet  wire,  piano  wire,  pipe  organ  wire,  wire  hoops,  barbed  wire, 
woven  wire  fences,  wire  gates,  wire  fence  posts,  trolley  wire  and  rail 
bonds,  poultry  netting,  wire  springs,  concrete  reinforcing  wire  mesh, 
nails,  staples,  tacks,  spikes,  bale  ties,  steel  wire  strips,  wire-rope  aerial 
tramways.  Illustrated  story  of  how  steel  and  wire  is  made,  also  illus- 
trated books  describing  uses  of  all  the  above  wires  sent  free. 

AMERICAN  STEEL&WIRE 


Sales  Offices 


COMPANY 


Chicago        New  York 
Wilkes-Barre      St.  Lou 


on        Cleveland        Worcester        Philadelphia       Pirfsburgh        Buffalo      Detroit      Cincinn^ 
nsasCity      St.  Paul      Oklahoma  City      Birmingham      Memphis      Dallas     Atlanta     Denver 
Export  Representative:  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Co.,  New  York 
Pacific  Coast  Representative;  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Company,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Seattle 


ti      Baltimore 
Salt  Lake  City 


106 


Till;  'n:(iixn<ii;Ai'ir 


./(iiiiKiri/.  1!>2S 


Established  1867 


The  Vilter  Manufacturing  Co. 

1020   Clinton  St..  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Ice  Making  and  Refrigerating  Machinery 
Corliss  and  Poppet  Valve  Engines 

Branch  office.^  in  all  principal  cities 
If  interested  write  for  bulletins 


Contemporary    Enijineerinj* 

News 

Continued  from  I'aye  7) 
to  350  feet,  sufficient  penetration  is 
obtained  even  tor  large  fields,  and  the 
units  can  be  individually  adjusted  to 
take  care  of  any  unevenness  in  the 
surface  of  the  ground. — Westinuhousr 
Technical   Press   Service. 


Senior  Inspection  Trip 
Reports 

Continued  from  I'lii/r  IH 
machinery  from  inspecting  the  mate- 
rials as  they  enter  to  final  assembly 
and  riveting  of  frames  and  their  fin- 
ishing. The  building  is  without  floors. 
steel  shelving  providing  storage  space 
for  the  frames.  The  giant  machine 
which  makes  the  main  part  of  the 
frame  can  turn  out  360  per  hour  and 
requires  a  crew  of  30  men.  The  enam- 
eling and  baking  of  the  frames  is  com- 
pleted in  one  and  one-half  hours. 

This  plant  takes  exceptionally  good 
care  of  its  men  but  refuses  to  recog- 
nize labor  unions  of  any  sort.  It  was 
the  most  interesting  throughout  of 
those  visited  on  the  entire  trip. 

The  Lakeside  Power  Plant  of  the 
Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  and  Light 


Company  is  one  of  the  units  of  the 
T.  M.  E.  R.  and  L.  Company.  It  has 
a  present  capacity  of  167,000  kilowatts 
with  an  ultimate  capacity  of  230,000 
kilowatts.  The  management  presented 
a  short  lecture  before  the  trip  through 
the  plant.  This  lecture  briefly  outlined 
the  chief  points  of  interest  in  the 
plant  and  the  general  purpose  and  use 
of  the  machinery  to  be  seen.  The  T. 
M.  E.  R.  and  L.  Company  was  very 
courteous  during  the  visit  and  fur- 
nished free  transportation  to  and  from 
their  plant,  as  well  as  other  plants 
visited   in  Milwaukee. 

The  fueling  system  is  the  pride  of 
the  plant  and  is  of  the  most  modern 
type.  A  rotary  coal-dumper  empties  a 
coal  car  at  a  time  into  the  bins.  The 
coal  is  then  pulverized,  passed  over  a 
magnetic  belt  to  remove  the  tramp 
iron,  dried  out  to  about  three  per  cent 
moisture  and  then  ground  and  blown 
thru  a  mixing  carburator  into  the  fur- 
naces. Practically  all  the  ash  goes  up 
the    stacks. 

The  things  which  impressed  the 
seniors  the  most  were  the  absence  of 
labor  unions  in  the  large  plants  and 
the  efficiency  of  organization  and  op- 
eration which  was  everywhere  en- 
countered. 

—J,   R.   "Webb  '30. 


College  Notes 

Continued   from    l'(uje   HI 
'28.  who  in  a  recent  hour  quiz  startled 
the  E.   E.   department  by   discovering 
that   2  X  1=3. 

Because  of  his  prodigious  "feats" 
Tack  Staples,  ry.  '31,  has  qualified.  He 
wears  a  size   12  shoe. 

B.  S.  Tucker,  c.  e.,  '31,  alias  "Joe 
Colletch."  ordinarily  wears  old  clothes 
to  Physics  Lecture  so  that  he  may 
sleep  comfortably  without  worrying 
about  the  resultant  wrinkles.  The  day 
he  left  to  give  the  home-folks  a  treat 
at  Thanksgiving  vacation,  he  wore  his 
Sunday-Best  to  the  lecture.  He  was 
much  fatigued  by  being  obliged  to  stay 
awake  during  the  ENTIRE  hour  in 
order  that  he  wouldn't  wrinkle  said 
raiment. 

Paul  Bush,  running  true  to  the  form 
of  the  thrifty  Pennsylvania  Dutch  is 
a  quarterly  visitor  at  the  Technograph 
office.  He  comes  around  to  read  each 
issue  of  The  Technograph  in  the  of- 
fice so  that  he  won't  have  to  buy  one. 
Jack  Rose  B.   S.   Tucker 

Dan  Lyon  Tack  Staples 

E.  P.  Halligan       "Buzz"    Bush 
BONG  —  BOXG  —  HEY  —  HEY 
THEY'RE   MEMBERS 


■Januiini.  192S 


THE  tf:<h\(m;kaph 


10" 


Where  Bearings  Never  had  a  Chance 


In  steel  mills,  in  cement  miUs  and  in  a  few  other 
places  there  are  bearing  jobs  where  the  loads  go 
beyond  a  million  pounds!  Here  the  trend  to 
Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearings  is  even  more 
marked  than  it  is  in  general. 

Timken  Bearings  are  delivering  their  usual  con- 
tinuous, money-saving  service  on  jobs  which  never 
allowed  any  other  type  of  bearing  more  than  a 
bare  chance  for  life. 


Aside  from  the  maintenance  savings,  insurance 
against  shutdown,  and  improvement  in  product, 
the  power  savings  on  Timken  installations  fre- 

THE       TIMKEN       ROLLER       REARING       CO.,       CANTON,       OHIO 


quently  run  as  high  as  35%.  Cases  are  on  record 
where  60%  of  power  has  been  saved.  And  the 
cost  of  lubrication  drops  to  a  small  fraction  of  what 
it  once  was. 

No  wonder  the  importance  of  Timken  Bearings 
transcends  the  mere  technicalities  of '  'anti-friction. ' ' 
Timken  Bearings  have  become  a  vital  economic 
factor  in  the  Industries. 

As  an  engineer  you  will  have  more  and  more  to  do 
with  the  application  of  Timken  Bearings.  We 
shall  be  glad  to  send  you  interesting  and  valuable 
matter  about  them. 


^n 


Tapered 
Roller  JL2 


NGS 


108 


Tin;  Ti:<ii.\(i(ii{.\iMi 


■liniiKiri/.  lU.^S 


Object 


To  inquire  into  the  steps  of  manufacture 
taken  to  safeguard  the  uniformly  high 
c]uaUty  of  Jenkins  Valves. 

Apparatus  -^ 

A  tour  of  inspection  of  Jenkins  Bros, 
factory,  Bridgeport,  Conn.* 

Procedure  — 

Note  that  metal  is  analyzed  by  trained 
metallurgists  before  and  after  casting. 
Note  that  the  design  and  construction 
are  in  accordance  with  sound  engineering 
principles  and  practice.  Note  that  research 
is  being  carried  on  constantly,  that  new 
features  are  being  developed  which  are 
added  to  the  product.  Note  that  every 
completed  valve  is  tested  in  actual  opera- 
tion and  that  only  valves  which  make 
good  in  wide  margin  tests  are  allowed  to 
leave  the  factory. 

Conclusion  — 

The  steps  of  manufacture  taken  to  safe- 
guard the  uniformly  high  quality  of 
Jenkins  Valves  are  sufficient  to  explain 
the  confidence  of  hundreds  of  engineers 
who  have  made  Jenkins  Valves  their 
standard  valve  selection. 

*c_//«  invitation  is  extended  to  engineering  college 
students  to  visit  the  Jenkins  factory  singly  or  in  groups. 
If  notification  be  given  in  advance,  Jenkins  Bros, 
will  be  pleased  to  make  arrangements  jor  a  tour  of 
inspection. 


Always  marked  with  the  "Diamond 

enkmsAMves 

Y  SINCE  IS64 


The  Inveslifjation  of  Stresses  in 
Railroad  Track 

Conthi iii'rj  from   f'ai/c  li'. 

iijinin.'it  the  r;iils.  An  iiis|ic(l  imi  nf  tlic  (liafii-anis  will 
sliow  Hint  for  the  iiiiicr  i:iil  llic  sti-i-ssc's  (Iccrcascil 
with  iiuTcaNc  in  speed  ami  I'dt  llie  onler  rail  lliey 
increased  al  hinlier  speeds.  At  \\\v  lnw  speed  tlie 
sii])er-elevati()n  of  tlie  track  results  in  indi-e  llian  one 
half  tlie  li)a<l  Ix'inji  transmitted  to  the  inner  rail. 
At  the  higher  speeds,  tlie  centrifnLiai  force  acts  to 
increase  the  |iroportioii  of  load  taUen  hy  the  outer 
i-ail.  It  is  a  fad  that  the  sti'esses  in  the  two  rails 
ai-e  more  nearly  eipialized  at  the  speed  of  superele- 
vation (27  miles  jier  hour  foi-  the  alioxc  curve  I  than 
at  lower  or  hifiher  sjieeds. 

One  of  the  larjje  railroad  coniji.inies  has  so  (!<■ 
si<;iied  its  recent  locomotives  that  a  reduction  of 
.'!.'!  i)er  cent  in  the  ma.ximnm  stress  in  the  rails  of 
curved  track  is  effected.  This  has  not  only  ltroni;ht 
about  a  decided  decrease  in  maintenance  of  track 
and  moti\e  power,  but  has  i)romoted  saftey. 

Extensive  investigations  have  been  eoudncted  on 
other  problems.  The  de]>ression  of  the  track  under 
load  has  been  sttidied  and  the  condition  of  the  track 
structure  u]>on  stresses  in  rail  and  the  distribution 
of  load  re]iorted.  After  a  slii^ht  ]ilay  between  rail 
and  tie,  and  tie  and  ballast  is  taken  up,  the  depres- 


4-ON/x 


SINCE  1676 

STANDARD  BY  WHICH 

QUALITY  IS  JUDGED 

in  all  forms  of 

RUBBER  INSULATED  WIRE  and  CABLE 

VARNISHED  CAMBRIC  WIRE  andCABLE 

IMPREGNATED   PAPER  CABLE 

AND  TAPES 

nianufactured  b 

THE 

:onite  Comp 
onite  Callender  Cabl 

^TH    AVENUE,  NEW   YORI 


■hniiKirji,  1D2S 


TIIK  Ti:c]INO(J]IAI'II 


mil 


sioii  of  the  rail  may  be  said  to  be  proportional  to  the 
load  ai)plied.  Good  ti'ack  depresses  not  more  than 
(I.L'.")  ill.  iiiidcr  the  wlieels  of  loaded  cars  and  not 
more  than  D.K)  in.  iiiidcr  locoinof ive  drivers. 

A  lenjjthy  report  lias  been  jmblished  on  tlie 
liansmission  of  ])ressnres  in  ballast.  It  was  found 
Ihat  there  slioiild  be  from  18  to  1'4  in.  of  ballast  be- 
neath tlie  bottom  of  the  ties  to  distribute  the  pres 
sure  evenly  to  the  roadbed. 

The  Pommittee  has  obtained  intorniatii)ii  on  the 
infliicnce  of  cantiiii;  of  rail  liy  the  use  of  inclined 
lie  plates.  With  the  rails  inclined  inwardly  1  in  20 
fioni  till'  vriiical  by  niakim;  the  outside  edjies  of 
llie  lie  jilates  tliicUer  than  the  inside  edfics,  it  was 
riiuiiil  tiial  the  center  of  the  bearine  of  the  wheels 
is  more  nearly  at  the  ceiiliT  of  the  head  of  the  rail. 
The  stresses  in  the  two  ed'^cs  of  the  ba.se  of  the  rail 
are  also  more  nearly  eipialized  by  (his  ])ractice. 

An  extensixe  study  of  the  action  of  the  rail 
joint  has  been  made,  lint  a  reporl  on  this  subject 
has  not  so  far  been  presented,  l-'oiir  leports  of  the 
•  'oiiimiltee  lia\e  been  published  comprising;  in  all 
about  TOO  pa^^es.  Tliese  rejiorls  may  be  found  in  the 
TntUHactioiiH  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Va\- 
.uineers.  V(dume  82  (1!)18).  ^'olunle  8:'.  (1920),  A'ol 
ume  8.")  (1922)  and  Volume  SS  i  Iil2.')).  The  same  re- 


Rhoads  Tannate 
Leather  Belting 


Ne^^  Installation  and  Rhoads 

Tannate  Belting  —  25  Years  a 

Rhoads  Customer 

AI'EXXSVLVANIA  paper  mill  installed  a 
lot  of  new  machinery  a  few  months  ajio. 
And  this  20-inch,  2-ply  Rhoads  Tannate  Leath 
er  Kelt  was  put  on  the  followinj;  line  of 
machinery : 

!l  <'enlrifuual   piiinps       1  duplc.\   |)Uiiips 
s   l(l]ilate  screens  4  ajjitators 

A  :Uincli  Khoads  Belt  \<-as  juil  on  a  100 
inch  board  machine  iucliidinn-  presses,  dryers, 
raleiiders  and  duplex  cutter  and  w  inder. 

They  also  used  ITiO  feel  of  Khoads  lieltin- 
ill    narrower  widths. 

Khoads  Tannate  Leather  I'.eltin^  is  linill 
\\aI<'r]iroof.  Its  strength  an  dloiij;  life  mean 
hell  economy.  Its  unusual  j;rip  means  power 
sa\e(l   and  j^reater  out]nit. 

This  mill  has  been  a  Khoads  eiistonier  for 
more  than  2.'i  years.  Evidently  they  think  it 
|iays  Id  use   Khoads  Belts. 

J.  E.  RHOADS  &  SONS 


riiii..\iii;Li'iii.\ 
m;w  \(ikK 
111  h  .\(,( ) 
All  .\x  I  A 
1    I.IA  II  A\l> 


i^    .v.. nil    Si.Mli    Sti.ct 

---     -HI-'    Hcckiii.in    Stiii-t 

;_'_>    Wf.st    k.-mdolph    Street 

-88    Fdrsvtii    Street,    S.W. 

IJUO    West     .Ninth     Slr.el 


Factory  and  Tannery:  WilminBton,  Dele'ware 


110 


"III:  Ti;('ii.\o(;i!Ai'ii 


■IdiitKirji.  t92S 


Steel  Sheets  that  Resist  Rust! 

The  destructive  enemy  of  sheet  metal  is  rust. 
It  is  successfully  combated  by  the  use  of  pro- 
tective coatings,  or  by  scientific  alloying  to  re- 
sist corrosion.  Well  made  steel  alloyed  with 
Coppergivesmaximum  endurance.  Insistupon 

KEYSTONE 

Rust-Resisting 
Copper  Steel 

Sheets 

Black  and  Galvanized 


Keystone  Copper  Steel  gives  superior  service  for  roof- 
ing, siding,  gutters,  spouting,  culverts,  flumes,  tanks,  and 
all  uses  to  which  sheet  metal  is  adapted — above  or  below 
the  ground.  Our  booklet  Fac/i  tells  you  why.  We  manu- 
facture American  Bessemer,  American  Open  Hearth, 
and  Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets  and  Tin  Plates. 

Black  Sheets  for  all  purposes 
Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets 
Apollo  Best  Bloom  Galvanized  Sheets 
Apollo-Keystone  Galvanized  Sheets 
Culvert,  Flume,  and  Tank  Stock 
Formed  Roofing  and  Siding  Products 
Automobile  Sheets,  Electrical  Sheets 
Deep  Drawing  and  Stamping  Stock 
Tin  and  Terne  Plates,  Black  Plate,  Etc. 


Our  Sheel  and  Tin  Mill  Products  re 
■re  particularly  suited  to  the  requir< 
COOBtructioD  fields.  Sold  by  leading  n 


of  quality,  and 
ring,  and  general 
it  District  Office. 


y\merican  Slieet  anH.  Tin  Plate  Company 


Idine.  Pitlshureh,  Pa. 


Chicago  < 

Pacific  Coast  Represent! 

Export  Representatives 


District  Sales  Offices= 
iti  Denver  Detroit       ^ 

Philadelphia        Pittsburgh        St. 


United  States  Steel  Products  Co. .Sa 
Los  Angeles       Portland         Seattle 
:  United  States  Steel  Products  Co..  New 


Mew  York 
Francisco 
York  City 


])oits  arc  also  imlilislicd  in  ilic  t'ntci  i  <t'ui(/s  of  the 
-Kinerican  Railway  ICnjiinccriiii;  Association,  V<>\- 
iinic  lit  (lltlSi.  X.iliiiiic  lil  (litL'Iti,  \'()liiiiic  :.':! 
(l!)2:i)    anil    N'oiiiiiic   L'f,    (  IICJ.'.  i. 

The  iiivcstijialioii  lias  liccn  of  \aliic  lo  the  rail 
way  coni|)anics.  Itolh  the  eii^incci-iiij;  and  iiiiMlian- 
ical  (lc|)artiiicnts  liaxc  utilized  the  iiitoiinaliim, 


The  Echo  Dam 

ciiiitiiiiicii  fiiiiii  I'tuii-  .sv; 
and  sto|)cd  ciit-ofl's  and  in  thin  reinforced  walls  or 
slabs,  such  as  in  the  ])ara])et  walls  and  gatehouse." 
Other  interestinfj  comparisons  nii};lit  he  drawn 
if  si)ace  would  jierniit.  The  writiu}!  of  the  sjjecifl- 
cations  reiinired  particular  care  in  view  of  tlie  com- 
ple.xity  of  the  i)roblem.  Sjjecificatioiis  and  drawiiij^s 
were  i)re]iared  in  the  Denver  office  of  the  Bureau  of 
Reclamation  under  the  direction  of  R.  F.  Walfei', 
Chief  Enifineei'  and  .T,  Ti.  Sava^'c.  Chipf  Desif^niiif: 
Engineer. 


When  You  Lift  the  Receiver 

Continued  from  Paije  •'") 
wliicli  will  lifilit  the  j;nard  lamp,  indicatiiij;  to  the 
B  hoard  operator  that  she  may  remove  the  trunk 
cord  from  the  jack  at  M.  The  trunk  is  then  ready 
for  another  call,  f(u-  as  soon  as  the  ]iliij;  is  removed, 
relay  ("  di-oi)s  hack,  e.\tiiii;nisliini;   the  <;uai(l  lainji. 


DUDm 


MAGNET  WIRE 
and  WINDINGS 

are  standard  in  four 
out  of  five  electrical 
manufacturing  plants. 


Ask  for  a  copy  of  the  DUDLO  folder 

"Wire  and  Winding  Data".    It 

will  help  you  in  your  work. 

DUDLO  M.ANLIF.ACTURING  GOMP.ANV 
I'OKT  \>.4VNK,  INDI.VNA 

IJirinioii  of  The  General  Cable  Corporation 


h-t—i 


A<^ 


THE 


I 


lECHNOGPs^ 

PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  STUDENTS  OETHE 
COLLEGE  or  ENGINEEMNC    UNIVERSin  y* ILLINOIS 


tr 


e?^i^^ 


^I^rcJi 

19Z8 


^\N^ 


v^^\^^^" 


A-^^ 


MEMBER        OF        THE        ENGINEERING        COLLEGE       M  A  C".  A  Z  I  N  E  S       ASSOCIATED 

FOUNDED  '  EIGHTEEN   HUNDRED  '  ANDEIGHTY.  TIVZ 
VOLUME-XL  'PRICE-30CENTS-  NUMBER  fll 


STOCKHAM  kl  FITTINGS 


ELECTRIC  STEEL  FITTINGS  which  meet 
the  new  AMERICAN  STANDARD 


STOCKHAM 

ELECTRIC 

CAST 

STEEL 

FITTINGS 

AND  FLANGES 

ARE  MADE   FOR 

WORKING  STEAM 

PRESSURES  OF 

150,  300,  400,  600,  900 

AND   1350  LBS. 


Wm.  H.  Stocki 
Founds 


THE  entire  line  of  Stockham  Electric  Cast  Steel 
Flanged  Fittings  and  Flanges  is  designed  exactly  in 
accordance  with  the  American  Standard  as  developed 
by  the  American  Engineering  Standards  Committee.  Chemi- 
cally and  physically,  Stockham  Steel  is  guaranteed  to  meet 
the  specifications  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Mate- 
rials. Each  fitting  is  hydrostatically  tested  before  shipment. 
But  in  addition  to  these  standard  requirements  for  steel  fit- 
tings, the  rigid  Stockham  quality  standard  is  maintained. 
Stockham  Steel  is  uniform  in  structure  with  an  even  grain  of 
metal  and  without  internal  stress  or  strain.  Fittings  are  free 
from  air  pockets  and  sand  holes;  have  smooth  inner  surfaces; 
are  accurately  faced  and  drilled;  and  in  appearance  are 
superior. 

Use  Stockham  Steel  Fittings  for  your  high-pressure  and  high- 
temperature  requirements.  The  Stockham  Line  includes  every 
item  in  steel  according  to  the  New  American  Standard. 

Engineering  students  interested  in  piping  are  invited  to 
send  for  our  catalog.  It  contains  drawings  and  illustra- 
tions of  every  type  of  fitting,  lists  of  sizes  with  dimension 
tables,  the  kind  of  information  that  is  valuable  when 
making  plans  or  specifications  for  fittings. 


Mrs.  Katk  F.  St.. 


H.C.  Stockham.  CI '09 
President 


BOSTON 


Stockham 

PIPE  ^  FITTINGS  COMPANY 

BIRMINGHAM,  ALABAMA 

Warehouses  with  Complete  Stocks  in : 

NEW  YORK  CHICAGO 


19 


Vice-President 

R  J.  Stockham,  ex 
Secretary 
G.  Pete 
Chicago  Manager 

R.  E.  RisLET,  '20 

Supt.  Inspection  Dr 


LOS  ANGELES 


.Ufinli.  in2l^  THE  TErilXOORAPn 

H 


The  TECHNOGRAPH 

UNIVERSITY  OF   ILLINOIS 
Member  of  the  Einiineeiing  College  Magazines  Associated 


VoiXME  XL  Urbaxa,  Marcu.  192S  Nimhkr  III 


Contents  for  January 


Cover  Desicx — View  of  Ore  Exroite  to  the  Mii.i.s  oe  the 

Utah  Copper  Company,  drawn  to  illustrate  "Utah's 

Mountain  of  Copper" .V.   Thomimon 

Natioxai.  Waterw  av  I^cl'Ro\EME^•T  o\  Ohio  River  Loc  k  axd  Dam  51       121 
•/.   H.  ^yehh 

LisTEXiX(;   Kill!   Oh 127 

•/.  ir.  T>r^Yo^t 

Utah's  Moi  xtaix  of  Copper 13(1 

C.  A.  Pencock 

The   Vreei.axii   Osciilatoh 132 

C.  E.  Skroder 

LtnRKATlXC    the   EXiHNK  OF  THE  MODERX  CaR 133 

Verne  Miners 

The  Wi!ii;nT  "WiiHtiwixn"  Aviatiox   Excuxe 135 

W.  F.  Riddway 

Latest  Devet.opmext  Ix  Steam  Heatixg  Systems 137 

ir.  T.  Durham 

Lixcoi.x   Btsii . 139 

M.  B.  Fierke 

Rehahii  itatiox  of  the  SoiTH  Shore  Lixe _     140 

E.  K.  Stnrer 

Tom  Jo(:i;ei!  Astraxi) I43 

E.  W.  Wash}ra}!as 

EniToiiiAi 144 

Departmextai.    Notes _14(j 

College  Notes 14S 

Coxtempokary   Ex(;ixEEiiiX(;   News 150 

Fraterxity    A<tivities 153 

Alum XI  Notes I54 

OXCE-OVERS IgQ 


Members  of  the  Engineering   College  Magazines  Associated 

Chairman:     Prof.   Leslie  F.  Van  Hagan,  College  of  Engineering,  Madison.  Wisconsin 

Armour    Engineer  Purdue   Engineering   Review 

The  Transit  Minnesota    TechnoLog 

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TDK  TKCUXOCKAIM! 


ll'l 


The  Tbchnogp^ 

Published  Quarterly  by  the  Students  of  the  College  of  Engineering — University  of  Illinois 


Volume  XL 


Urbana,  Illinois,  March,  1928 


National  Waterway  Improvement  on  Ohio 
River  Lock  and  Dam  51 


•I.  I{.  Wkbd,  c.e..  ';!0 


"Kfport  liere  at  seven  tomoiTow  uioruiiifi  ready 
I'lir  work."  Tlio.se  words  were,  for  me,  the  bejiiiiniii;.; 
of  one  of  the  most  eventful  and  worthwhile  summers 
of  my  life.  They  meant  that  I  was  at  last  to  yet  a 
chance  to  work  on  a  re;il  eniiineering  job  with  real 
ens;ineers  and  to  do  an  en<;ineer's  work  on  one  of 
the  Ohio  rivei-  lock  and  dam  units  at  Golconda. 
Illinois. 

Lock  and  Dam  Nnniher  •>!,  located  at  Golconda. 
Illinois,  on  the  Ohio  river,  is  a  unit  in  a  system  of 
waterway  imi)rovement  which  the  War  Department 
has  hcen  carryinj;  on  for  many  years,  especially  on 
the  n]iper  reach(>s  of  the  Ohio.  I'ntil  aftei-  the 
World  War  little  was  doiu'  on  the  southei'u  section 
of  the  ri\('i-.  Since  tiiat  time,  iiowevei-,  a  i;i-eat 
amount  of  work  has  lieen  accomidished.  most  of  the 
dams  on  the  present  iirojiram  either  havins;  been 
completed  or  nearly  so.  Most  of  this  work  has  been 
done  by  the  government  but  in  two  cases,  one  of 
which  is  Dam  ~>l.  the  woik  was  turned  o\ei-  to  a 
large  contracting  com])any  to  lie  caiiied  on  under 
rigid  governmental  supei\  ision. 

The  i)urpose  of  this  series  of  locks  and  dams  is  to 
contr(d  I'iver  flow  so  that  the  river  may  be  navigable 
all  year.  At  jiresent  during  the  low-water  season  of 
July,  August,  and  sometimes  September,  steam  boats 
and  tows  of  any  size  cannot  go  np  ov  down  the  river 
because  of  the  narrow  channel  .ind  the  numei'ous 
sand  bai-s.  During  this  season  liy  tlic  sini|de  method 
of  i-aising  oi-  lowering  the  ilanis,  which  are  of  tin- 
movable  tyjii'  hinged  at  the  liver  bottom,  the  jiool 
levels  may  be  maintained  or  raised  to  a  height  at 
which  boats  and  tows  may  continue  jiassage.  The 
boats  or  tows  ascend  or  descend  fi-oin  one  jiool  to  the 


ne.xt  by  means  of  a  single  lock  clunnber  of  standard 
size,  1 1(1  feet  wide  by  000  feet  long,  which  operates  in 
exactly  the  same  manner  as  those  in  any  canal.  Tin- 
average  difference  in  |)ool  levels  is  about  eight  feet. 
This  reijnires  a  lock  chamber  depth  of  about  twenty- 
five  feet.  Of  course,  during  high  water  .season  neith- 
er the  lock  nor  dam  is  used.  The  lock  gates  are 
opened,  the  wickets  and  beartrap  .sections  of  the  dam 
are  lowei-ed  to  tiu^  river  bottom,  and  river  traffic 
sails  ovei-  them.  When  the  few  units  now  unfinish- 
ed are  completed  a  system  of  locks  and  dams  ex- 
tending fi'om  Pittsburgh  to  a  point  near  I'aducah, 
Ky.,  will  open  up  the  Ohio  to  year  roninl  traffic. 
I-^ven  now  giant  steel  tows  fi'om  I'ittsbni-gh  go  down 
to  the  ifississi])]>i  and  ;)t  < 'jnciunati,  Ohio,  above 
which  tiie  locks  and  dams  have  been  fully  completed 
foi-  sometime.  thi>  ri\(>r  traffic  has  been  doubling 
ami  trebling  in  the  last  year  or  two.  Kiver  trans- 
poitatioM  can  save  thousands  of  dollars  in  freight 
cli,ii-ges  on  material  which  does  not  demand  I'ush 
ileli\i'iv.  This  waterway  system  is  going  to  do 
much  to  liring  the  Ohio  into  its  old  inipoi'tance  as 
a   traffic  medium  in   the  .Middle  West. 

On  the  day  I  was  to  start  work.  I  arrived  at  the 
I'.  S.  Kngiiu'ers"  Office  just  as  the  seven  o'clock  shift 
whistle  blew.  Xo  one  was  in  the  office  so  I  sat 
<low  II  to  wait  on  the  jiorch  which  <iverlooked  the  job 
and  the  lieaulifnl  Kentucky  shore  line  across  the 
ri\cr.  The  morning  was  bright  and  just  cool  enough 
lo  make  one  feel  like  working.  Seven-fifteen  came 
and  no  one  a|ii>eared.  Seven-I  wenty-five  I  Had  I 
come  late  and  missed  the  men?  .My  first  fever  of 
enthusiasm  woie  off  a  little.  T  was  exi)ecting  to 
start   in     with  a  banu  and  there  was  iiothini;  to  do 


1  •_••. 


Tin:  TKCIIXOCiKAlMI 


)l(lirh.     I'.I.'S 


\vi.  At  last  I  s:i\v  several  eii};iiu'ers  coiiiiii};  down 
the  I'oad  from  ilie  neai-liy  lown.  "Now  Iliiii};s  will 
start  inoviii};,"  I  tlniiiy;lit.  The  follows  nil  seciiied 
fjlad  to  see  iiie  and  made  me  feel  (|nite  "at  home."' 
I  asked,  ■•^^■l^at  do  voii  want  me  to  do  this  inorniiij,'?" 
Everyone  lan^lied  and  told  me  that  there  wouldn't  he 
anv  work   foi'  a   week  or  so  as  the  contract  iu''  coin 


A  ViKW  OK  inE  Box  Type  Coffek  Dam.     In  the  Background 

Is   Shown   a   Dekrrk    Boat   and   Pile   Driveh   Putting   in 

Steki.  Sheet  Piling  in  Main  Riveh  Channel. 


pany  could  not  start  work  until  the  water  went 
down.  .Vfter  "jtotteriuf;"  around  the  office  all  moru- 
iiif;  listening  to  yarns  of  work  in  Mexico,  in  South 
America,  on  the  Wilson  Dam  at  Muscle  Shoals  and 
everywhere  else,  I  was  told  that  there  would  be  no 
use  of  coming  back  after  dinner  as  there  wa.s  noth- 
\u}i  to  do.  1  went  liack  to  my  room  in  town,  where 
I  was  staying  with  an  aunt  during  the  summer, 
rather  di.sa|)|)ointed  altlioiigh  1  tried  not  to  show 
my  disa]ij)ointnient.  Of  course  everyone  asked  me 
how  I  liked  my  job,  to  which  1  always  replied  that  I 
thought  it  would  be  gieat  but  there  wasn't  much  to 
do.     r  wondered  then  why  they  all  laughed. 

I  spent  a  few  more  days  of  this  loafing  around 
in  the  office  and  around  the  joli,  |)eeking  through  a 
transit  at  the  Kentucky  shore  line,  reading  old  En- 
gineering Xew.s-Kecords.  and  leaining  about  the  gen 
eral  plan  of  the  work  from  the  engineers.  liooking 
back  at  those  days  now  1  am  inclined  to  think  that 
they  were  really  not  wasted  after  all,  for  they  gave 
me  a  chance  to  get  aci|uainted  with  the  men  and  the 
Job.  About  the  thii'il  day  the  river  started  on  a 
steady  fall  and  at  last  the  work  began  to  move.  At 
last  my  work  would  start.  .My  woi-k  did  start — 
it  .started  and  kejit  going  through  scorching  hot  days 
and  drenching  rainy  days  until  I  often  looked  back 
longingly  on  those  days  of  leisure  when  1  had  had 
nothing  to  do  and  when  T  had  wiMKlered  why  |ieo|)le 


smiled  when  I  told  them  that  theic  was  too  little 
to  do. 

The  conti'acting  company  had  been  rejiairing  the 
coffer  dam  around  the  lock  chamber  while  they  were 
waiting  for  the  final  (lro|i  in  the  river  level,  and  so 
were  ready  to  start  work  at  once.  The  coffei-  dam 
is  a  box-like  structui-e  built  in  the  lixcr  around  the 
work  to  be  <lone.  It  is  filled  with  rock,  sand  and 
muck  to  make  it  as  watertight  as  jiossible.  Then 
by  means  (»f  ])umps  the  water  is  exhausted  fi-oin  the 
area  enclosed  so  that  work  may  be  carried  on  on  dry 
land  even  in  the  middle  of  the  i-iveiv  On  the  day 
that  they  had  everytiiing  in  readiness  the  |iump  boat 
was  run  into  the  coffer  and  the  ga]i  closed.  All  was 
in  readiness  to  ])egin  ])umi)ing  when  the  four  a.  m. 
shift  went  on.  That  night,  for  some  unknown  rea- 
son, the  ])uni])l)oat  sank  in  thirty  feet  of  water.  The 
erecting  engineer,  the  general  suiierintendent,  the 
day  and  night  foremen  and  all  the  men  I'aved  and 
swore  for  a  while  but  in  an  amazingly  short  time 
they  had  inn  in  another  i)um])  boat  which  luckily 
was  at  hand  and  two  days  later  the  ]iumps  were 
started. 

At  fii'st  the  water  went  down  rajiidly  and  the 
booms  of  the  stiff  leg  derricks  and  a  few  jiunips  in 
the  south  end,  which  ha<l  been  left  in  the  coffer  the 
preceding  fall,  began  to  show  above  water.  Later 
the  water  went  down  much  more  slowly  for  there 
were  only  three  1.5  inch  centrifugal  ]Mimi)s  on  the 
boat  and  the  leakage  was  very  great  since  there  was 
no  mud  at  hand  to  seal  the  cofferdam  effectively. 
Soon  the  old  pumps  at  the  south  or  lower  end  were 
overhauled  and  ]>ut  into  operation.  Tn  about  four 
days  the  water  had  been  lowered  so  that  the  men 
could  get  down  into  the  "hole,"  as  the  lock  chamber 
was  called,  to  clean  up.  Jfud  covered  everything. 
Pools  of  mud,  brown,  gushy,  slimy,  clinging  stuff, 
covered  the  lock  floor.  Boilers  were  filled  with  mud. 
steam  shovels  were  mired  in  mud.  The  men  looked 
and  felt  like  hogs  for  it  was  u.seless  to  wear  boots. 
This  muck  was  over  any  boots  ever  made.  Tn  a  few 
days  the  "hole"  was  cleaned  out  sufficiently  so  that 
woi'k  could  start. 

The  carjientei's  were  the  first  men  into  the  "hole" 
after  it  was  cleaned  uj).  Soon  the  forms  for  the 
i-ivei-  wall  of  the  lock  chamber  were  in  ]dace.  These 
forms  were  built  in  sections  about  twenty  feet  high 
and  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  in  length.  Forty 
eight  hours  after  a  section  of  the  wall,  which  was  of 
monolithic  structure,  had  been  jiouied.  the  forms 
were  stripped  off  and  set  up  for  another  ])our.  By 
using  two  sets  of  these  foiins.  pouring  was  made 
continuous.  The  ])rincipal  woi'k  of  the  government 
engineers  at  this  time  was  the  checking  of  the  levels 
on  the  form  walls,  lining  in  the  forms  and  checking 


Miirch.   /.'',-^N 


Till':  ti;('1l\()(;kaimi 


llif  rc-oiiforciiij;  steel  wliicli  liad  to  i;(>  into  each 
iiioiiolilh  of  tlie  wall.  Altlioiiiiii  orininaliy  liired  for 
flic  inspection  force  I  was  transferred  to  the  lay- 
ont  crew  and  became  rodman,  general  messeuger 
and  wliat  have  you.  "All  I  did  for  some  time  was  to 
ciiase  up  and  down  the  vertical  ladders  built  in  tlie 
walls,  climb  up  the  hill  to  tlie  office  after  a  level 
or  transit  and  hurry  back  down  the  stejis.  then  down 
a  ladder  into  the  hole  again,  ("ai-rying  the  level 
rod  in  one  hand  a  tape  in  the  othei'  I  had  to  bal 
ance  myself  on  top  of  a  form  while  one  of  the  car- 
jienters  marked  the  le\el  for  the  toji  of  the  wall  on 
the  side  of  the  forms.  It  was  only  thirty  feet  to 
the  liround  but  it  looked  a  lot  further  thaTi  that.  I 
exjiected  to  either  develop  a  jiair  of  wings  or  else  a 
tail  like  a  monkey. 

In  each  form  only  eight  feel  of  concrete  were 
jioured  at  one  time.  This  was  called  a  lift.  A  lift 
had  to  set  from  thirty  six  to  forty -eight  hours  be- 
fore the  next  lift  could  be  jioured.  The  reason  for 
this  was  because  of  the  tremendous  force  exerted  on 
the  forms  by  setting  concrete.  A  greater  height 
would  verv  likelv  throw  the  forms  out  of  line  unless 


of  iinnsiially  strong  coiistrucl  ion,  which  would  he 
too  expensive  to  be  very  jiractical  on  a  job  of  tiiis 
kind.  Several  keys  about  three  feet  long,  one  and  a 
lialf  feet  wide  and  one  foot  high  were  made  on  the 
ends  and  on  the  top  of  each  lift  so  that  a  good  solid 
contact  with  the  a<ljoining  monoliths  and  the  next 
lift  would  be  made.  The  concrete  was  insjiected  by 
government  inspectors  at  the  mixer  and  at  the  form. 
A  cone  slump  test  was  taken  every  lioui'  or  oftener 
if  necessary.  This  kept  a  constant  check  on  the  con- 
sistency and  ([uality  of  Ihc  concrete  going  into  the 
walls.  Sam])les  of  each  pour  wei'C  made  into  cylin 
(lers  and  after  aging  foi'  twenty  eight  days  were 
tested  for  compressive  strength.  The  minimum 
strength  allowed  was  I'.OOO  lbs.  jier  scp  in.  Jfost  of 
the  cylinders  during  the  summer  broke  consider- 
ably above  this. 

In  mixing  the  concrete,  the  water  cement  ratio 
method  for  determining  the  strength  of  conci-ete  to 
be  made,  was  used.  Ky  using  this  ratio  law  conci'cle 
of  very  uniform  strength  can  be  made  consistently. 
For  those  not  familiar  with  this  I  ipiole  a  section 
of  the  water-cement  ratio  strength  law  given  in  a 


CiKNEiiAi.  Vii-.\v   OF    1  in:  WiiitK    i.\   TiiK   Pass.     The  Powr.ii  Hoi  se  ls  Seen   in  the  Mriini.K 

BACE(Mi(H  M)    AliAl.Nsr    THE    UU'll     Bl.lIK    OF    THE    ILLINOIS    SlIOIiEI.I  NE. 


11' I 


Tin:  ■n;(iiX(i<ii;Ai-ii 


Miinh.   l<).lx 


|>;iiii|ililcl  |iriiili-(l  \i\  ilic  I'dillaiiil  ('ciiiciil  Associ.i 
lion — "L>('si>,'iiiiiy;  ;i  ((.lUTcli'  mix  lor  :i  uixcii 
slrciij;tii  consists  in  sclcclinu  tin'  wnlci- ccnicni  inlin 
fon-cspondinff  to  Unit  str('iii;Iii  anil  lindin^i  llii'  ninsl 
siiitahlc  coinliinalion  of  af;j,'ifj;ali's  wliicli  will  i;i\c 
the  (It'sirod  workaliility  wluMi  mixed  wiljj  (cnii'nl 
and   water  in  this  ratio."     The  size  and  ■^ladinu  ol 


TllK    P;  MP-BdAT   USKI)   KOK    UN-WATKH1  .\l.    Till.   CohH-.l!     I  I    H  vs 

TiiuEE  15-iNCii  Centrifi-gai.  Pi  mp.s 

Hie  a,u,m-ejiates,  that  is  saiul  and  ^travel  was  deter 
mined  \\y  a  sieve  analysis.  It  kejit  one  man  on  the 
t'orcr  linsy  makiufi  tests  on  ajifiref-ates,  eenient.  and 
concrete  nsed  in  tiie  work.  He  determined  the  iirop 
er  ratios  to  use  on  all  mi.xinji. 

The  mixer  was  of  the  Smith  tillinii  drum  type 
and  had  a  capacity  of  one  and  one-fifth  culiie  yards. 
Hy  sjieeificalion  the  concrete  hail  to  he  mixed  for  a 
full  minute  and  one-half  and  lonj;er  if  necessary.  The 
sand  and  uravel  were  fed  into  hopjiers  from  bins 
alioNc  the  mixer.  The  <-einent  was  dnniped  directly 
into  the  mixei-  throiiyh  a  chnle  from  an  nnloadiiii; 
platform  ahove  i(.  The  water  was  operated  on  the 
iimndater  system.  In  this  .system  all  sand  is  inim 
dated,  that  is,  sniiersatiirated  witli  water  before  be 
infi  rnn  into  the  mixiiii;  drum.  This  eliminates  bulk 
inj;  and  allows  a  much  more  definite  control  of  the 
quantity  of  saml  n.sed  since  it  makes  all  the  sand 
nsed  of  nniform  \olnine  no  matter  how  dry  or  damp 
it  was  ori.uiiially.  Inundated  sand  has  ]iractically 
the  same  \dlume  as  when  dry  rodded  ;  dani|i  bulked 
sand  often  has  one  and  one-fourth  times  its  orifjinal 
vohnne.  Innndalion  was  obtained  by  makiui,'  the 
sand  batch  hopper  watert  iiiht.  fillin-  it  with  water. 
and  then  running;-  the  sand  into  it.  This  inundated 
sand  was  then  i-hu1ed  into  the  mixiiii;  dium. 
The  use  of  inundated  sand  usually  insures  a 
concrete  of  eonsisteiitly  hi^h  ipiality.  Patent  batch 
lioppers.werc  nsed  for  measuring  the  saml  and  gravel 
and  feeding;  it  into  the  drum.  The  mixer  in  spite  of 
its  old  ajic  (it  left  the  factory  in  litOid  turned  out 
very  jjood  eonerete  all  summer  and  althoiiuh  it  had 
frequent    breakdowns    the    concrete    men    kept    the 


carpenters  busy  seMini;  up  the  new  forms. 

The  lock  chamber  is  (iOII  IVd  Ion;;  by  111)  feet 
wide,  dates  which  a  it  to  be  erected  later  meet  on 
a  mili'i-  sill  at  each  end  ami  open  upstream.  This 
miter  sill  shows  plainl,\  in  the  foreground  of  the  pic 
tiire  of  the  lock  chamber.  The  bottom  of  the  lock 
has  an  ele\ation  of  2!)()  feet  above  sea  level  while  the 
ti!p  of  the  land  and  i-iver  walls  have  an  elevation  of 
:'.l."i  feel  and  :!i;!  feet  re.s])eetively.  The  width  id'  the 
ri\er  wall  at  the  toji  is  twelve  feet.  At  the  bottom 
this  wall  slopes  in  to  the  lock  floor  on  the  inside. 
This  wall  is  set  on  bed  i-ock  and  is  anchored  by  a 
Iwii  loot  keyway  cul  in  bed  rock.  W  the  middle  of 
ilie  ri\cr  wall  is  a  turbine  jiit  in  wlii<'h  will  be  set  a 
turbo  licnerator  which  will  be  o|ierated  by  the  fall  of 
(he  watei-  riishini;  lhr(iui;h  an  opening;  in  the  ]dt  to 
the  lower  level  cd'  the  pool  bidow  .  The  turbine  jdt 
also  marks  the  point  at  which  the  dam  starts  across 
the  rixcr.  In  the  river  wall  of  the  lock  are  set  larjie 
butterfly  valves  o|]erated  by  oil  jacks  which  are  con 
trolled  from  the  power  house  of  the  dam.  These 
valves  are  fiuir  feet  by  four  feet.  There  are  seven- 
teen valves  on  the  iijiriver  side  of  the  turbine  ])it  and 
sexenteen  on  the  down  river  side.  In  operating;  the 
lock,  when  it  is  desired  to  let  a  boat  5^0  from  the 
upper  ])ool  to  the  lower  pool  the  f;ates  are  closed. 
the  up|ier  valves  ojiened  and  the  lower  valves  closed. 
When  the  lock  is  filled  to  level  of  the  U])])er  jiool 
the  u|i])er  i;ate  is  o|iened  and  the  boat  or  tow  sails 
in.  "^rhe  up])er  i;ate  is  then  closed,  the  iip]ier  valves 
(dosed  and  the  lower  valves  ojiened.  The  boat  is 
lowered  to  the  level  id'  the  lower  jioid  and  the  lower 
i;ate  is  ojiened.  All  of  the  machinery  used  in  ojien- 
iiie'  and  closiiiL;  the  liates,  operatinii'  the  valves  and 
so  on  is  done  by  hydraulic  ]iressui'e,  which  will  be 
furnished  from  the  ]iow(>i'  house  which  is  located 
on  the  Illinois  side  id'  the  rivei'.  Above  and  below 
the  lock  chambei-  alon^  the  land  side  is  a  liiiide  wall 
to  ]irevent  washing;  out  behind  the  laml  wall  and  to 
lirexent  eddies  directly  above  and  below  the  lock. 
The  u]qier  i;uide  wall  is  (ITS  feet  Ion;.;  and  the  lower 
i^nide  wall  which  has  a  flare  at  its  end,  is  (IS;!  feel 
in  length.  The  lowei-  i;uide  wall  is  sexen  feet  lower 
than  the  land  wall. 

About  the  middle  of  .Vui;ust  a  sudden  rise  in  the 
rixei-  came.  l''(U'  sexcral  da.vs  it  looked  as  thoui;h 
the  coffer  would  hax'e  to  be  flooded  to  kee]i  it  from 
breakiiii;  in.  The  water  came  within  a  foot  id'  the 
top  of  the  coffer.  Ill  spite  of  all  the  ]inin|is  could 
<lo  the  water  inside  the  coffer  \xas  also  rising;  sloxvly 
line  to  the  i;i-eatly  increased  leakage  caused  bv  the 
threat  ])ressure  (Ui  the  coffer  walls.  \\'ork  was  rush 
ed  frantically  to  completion  before  the  water  rose 
too  liii;!!.  No  one  went  doxvn  into  the  hole  unless 
.'ibsolntelx-  necessarv  for  if  the  wall  excr  started  to 


\hin-h.   III.>S 


TiiK  Tl•:('IIX(Hil^\l'll 


12;-) 


liirak  tlu'l'i'  Wdlllil  lie  iTii;;lity  sli;^lit  cIniiiccs  of  cs 
(■;i|K!  with  a  twenty  foot  \\;ill  of  watiT  rusliing  into 
llic  lock  L-lianiber.  AVe  all  kept  om-  eyes  on  tin-  near 
csl  laildci'S  and  stayed  as  close  as  possihle  lo  tlicni. 
1  even  ])i-acticed  scalinj;  the  oil  line  iii|)es  n]i  the 
face  of  the  wall.  We  were  all,  of  course,  jireatly 
enconKi''ed  when  we  heai'd  that  T>ani  T)0  ('(iffer  had 


of  the  work  in  the  lock  chaniher  was  completed, 
])nin|)ini;  was  started  in  the  jjass  coffer.  The  un- 
waterini;  of  this  coffei-  i)resented  an  even  more  diffi- 
cult iirolileiii  than  the  inner  coffer  aronnd  the  lock 
chanilier.  for  here  the  pressure  i)ro(lucin5i  leakaj;e 
was  tremendous  and  thei-e  was  no  other  wall  he- 
voiid  it   to  icduce  leaka;;('  as  there  had  lieen  in  the 


A  Pni,  \'n;w  ok  Wokk  o.n  the  Lock  CnAMBEU.     The  Gasoline  Dim<i:vs  Tskii  m  Haii 

CoNCKETK  From  the  Mixeh  May  Be  See>"  in  the  Fokechocm).     The 

Bunk  Hoi-.<5Es  Aue  in  the  BAncrnoi-xn. 


broken  in,  takiufi  out  e\erylhiuji  in  the  lock  chamber.  inner  coffer.     The  pnnip  boat  with  its  ihi-ee  l.'iinch 

In  a  few  days,  liowe\cr,  the  water  bejian  fioin^i' down  centrifnjial   pumps  and   sexcn   oilier  siationary  cen 

steadily.      Drawini;    a    siiih    of   lelief   we   all    settled  t  rifn^iial  |)uinps  of  lar<i(' size  wei'C  put  into  opeiation. 

back  down  to  normal  aj;ain.  <>nly  by  keepiiii;-  all  these  lainninj;  conslanly  could 

While  the  lo<-k  chamber  was  bein;^'  completed  the  the   water  be   kejit    at    a    level    where    the   men    conbl 

cofferdam  in  the  middle  of  the  rixer.  called  the  |iass  work. 

coffer,  since  it  enclos<Mi  the  reunlai-  pass  oi'  navif^able  riliii!.;'  and  liea\y  ciilibinu  lo  serve  as  an  anchor 

channel,   bad    been   almost    complclely    repaired.      It  aj^c  and  base  for  I  he  foniida  I  ion  of  Ihe  dam  had  been 

had  been  pnl  in  ihc  year  Ijcfoic  linl  dnrini;  Ihespriiii:  sel    in    the  ])re\i()Us  year.      In   spile  of  the  fact  that 

floods  mncli  of  if  had  washed  oiii.     .\ow  that  most  all  tiu'  pilinji  had  been  drixcn  and  tlic  cribbinji  sunk 


iLMi 


TiTK  tk('T1N(k;i;ai'II 


Viinh.   lf)2H 


in  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  of  watci'  ;ill  were  in  j^iiod 
iilifinnient  and  well  set.  A  mw  of  slccl  slicil  |iiliiii: 
li:i<l  been  driven  from  the  i-iver  \\;ill  nut  into  Ilic 
rivei".  This  was  to  be  at  the  base  of  ilic  ii|i|icr  si(h' 
of  the  foundation  to  ]>revent  wasliinj;  and  also  to 
act  as  anchorajie.  Luckilv.  in  drivint;  this  ])ilin};'  no 
qnicksand  was  struck,  or  at  least  not  in  (jnantity 
cnonftb  to  interfere  to  any  noticeable  extent. 

The  dam  across  the  river  is  made  nj)  of  sevei'al 
sections.  The  first  900  feet  out  from  the  outer  or 
river  lock  wall  is  of  wicket  type  construction.  The 
wickets  are  hinged  on  a  s])ecial  joint  called  a  horse 
box  which  allows  them  to  lie  flat  on  their  concrete 
base  at  the  river  bottom  when  not  in  use  dui'ing-  bijih 
water.  Tliis  concrete  base  is  .35  feet  wide  and  aver- 
asjes  five  feet  in  thickness.  An  air  pi])e  and  oil  pres- 
sure line  is  run  throuoli  a  i)ii)e  trench  in  this  base  to 
the  Kentucky  side.  Each  wicket  in  the  first  900 
feet  is  1'>V2  fPPt  in  lieijjht  and  four  feet  wide.  These 
wickets  are  made  of  heavy  oak  beams  12  inches 
square  bound  together  with  iron  straps  and  bolts. 
They  are  raised  by  catching  each  wicket  sejjarately 
with  a  grappling  hook  from  a  derrick  boat  and  lift- 
ing them.  An  iron  prop  whose  end  slides  in  a 
grooved  base  catches  in  a  special  socket  and  holds 
the  wicket  rigidly  in  position.  There  are  22."i  of 
these  wickets. 

The  second  section  of  the  dam  called  the  Clia- 
noine  Weir,  is  made  up  of  wickets  identical  in  con- 
.structiou  with  those  used  in  the  first  900  feet  ex- 
cept that  they  are  shorter  and  set  on  a  slightly 
smaller  base.  These  wickets  are  only  11.9  feet  high 
and  are  set  on  a  concrete  base  25  feet  by  five  feet. 
Tliis  Chanoine  Weir  is  only  400  feet  in  length  and  at 
its  outermost  end  comes  the  first  beartrap  pier.  The 
beartraps,  so-called  from  a  rather  striking  resemb- 
lance to  the  old  fashioned  type  of  dead  fall  trap, 
make  up  the  last  movable  section  of  the  dam.  The 
beartra]is  are  set  between  three  piers  which  are 
placed  91  feet  apart,  the  tops  of  which  have  an  ele- 
vation of  313  feet,  the  same  as  that  of  the  river  wall. 
The  beartraps  are  built  in  two  sections,  an  upper 
and  a  lower  leaf.  The  upper  leaf  is  constructed  of 
heavy  oak  timbers.  It  rests  on  the  low-er  leaf  when 
submerged  and  is  hinged  at  the  river  bottom  on  the 
npriver  side.  The  lower  leaf  is  made  of  steel  sec- 
tions all  air  tight  and  having  air  line  connections. 
There  is  a  large  heavy  roller  along  the  upstream  top 
edge  of  this  leaf  on  which  the  lower  leaf  rests.  When 
it  is  desired  to  raise  the  bcartraj)  the  air  pressure 
is  turned  into  the  lower  leaf  or  section.  This  makes 
it  buoyant  and  its  upjjcr  end  i-i.ses  to  the  surface  of 
the  water  canning  up  with  it  the  upper  leaf.  This 
foims  an  inverted  V,  the  u|)]pci-  leaf  of  coui-se  being 


the  i)art  which  holds  back  the  water.  When  it  is 
desired  to  lowei'  the  beartraps  again  the  pressure 
is  it'icascd  and  both  leaves  sink  again  tn  Iticii'  con 
crctc  l)asc  on  the  bottom.  The  advantage  of  the 
beardaps  is  that  they  may  be  raised  oi'  lowered 
(|ui(kly  in  case  of  emergency  as  in  a  sudden  fall  or 
I'ise.  The  wickets,  due  to  the  time  recinirecl  to  i-iiisc 
them  all,  do  not  fill  this  need. 

-Ml  these  wickcis  ;ire  set  on  a  steel  sill  which  ex- 
tends from  till'  outer  lock  wall  to  the  first  beartrap 
pier,  'i'lie  wickets  when  raised  rest  on  another  steel 
beam  called  a  hnrter  which  is  slightly  upstream 
from  the  sill.  Both  sill  and  hnrter  are  set  in  the 
concrete  base  and  must  be  in  exact  alignment  after 
the  concrete  is  poured.  All  work  in  setting  these 
was  measured  to  a  thousandth  of  a  foot  in  leveling 
and  in  measuring  lengths  when  possible.  Angles, 
distances  and  levels  were  checked  and  recheckcd 
several  times  to  eliminate  all  errois  ]iossible. 

Beyond  the  last  beartrap  pier  a  fixed  weir  or  dam 
of  plain  concrete  extends  to  a  rip-ra])  rock  fill  on 
the  Kentucky  shore.  This  fixed  section  is  fi75  feet 
in  length.  This  makes  the  total  length  of  the  "dam 
2,215  feet  excluding  the  lock  chamber.  The  Ohio 
at  this  point  is  comi)aratively  narrow  during  low 
water  but  at  high  water  due  to  the  low  Kentucky 
shore  line  it  backs  up  for  several  miles  oftentimes. 

During  the  summer  one  of  our  chief  sources  of 
amusement  was  the  Sunday  visitors.  ^Many  of  them 
who  came  from  the  mining  towns  of  Harri.sburg, 
AYest  Frankfort,  Herrin,  and  others  nearby,  appar- 
ently could  conceive  of  no  other  ty])e  of  construction 
work  than  some  sort  of  a  mine.  I  often  overheard 
some  of  the  men  explaining  to  their  families  all 
about  this  huge  mine  to  take  coal  out  of  the  river. 
Another  man  from  somewhere  up  the  state  not  know- 
ing that  I  was  working  on  the  dam  explained  to  me 
that  it  was  all  a  scheme  to  enable  the  fish  to  get  uj) 
the  river. 

Just  when  the  work  was  at  its  peak  and  being 
rushed  to  completion  before  the  fall  rise  came,  I 
had  to  leave  for  school.  I  hated  to  leave  my  job. 
but  there  was  little  use  in  staying  on  for  the  work  foi' 
the  summer  was  almost  completed.  I  took  one  last 
trip  around  the  job  before  I  left  telling  all  the  men 
whose  ac(iuaintance  I  had  made  during  the  summer 
goodbye  until  next  year.  I  had  a  last  round  of  fare- 
wells in  the  office.  On  Sunday,  I  drove  back  to  my 
home  with  a  buddy  of  mine  and  pre))ared  to  start 
in  to  hit  the  books  for  another  yeai'.  I  returned 
to  school  richer  in  knowledge  and  to  some  extent  in 
money,  and  resolved  to  change  from  electrical  to 
civil  engineering.     I'm  sold  on  engineering. 


March,  IfUS 


THE  TECnXOGKAPn 


Listening  for  Oil 


J.  W.  DeWolf,  ry.e.e..  '?.() 


Ainoiii;-  till'  vaiioiis  classes  of  mankiiul  is  the 
iieatine  known  as  the  "doddle-bug"  man.  He  fre 
qiients  the  oil  field  oi-  the  oil  town,  and  promises 
to  show,  for  the  projier  sum,  wliere  the  oil  is  to  be 
found.  He  is  an  uncanny  judjie  of  human  nature, 
and  he  makes  liis  livinj;  and  a  little  more,  with  his 
"witchstick"  or  "oil-wand."  But  lately  there  has 
lieen  a  new  "doodle-bufj;'"  man  who  is  a  mathema- 
tician, a  ])hysicist,  or  an  electrical  scientist,  and  he 
lias  made  his  wands  work,  and  can  ex])lain  why  and 
how.  He  is  the  man  that  first  used  the  torsion 
balance,  that  sensitive  instrument  which  measures 
the  variance  of  j;ravit\-,  to  detei'mine  jiositions  of 
rock  beds.  And  it  is  he  who  used  the  seismojiraph. 
the  modern  •'witch-stick'."  to  find  oil. 

In  the  oil  industry  (which  does  not  include  the 
"blue  sky''  companies  that  merely  float  stock) ,  there 
are  three  well  defined  steps.  First,  one  must  locate 
the  future  oil  field  in  order  to  lease  the  projter 
lands:  second,  one  must  g:et  tin-  <>il  above  jiround : 
and  third,  one  must  disjiose  of  the  oil  at  a  profit. 
The  first  of  these  is  always  an  important  item,  as 
there  never  will  be  too  much  oil  in  reserve,  but  the 
second  and  third  are  dei)endent  upon  market  condi- 
tions. If  oil  is  high,  and  Fords  are  many,  if  the  mar- 
ket is  short  of  crude  oil,  then  the  job  is  to  get  it  out 
as  fast  as  possible.  However,  if,  as  at  {iresent,  the 
market  is  "flooded,"  the  sujiply  is  greater  than  the 
demand,  the  job  i.s  to  .sell  what  is  already  in  storage. 

It  is  in  the  business  of  finding  oil  that  the  seis- 
mograph has  taken  its  part.  Here  the  geologist  must 
gather  from  the  "surface  indications,"  or  rocks 
found  on  the  ground,  where  there  is  a  possible  "oil 
re.servoir"  under  the  earth.  In  general,  oil  is  found 
in  a  bed  of  sand,  from  one  hundred  to  forty-five 
hundred  feet  under  the  surface,  and  from  ten  to 
eighty  feet  thick.  If  this  bed  rises  for  a  considerable 
distance  and  is  then  cut  off  or  broken,  the  oil  is 
])ushed  up  to  a  higher  place  by  water  which  seeps 
into  the  sand.  Here  it  has  no  way  of  escai)e,  and 
accumulates  so  that  it  may  be  ])umped  out  by  tap- 
jiiiig  the  sand.  .\  formation  or  structure  of  this 
kind  may  occtir  in  several  fliffei'ent  ways. 

The  first,  and  probably  the  most  common,  is  the 
Miiti-cline  structure,  such  as  is  found  in  Illinois, 
•  •klahoma,  and  other  mid-western  states.  The  whole 
bed,  with  the  I'ocks  above  and  below  it,  have  bulged 
a  little,  forming  a  huge  saucer-sliai)ed  layer  of 
sand,  which  may  be  tapped  at  the  toj),  or  highest 
part.  The  second  common  ty]ie  is  the  fault  field,  such 


as  is  found  in  Northern  Texas.  Here  a  ])erf('clly  noi'- 
mal  bed  of  sand,  which  runs  from  depths  unknown 
ni>  to  the  surface,  has  slii)])ed  and  broken,  oi-.  techni 
cally.  has  faulted;  a  whole  section  of  earth  has  sli])- 
ped  down,  jierhaps  as  much  as  three  hundred  feet, 
and  the  oil  which  is  in  Ihr  beds  is  ti"ip]i('d  by  the 
break,  as  it  is  forced  iiji  by  watei'.  A  thii-d  tyjie  of 
structure  is  that  found  largely  in  California,  where 
the  bed.  with  its  general  ujdiill  trend.  "i)eters-out." 
and  disapjiears.  leaving  no  way  of  escape  for  the  oil. 
The  fourth  large  structure  is  the  salt  dome  of  the 
Texas  and  Louisiana  (Julf  Coast. 

The  salt  dome,  in  general,  is  a  thing  that  is  im- 
possible and  inciuiceivable.  but  just  is.  It  is  sup- 
po.sed  that,  in  this  section  of  the  country,  there  is  a 
thick  layer  of  rock  salt  deep  down  under  the  earth, 
and  that  in  addition  to  the  thousands  of  feet  of  dirt 
and  sediment  above  it,  tliiTc  is  a  bed  of  rock  five 
liundred  feet  or  so  thick.  I'nder  the  tremendous 
pressures  at  such  a  depth,  the  salt  becomes  fluent, 
and  has,  at  times,  broken  through  the  layer  of  rock. 
From  here  it  has  been  s(]ueezed  out,  much  as  one 
squeezes  a  tube  of  paste,  up  through  the  soft  sur- 
rounding beds.  Often,  it  has  carried  up  with  it  a 
piece  of  the  rock  directly  over  it.  which  now  foi'ins  a 
kind  of  cap  over  the  core  of  salt. 

Oil  is  found  in  three  diffeiciit  ]ila(i's  on  a  salt 
dome.     It  mav  be  in  the  beds  of  sand  ininiediatelv 


-^^ 


//^M^X-\'^-WKfl  ^^A 


^  ^  ^t-'/'v.o1S'~>i>V'^ttd^  ^"-'.v-J>^- 


DlACKAM    or    A    SaIT    n<1MK. 

over  the  dome,  wiiicli  li,i\e  liccn  bulged  enongli  to 
ti-a]»  oil.  it  may  be  in  llic  cap  rock  il.self  las  this  cap 
rock  is  usually  a  vei'y  porous  limestone,  it  acts  niiicii 
as  a  sj)oiige  in  absorbing  oil)  ;  or  it  may  be  in  ilic 
beds  of  sand  which  have  been  first  ludged  and  then 
punctured  by  the  salt  as  it  was  i)ushcd  u]i,  leaving 


ll'S 


TiiK  'i'i:(ii\(Mii{Ai'ii 


]hir<-h.   11)28 


the  sand  iniiiicdijUcly  iirouiid  tlit-  doiiic  hitilici'  lli.iii  niiiiKliiiL;   (ciritoiy,  Imi   iisiinlly  iIkmt  is  im  smfncc 

tlie  rest  of  the  hcd.  Of  the  sfvciity  odd  known  s;ill  indication    w  lia  Isucvcr.      'riicrcfdrc.    until    ii'ccnlly, 

duiues,  about  oiu'-lialf  iirodncc  oil.  and  <ir  lliosc  re  almost    all    salt    doini's    wcic   disco\ci('d    iinicly    liy 

inainiii<;,  ])i-ol)aldy  most   of  tlii'in  will   he  pi-odnctivc  chance. 

('vcntiially.  llo\\«-\cr,  in   the  past   fixe  years  or  less,  j;('o])liysi 

Incidentally,   snlpliiii'   is  sometimes   found    in   llii'  cal  insi  rnments  liaNC  hccn  perfecled,  wliicli,  niion  llie 


W/?/"/  -  c//ne 


Fault 


cap  i-ocU  (d'  these  domes  (alioni  oiu'  inil  of  ten  con 
tains  sulphnii.  Then,  if  tlie  caji  rock  is  close  enoufili 
to  tile  siii-face  that  supei'iieatpd  steam  may  be  ])um|t- 
ed  down  to  the  snl|dini-,  and  the  siil])luii'  liciiiefied 
and  pi|ied  out  liefoic  it  coniicals,  and  if  the  ceilin;;'. 
Of  rocks  and  mnd  o\('f  the  snlphni-  is  stroiiji'  enoufili 
to  stand  the  nicat  piessnics  that  must  be  used  to 
melt  the  snlphuf,  tin'  dome  will  be  a  commercial 
producer.  Out  of  all  the  domes,  there  are  five  com- 
mei-cial  siilpliiir  mines,  each  worth  several  million, 
and  a  few  others  that  are  only  semi-commercial. 

To  come  back  to  the  dome  itself;  the  sha])e  of 
these  jiillars  of  salt  varies  somewhat,  but  most  of  11i(> 
domes  are  either  idliptical  or  circular,  and  ranj^e 
from  one  to  five  miles  in  diameter.  The  to]),  whicdi 
may  be  within  fifty  feet  of  the  surface,  or  not  within 
flii'ee  thimsaiid,  is  usually  sli<;litly  rounded.  The 
cap  rock  is  nenerally  about  four  liundred  feet  thick 
in  the  center,  and  about  two  hundred  on  the  edfje, 
due  to  the  weariiifi'  away  as  it  was  jnished  up,  and 
the  dom"s  heconu'  very  nearly  i)er])endiciilar  at  six 
hundred  to  two  thousand  feet  below  their  toj).  The 
depth  no  one  knows.  One  hole  has  been  drilled  down 
fill'  o\cr  a  mile,  and  there  was  still  nothing;  but  salt. 
In  another  case,  on  a  dome  where  the  salt  is  close 
enoujili  to  the  surface  to  be  miiu-d.  a  salt  mine  was 
started.  For  the  last  twenty  years,  forty  fixe  car 
loads  of  salt,  better  than  ninety  nine  ]ier  cent  pure, 
have  bei>n  hauled  away  every  day,  and  it  has  not  yet 
been  necessary  to  do  anythint;  but  sink  the  main 
shafts. 

U'lien  the  dome  is  very  close  to  the  surface,  there 
is  a   hill   or  island,  noticeablv  hifiher  than   the  sur 


Cq/i  for/ilQ 

proper  inlerjiretiit  ion,  can  tell  t  he  j^cin'ra  I  condition 
id'  the  subsurface  lock  layers,  whether  the  bed  runs 
U])liill  or  down,  whethei'  it  is  faulted,  and  if  so, 
where,  ami  so  on.  .Mon<i  the  f;ulf  coast,  tliotij;h,  the 
salt  dome  is  \\  loni'  chunk  of  rock  in  an  entirely  mud 
country.  ITence,  where  the  instruments  may  fail  in 
other  places,  they  will  seldom  fail  to  detect  the  rock 
altogether.  So.  out  of  the  seventy  known  domes, 
some  twenty-five  <d'  them  have  been  found  in  the 
last  three  years  by  jieoiihysical  devices. 

The  theory  of  the  seismoj;ra]ih  is  (piite  easy  to 
understand.  A  shot  is  fired,  usually  a  (diarjie  of 
dynamite  buried  in  the  ground,  and  the  time  taken 
by  the  vibrations  to  get  to  a  point  a  known  distance 
of  several  miles  away  is  recorded.  Knowing  the  ])atli 
of  a  vibration  through  the  earth,  and  knowing  the 
s])ee(l  of  a  sound  wave  through  mud,  one  may  com- 
l)ute  the  time  that  the  vibi'ation  should  take  to  get 
there.  TTowever,  if  the  earth  at  tliat  jioint  should 
not  be  .ill  mud,  but  ])artly  rock  material,  through 
which  the  waves  will  travel  faster,  the  actual  time 
(dapsed  would  be  shortei-  than  that  calculated.  Thus, 
while  a  shot  wave  will  lrav(d  only  ten  tliousaiid  feet 
a  secoiul  through  mud  (coni])are  one  thousand  feet 
per  second  in  air)  it  will  travel  as  much  as  eighteen 
thousand  feet  through  salt.  Fn  tests,  the  records 
have  shown  as  mucli  as  a  tenth  of  a  second  differ- 
ence lietween  the  actual  and  the  figured  times.  By 
timing  these  shots  in  several  different  directions 
through  the  same  general  area,  the  actual  size  and 
shaite  of  the  rock  or  dome  may  be  determined. 

TIk'  earliest  type  of  seismograph,  or  recorder  for 
these     vibrations,  was  of  German  design,  and   was 


Miircli.   /.'UN 


TilK  TIOCIJXIKJKAI'H 


11'!) 


first  used  in  lDl'4.  In  principle,  it  was  uiuch  the 
same  as  tlie  device  for  locating  earth(]uakes.  Tliere 
was  a  lieavv  jiciifliilnni  luinjj  from  a  statioiiarv 
stand:  atlaclicd  to  iliis  pendulum  was  a  iiiiirdr. 
wliicli  reflected  a  lieam  of  lisjlit  onto  a  niovinj;  film. 
If  the  earth  vibrated,  the  stand  and  film  did  also, 
liut  the  pendulum  tended  to  stand  still,  thei-eliy 
throwing;  a  wavy  line  on  tlie  film.  This  machine  was 
clumsy,  both  mechanically  and  ithysically.  and  was 
not  (Uily  liard  to  carry,  but  also  had  to  be  left  alone 
for  a  lon^  time  to  "settle."  and  come  to  rest. 

Therefore  a  new  type  has  been  developed  and 
adopted.  It  consists  of  a  geophone.  and  a  I'ccordei'. 
known  as  an  oscilligrajih.  both  of  which  are  much 
more  sensitive  and  easier  to  handle  than  the  tiermaii 
instrument.  A  geophone,  from  outside  aitjiearances, 
resembles  very  closely  a  small  can  of  beans  from 
which  the  label  has  been  removed.  Inside,  however, 
there  is  a  small  sensitive  pendulum  with  electrical 
contacts,  so  that,  when  moved,  it  makes  and  breaks 
an  electrical  current.  The  sensitivity  of  it  can  be 
regulated,  but  it  is  seldom  used  at  more  than  one- 
tenth  its  full  sensitivity  for  <ieophysical  work.  Even 
then,  operations  must  be  sto])i)ed  if  an  auto  is  driv- 
injT  by  closer  than  a  thousand  feet,  and  a  cow  walk- 
ing some  hundred  yards  away  will  affect  it.  In  one 
test,  made  on  a  lake  bottom,  when  very  nearly  full 
sensitivity  was  used,  crabs  three  feet  away,  opening 
and  closing  their  claws  affected  the  recorded  data. 

For  one  complete  record,  there  must  be  two 
l)arties:  one  which  fires  the  shot,  and  <inc  \\  iiiili 
times  the  ini])u]si's.  The  first  ])arty.  upim  picking  its 
spot  of  action,  digs  a  hole  about  fifteen  feet  dee]), 
and  ])laces  thei'e  a  charge  of  two  hundred  ])ounds  of 
dynamite.  Hy  means  of  a  low  wave  length  radio  set. 
the   two   jtaities   commnnicate.   and    when    both    arc 


ready,  the  shot  is  set  off.  A  wire  which  has  been 
wrapped  around  the  dynamite  and  connected  to  the 
radio  is  suddenly  and  aiirui»tly  disrujited.  giving  a 
record  of  the  abs(dute  time  of  explosion  to  the  re- 
cording ])arty. 

This  party,  with  the  receiver,  has  liuriecl  the 
geophone  six  feet  under  ground,  and  set  up  the  rest 
of  the  recording  a])paratus.  Upon  signal  that  the 
shot  is  about  to  be  fired,  a  sjtecial  tuning  fork  is  set 
in  vibration,  which,  every  fiftieth  of  a  second,  makes 
a  mark  on  a  leel  of  sensitive  paper  that  is  turned  liy 
hand.  When  the  record  of  the  shot  comes  by  radio 
it  is  automatically  ])ut  down  on  the  film.  Tlien.  when 
the  waves  come  through  the  earth,  the  geo])hone  vi 
brates.  and  the.se  are  recorded  also.  Lastly,  the 
waves  of  noise  comes  through  the  air.  and  the  geo 
jihone  likewise  sets  that  down. 

Within  a  few  minutes,  the  film  is  developed  in  a 
dark  room  on  a  special  truck,  and  the  party  is  reatly 
to  calculate.  By  comparing  the  exact  time  of  the 
shot,  and  the  time  it  took  the  sound  to  arrive  thru 
the  air.  and  by  correcting  for  the  wind  velocity, 
which  both  stations  have  noted,  the  distance  is  found 
to  a  very  close  approximation.  Then,  knowing  the 
speed  of  the  vibrations  thru  that  ])articular  kind  of 
country,  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  find  if  they  have 
come  too  fast.  By  means  of  this  tuning  fork  ar- 
rangement, the  time  of  each  wave  may  be  estimated 
do.ser  than  a  two  hundredth  of  a  -second,  which 
easily  t.ikes  care  of  any  dome  not  lower  than  five 
thousand  or  so  feet  below  the  sui'face. 

Most  of  the  c(un])anies  that  use  the  seismograi)h, 

use  three  or  Umv  i-eceiving  parties  lo  one  shot  i)arty. 

and  use  one  shot  )ioint  for  five  oi'  six  shots.     In  this 

way.  from  one  jioint.  a  complete  record  can  i)e  made 

(Continued  on  Page  Hid) 


4 

o 
c3 

A4 

1 

^z    d?^ 

K 
i 

Ai- 

»/ 

^ 

/1H^-B5 

bOOO  800D  lU.UOU 

Dislonce     in    meters 


lA.vv — Mae'  111    A  S.MAI. I.  Lakk.  Shuwi.n.,  Such   P<ii.\is  a  ami  U.     Fcu  it  Shots  Wkuk  Fikki) 

AT  A.  .\.ND  Thhek  at   B.     Kiuni- — Timk-Dista.N(  k  Guaimi   for  tiik   Samk   Lakk.   Showinc; 

Effect  of  a  Salt  Domk  on  Points  AS.  A9.  B4,  and  B5.     Ft  rtueu  Cros.s-S hooting  Wii.i. 

Brinc  Oct  the  Size  and  SuArK  of  the  Dome. 


TIIH  TKCIIXOCUAI'II 


Mil  nil,    /.'L'N 


Utah's  Mountain  of  Copper 


(i.  A.   1'ka('()<k,   mill.,  '^'8 


After  you've  seen  the  Jfonuon  teiiii)le  aiul  soaked 
a  (•()ii])le  of  hours  iu  fresh  watei'  to  remove  tlie  effects 
of  your  first  diji  in  the  (ireat  Salt  Lake,  ymir  es 
eort.  be  he  u  true  sou  of  the  Heehi\e  state,  will  lead 
you  up  to  tlie  capitol  huildiuji.  that  mticli  heralded 
slirine  of  Utali's  uatni'al  I'esources.  From  lliis  point 
of  vantage  a  great   valley  iinlnlds  before  yon. 

"Now,    if    von'll     not  ire.    o\er     there    liexond     the 


^u^^tf^^Bj^KfjKmBwV^    u^cf"™HiSHHHH^^H 

ji;^^,;,,,^^-^ 

'"CiffT^^MHariHRi 

r  R^  ■"■'-:-  ' 

Looking  Down  BiNcniAM  Canyo.x. 

smoke  smndiie  of  the  (larfield  smelters  tliere's  a  ]iink 
mountain  peeking  ont  of  the  range.  That's  i'.ing- 
liam.  Wliy,  maul  they're  moving  that  Avhole  moun 
tain  over  there  to  get  the  copper.  You'll  have  to 
see  that." 

And,  Itelieve  me,  yonr  trip  to  Hingham  Canyon 
is  woi'tli  while.  .\l  the  month  of  the  canyon  leading 
uj)  to  the  mine,  thei-e  is  a  group  of  new  houses. 
modern  homes  with  liriuiit  green  cn|i]ier  roofs.  They 
are  equipjied  with  every  coneeivalile  device  for  do 
luestic  jmrixises,  most  of  wiiich  are  ni.ide  of  co]iper 
or  lu'ass.  Shingles,  spouts,  gutters  are  of  co|(]ier; 
]iluinhing  is  in  hi-ass.  .VII  this  is  a  wnndeifnl  ad 
vertisement  of  everlasting  copper — the  ]irodnct  of 
Hingham.  These  are  company  liouses  and  represent 
the  nucleus  of  the  new  horonj^li  of  i!ingliam  which  is 
to  be  renameil,  ('opperlon.  .\s  the  mine  expanded, 
the  nianagemenl  found  liiat  the  limited  space  af 
forded  by  the  cliaracter  of  the  canyon  became  too 
congested.  Conseciueutly,  tills  new  town  of  ('o]i|ier 
ton  has  sprung  n]i  as  a  coTujiany  enteritiise. 

The  ])re.sent  Hingham  is  a  most  unusual  |)lace. 
Imagine  a  "whole  town  built  along  a  single  street, 
its  l)nildings  phistered  against   walls  of  the  canyon 


until  they  resemble  a  jtainted  stage  scene  in  a  great 
open  ,iir  theatre.  These  knife-edge  frame  dwellings 
house  some  ."i.POO  Binghaniites,  most  of  whom  are 
emiiloyed  in  the  mines  above  the  town. 

Terminating  IIk'  imiin  street  is  tlie  o]ien  cut  mine 
of  the  rtah  ('o|iper  ('om]iany  comj)rising  some  !)'.)() 
acres  of  .ictnal  mine  area,  about  one  third  of  which 
has  been  stripped.  The  ore,  lying  in  a  trough-sha]ied 
body,  is  monzonite  jiorphyry  averaging  1.1.")  ])er  cent 
copper. 

It  is  said  that  this  territory  was  first  |irosi)ected 
in  IS(!2  l)y  Tiiited  States  soldiers.  A  ipnirter  cen 
tury  later  Enos.  A.  Wall  discoxered  an  abamhmed 
tunnel  in  the  mineralized  area,  but  no  development 
work  was  done  until  1S!)S,  when  I).  ( '.  -lackson.  fol- 
lowing a  prelimiiuiry  examination,  gave  a  report  dis 
closing  the  ])otentiaI  value  of  the  jirojierty  and  out 
lining  a  method  of  develoi)ment. 

Xineteen  hundred  and  four  saw  the  L'tah  Copper 
Company  organized  and  actual  mining  work  com- 
menced. From  the  very  beginning  the  method  of 
development,  as  outlined,  followed  the  open  cut  sys- 
tem but  two  years  of  block-caving  and  tunneling 
elapsed  before  the  first  steam  shovel  was  put  into 
operation.  This  installation  met  witli  such  success 
that  the  recent  develojiments  ])rompted  by  it  have 
made  this  mine  the  largest  o])en  cut  cojiper  mine  in 
the  world. 

From  the  bottom  of  the  ]dt  to  tlie  to]),  a  vertic;il 
distance  of  1,500  feet,  tiers  of  levels  70  feet  apart 
terrace  the  mountain.  The  ore  is  blasted  from  the 
mountainside  onto  these  benches  where  electric 
shovels,  callable  of  transferiug  at  one  movement,  7 
tons  of  ore  per  di]iiier,  load  into  SOton  steel  ore 
cars.  The  sIiom'Is  are  eipii]iiied  with  caterpillar 
tractors. 

The  transition  from  steam  to  electricity  was  not 
as  easy  as  it  may  ajijiear.  JIany  difficulties  arose 
with  the  inaugtiration.of  the  electric  shovels.  For 
instance,  it  was  no  sim])Ie  matter  to  distribute  power 
to  these  shovels  on  different  benches.  Cables  weatli 
ered  jiooily  and  were  cr.icked  by  the  shock  of  blast- 
ing, thus  causing  great  losses  and  ultimately,  elec- 
trical failure.  I'^inally  the  iiroblem  was  solved  in 
the  design  of  portable  steel  towers  which  carry  the 
lines  overhead.  These  structures  are  distributed 
on  the  various  lexcls  at  a  considerable  saving  over 
every  other  system.  F.ach  shovel  receives  its  power 
from  this  jiortable  bench  transmission  line  through 
a  ."iOO  foot  trail  cable  which  terminates  on  a  reel  at 


.Udicli.   I'.l.iS 


TIIK  TKCIIXOCKAl'II 


the  rear  of  llie  shovel  ami  allows  plenty  of  flexiliility 
in  movement. 

Blastin<i;  at  Bin};hani  also  f;ives  lise  to  difficnl 
tics.  Unlike  most  miiiini;  conimiinities,  the  town  is 
helow  the  mine.  Such  a  sitnation  en(hin^ers  the 
lives  of  ])eople  on  the  hij;hway  helow  when  the  time 
comes  to  blast.  Sheds  offer  i)ro(ection  from  flyinj; 
liai'ticlcs.  Laborers  at  the  miiu'  are  i)r()tected  by 
little  sheds  bnilt  of  railroad  ties  and  at  the  warnin<j 
iilasis  from  the  shovel  whistles  the  men  seek  shelter 
in  these  Imildiiiiis.  Two  foi'enien  have  charjie  of  all 
drillini;-,  blastiiii;',  •■iiid  b^ink  1 1'lmminji  oi)eratioMs. 
I'ImIi  ('o|)]ier  has  adopted  a  sjiecial  animoniiini  ni 
ti'ate.  non-freezinj;  explosive  for  its  lilastini;-  pnr- 
jioses.  At  first  mixtnres  of  dynamite  and  black 
powder  were  used  l)nt  this  rerpiired  snch  a  heavy 
cliarge  that  it  interfered  with  I'ailroad  o])eration. 
Top  holes  ai'e  drilled  with  clnirn  drills  and  toe  holes 
with  air  drills  monnted  on  trijtods.  l<]very  hole  is 
spi'nnfj;.  Bonlders  are  I)roken  by  blockholinj;  or 
adobe  blasting. 

Becan.se  of  the  steeji  toiioj;r:ipliy  (  the  bank  slo])e 
averajies  .")0  deijrees)  it  is  necessary  to  have  more 
trackaj^e  than  wonld  be  reqnired  for  a  flat  ore  body 
of  the  same  size.  However,  the  nnmerons  faces  of- 
fered by  this  toi)ography  aid  in  maintaininfj  the  ont 


I>nt  of  1()(),00()  tons  daily  and  the  steep  slopes  jrive 
ample  dnrnj)  room.  Jlost  of  the  surrounding:  jinlches 
are  utilized  for  waste  dumjjs.  As  the  surface  of  the 
ore  is  inclined  and  irre.unlar.  some  of  the  benches 
are  partly  in  cai)pinf;  and  i)ai'tly  in  ore.  In  this  case 
it  is  cheajier  to  mine  the  cai)i)in!j;  with  the  ore,  there- 
by lowerinfi  tlie  <;rade.  tlnui  to  handle  it  sepai'alely. 

Seventy-four  ami  imc  half  miles  of  tiack-.  con 
sistins;  of  a  .series  of  switchbacks  with  a  I  jier  cent 
maximum  grade,  route  the  empty  cars  up  the  innnn 
tain  and  the  loaded  cars  down.  To  see  half  a  hun 
dred  standard  jiauge  dinkey  locomotives  i;iiintini: 
and  wheeziii'i  around  this  immense  mountain  of 
co])])er,  makes  one  realize  how  insignificaTit  are  th(> 
works  of  humans  when  matched  ajiainst  those  of 
nature.  The  day's  \vork  of  these  dinkeys  iiicludes 
slathering  the  loaded  ore  cars  on  the  levels  and  haul 
ing  them  down  to  the  main  assembly  yard  where 
standard  mallets  start  them  on  their  winding  jour- 
ney to  the  mills  19  miles  away. 

There  you  are.  A  great  engineering  enter])rise, 
stuck  away  in  the  Oquirrh  ^Mountains,  offering  ])os 
sil)ilities  to  every  branch  of  engineering  taught  in 
the  curriculum  of  the  University  of  Illinois — mining, 
electrical,  mechanical,  architectural,  or  what  have 
you — all  combined  into  one  gigantic  ]iroject. 


GFNKKAI.    ViKW    ok    Ml.NK.    Ul.\H    COI'l'EK    CoMl'.VNV,    SlIDWINC    OllK    Tlt.MNS 

ON  THE  Varios  Levels. 


Tin;  Ti;<iiN()(!i;.\i'ii 


Miirrh.    I'.I.IS 


The  Vreeland  Oscillator 

( '.  i;.  Sku(iiii;u 
I  iislnicliir  ill   I'Irclriciil  /^iii/iini  riiii/ 


Present  <l;iv  elecd'icai  eni;iiieeriii^  |ir;iclice  ii(i-  j;('iiei-at<if.  Tliis  Liciieratur  is  iisinill.v  diixcii  by  ;i 
lizes  tliree  l):iii(ls  ot'  t'i-e(iiieiicies  wliicli  drixe  mir  iikpIoi-  wliicli  is  sii|i|ilie(i  willi  cDinincrci;!  I  cinrriil. 
motors,  lijilil  (iiir  Iidhics,  niul  opei'Mie  \;ii-ii)us  Ikhisc  'I'lie  tiiird  lypc.  liic  \;iciiiiiii  liilie  osrillnlnr.  lins  ini 
hold  iippliaiices.  Tlie  first  of  these  lies  lietwceii  '2'i  niecliaiiieal  liloviliji  ))arts  and  Ihc  frnpienties  of  llie 
and  <>(»  cycles.  The  second  hand  includes  llie  so  called  alternatinji'  currents  produced  de|ieii(l  upon  the  dec 
audio  frei|nencies.  'i'liese  i-anuc  from  ahoiit  .">0  Id  1."),  Irical  conslants  tif  the  circuit  niakiiiu  \\]>  this  <]e\ice. 
0(11)  cycles.  The   third   and    lasl    hand   consists  of  all  Thv  fourth   type  and  the  one  that    will   he  discus- 

frcMpiencies  aho\c  the  audio  hanil  and  run  up  into  sed  in  this  article  is  the  \'reeland  oscillator.  Ah 
millions  <d"  cycles  per  second.  These  heloni;  to  a  thou<;h  this  i^ieneratnr  of  hifjli  fre(|ueiiciex  is  not  new- 
class  called  radio  frecpu'iicies,  and  as  the  name  im  its  use  has  not  been  very  general  and  few  peojde  are 
plies  are  used  chiefly  in  the  ladio  field.  The  audio  ac(piainted  with  its  operation.  In  this  oscillator,  as 
fi-eipiemies  will  he  dealt  with   in  this  aiticle.  i„  the  vacuum  lube  oscillator,  the  fre(pu'ncy  of  the 

In  the  use  of  our  teleiiliones  we  ash  and  c.\|iect  alternating  currents  is  determined  entirely  by  the 
that  the  voice  he  transmitted  and  reproduced  faith-  imtural  frequency  of  an  oscillating  circuit  contain 
fully.  The  ])ublic  is  also  now  demanding  the  best  in  ino  capacitance  and  inductance.  There  are  no  me 
tone  quality  and  in  faithfulness  of  transmission  as  chanical  pai-ls  to  get  out  of  order  and  thereby  in- 
well  as  reproduction  of  music  and  speech  in  radio. 
Frequencies  of  the  audible  range  must  then  be  used 
by  the  telei)lione  engineer  and  the  radio  engineer 
in  order  that  ex])erimcntal  work  may  be  carried  on 
and  routine  tests  be  made,  the  results  of  which  will 
lead  to  these  ends. 

The  tele])hone  industry  makes  use  of  these  fre 
ipH'ucies  in  kee|)ing  tele])hone  lines  in  ]iro]iei'  condi- 
tion. Their  ])articular  use  here  is  to  determine  what 
is  called  tlie  "equivalent  of  a  line  in  terms  of  stand- 
ard cable."  They  are  further  used  in  calibrating 
lelei)hone  repeaters,  in  testing  carrier  current  tele 
phone  systems,  and  in  making  measurements  of  the 
effective  resistance  and  reactance  of  various  ])ieces 
of  e(iui])ment  and  de\ices  used  in  the  tele])lione 
industry. 

The  radio  engineei'  makes  use  of  these  frecpien- 
cies  in  determining  the  characteristics  of  devices 
used  in  amidifying  and  reproducing  the  sounds  that 
are  to  come  from  the  loud  s]icaker.  lie  further 
uses  them  in  testing  railio  broadcast  transmitters 
to  determine  the  degree  of  excellence  in  modnlation. 
They  are  also  used  in  measuring  the  effccli\f  re 
sistance  and  reactance  of  ir(m  corei]  choke  coils. 

There  are  in  general  four  types  of  generators  for  fi,„.,„.,,  ,i„.  f,-e(pHm<y.  Any  changes  in  this  fre- 
j.roducing  altei-nating  currents  of  fieipu'ucies  rang-  ,j„ency  will  take  jdace  only  as  a  result  of  changes 
ing  between  a  hundred  ami  several  th(msand  cycles  |„  (i,,,  j,,,],,,-!;,,,,.,.  ,.,,jis  and  condensers  making  uj) 
per  second.  An  e.\;imple  of  the  simplest  ty|ie  is  jprob  n,,.  ,,s,.i||;ii  ing  ciicuit.  These  are  not  subject  to  ap- 
ably  the  mici-oi)hone  hummer.  This  is  a  mechanical  pi^eciable  vari.itions  ami  for  a  j.articnlai-  .setting  the 
vibrator  whose  vibrations  ai-e  transformed  into  elec  f,.('(picncies  obtained  from  this  type  of  an  oscillator 
trical  vibrati(ms  of  the  same  freipiency  as  the  ,,,,,„.,;„  substantially  constant  for  long  i.eriods  of 
mechanical.  time 

The  second  type  is  Die  high  fre(piency  induction  (Viiniinucii  mi  I'hik  niii 


Scni:.\iAi  ic  DiAiaiAM  or  Vukki.aM)  Os(  u.i.atoii. 


.]/<irrh.   1!)2S 


THE  TKCIIXDCRAl'ir 


133 


Lubricating  the  Engine  of  the  Modern  Car 


^'loiiNK  Mixers,  lu.e.. 


The  modciii  drivoi-  of  a  motor  car  is  tlioroujjhlv 
sold  on  the  vital  im|)ortam'e  of  jjood  lubrication,  lint 
little  does  he  realize  what  knotty  problems  lubrica- 
tion and  automotive  enjiineers  have  had  to  solve 
that  the  enjiine  of  his  smoothly  iinrrinu:  car  mijiht 
"know  its  oil."' 

Oil,  we  know,  decreases  friction,  cuts  down  wear, 
and  -silences  to  a  surprisinji  desjree.  many  movinj; 
parts  of  the  modern  entjino.  We  know  our  cars  need 
•'lighter"  oil  in  cold  weather  than  in  July,  and  that 
we  ou<;ht  to  chanjie  it  faithfully  at  certain  mileafjes. 

But  heat  and  cold  are  but  two  of  the  many  con- 
<litions  which  motor  oil  must  meet,  and  new  condi- 
tions are  arising  every  day.  The  selection  of  a  prop- 
el' oil  to  meet  a  certain  set  of  conditions  involves 
a  study  of  many  different  phases  of  one  of  the  most 
fascinatin<i  ]iroblems  in  the  world — Lubrication. 

Fa.scinatinjj  often  because  the  ideal  solution  of  a 
difficult  jiroblem  stands  out  in  the  end  as  ridiculous- 
ly simple:  fascinatiuf;  because  of  the  steps  which 
lead  finally  to  a  solution ;  fascinatin<;,  especially,  be- 
cause of  the  tremendous  j)ossibilities  still  waiting 
for  development. 

Realize  that  //  irr  cnii  chonxr  an  oil  of  proper 
■■hod)/"  and  keep  it  at  thr  proper  hodi/.  if  ire  can 
eliminate  enfireli/  itft  dilution  and  contamination : 
then  ire  can  drire  the  old  has  doirn  to  its  Inihs  irith- 
ont  rrer  harinr/  to  change  the  oil! 

Think  of  that  and  realize  how  economically  vital. 
h(tw  technically  fascinatin<r,  an  apjiroach  to  the  per 
feet  solution  of  motor  lubrication  is  bound  to  be. 

RefIN'I.\(;  the  iloDERX  IIOTOU  Oir. 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  thinking  of  crude  oil,  as  it 
comes  from  the  ground,  as  a  dark,  molasses-like  sub- 
stance containing  many  imjiurities.  Jfuch  of  it  is 
black,  but  some  is  brown,  and  some  is  a  golden  yel- 
low: it  all  dejiends  on  the  field  from  which  it  comes. 

Recently  a  great  deal  of  intei'est  has  been  aroused 
in  the  public  mind  by  the  advertising  of  "rennsyl- 
vania  Oils''  and  a  few  words  about  the  different 
sorts  of  crude  oils  may  be  of  interest. 

Roughly,  all  ci'udes  may  be  divided  into  three 
tyjies:  the  paraffine  ba.se,  ty])ifie(l  by  the  Pennsyl- 
vania crudes :  the  asphalt  l)ase.  by  Texas  or  Pacific 
coast  crudes:  and  the  mixed  base,  by  ^fid-Continent 
ciudes.  AYhich  makes  the  best  motor  oil  ?  The  truth 
is,  any  crude,  ])roperly  refined,  will  make  a  good  oil. 
A  •■true"  Pennsylvania  oil  has  one  valuable  feattire, 
it  does  not  thin  out  as  fast  under  heat  as  a  Texas 
oil.      Mid-Continent   oil.s   are   between    the   two   ex- 


tremes. However  Pennsylvania  oils  have  a  serious 
drawback,  they  have  a  high  pour  point  while  Texas 
oils  have  the  lowest  pour  ])oint,  with  Mid-Continent 
oils  again  between  the  two  extremes.  Let  us  bear  in 
mind  this  question  of  pour  point  for  it  will  be  re- 
ferred to  later  in  this  paper. 

We  obtain  from  this  crude  oil  products  of  wide- 
ly varying  characteristics  and  utility  through  the 
interesting  process  of  refining.  Asphalt  at  one  end 
of  the  string,  and  highly  explosive  naptha  at  the 
other,  dramatize  the  wide  range  of  jirodncts  that 
are  obtained  from  crude  oil.  A  modern  refinery  is 
a  very  efficient  place,  very  little  is  wasted.  Tt  is 
said  of  the  jiacking  industry  that  of  a  pig,  every- 
thing is  used  exce])t  the  squeal.  It  may  be  said  of 
a  refinery  that  the  only  thing  wasted  is  the  smell 
and,  who  knows,  perhaps  soon  some  enterprising 
chemist  will  find  a  n.se  for  that. 

Refining  may  be  described  as  the  separating  of 
the  crude  oil  into  products  having  certain  desired 
characteristics  and  the  purifying  of  these  products. 
Simple  as  that  sounds,  eleven  billion  dollars  are  at 
work  today  bringing  in  these  products  which  are  the 
result  of  the  refining  processes. 

Since  crude  oil  is  com]iosed  of  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing different  boiling  points,  the  jirocess  of  "fraction- 
al distillation"  becotnes  the  immediately  obvious  way 
of  separating  them.  The  stills  used  are  of  many 
different  sorts,  but  essentially  the  same,  there  is  a 
chamber  where  heat  is  apjilied  to  the  crude  oil  and 
a  condenser  where  the  vapors  are  brought  back 
into  the  licjuid  state.  The  ]>rocess  is  very  flexible, 
and  the  stillman  can  "cnt  off  the  various  fractiotis 
at  any  point  to  secure  the  desired  products. 

As  the  crude  oil  is  warmed,  the  lightest  ])ortions 
vaporize  and  pass  over  to  be  condensed.  Then  the 
heat  is  raised  gradually,  and  higher  boiling  point 
hydrocarboTis  distill  off.  This  ])rocess  can  be  con- 
tinued with  heavier  and  heavier  distillates  until  all 
that  remains  in  the  still  is  jietroletim  coke.  This,  in 
a  few  words,  is  the  ])rinciple  of  fractional  distilla- 
tion, which  is  a  very  com])licated  jtrocedure  in  ac- 
tual ])ractice. 

After  the  desired  stock  for  a  motor  oil  is  secured, 
it  is  entirely  unfit  for  use  in  a  motor.  Many  unde- 
sirable elements  must  be  removed.  These  are  re- 
moved by  acid  treating,  filteraf  ion,  and  cold 
pressing. 

Acid  treating  consists  of  treating  the  oil  stock 
with    sTilphuric   acid   to   remove  asphaltic.   sludge- 


l.'U 


TTTK  TE("1TX()(!RAI'11 


.]f(ir(h.    /.0:2,S 


foi-miiif;  liodics.  M.iiiy  (if  tlii-  iiiistjiliU'  liv(lr(»('iiri)<)Ms 
arc  reiiioveil  licrc.  Aflci-  tlic  acid  trcatiiij;,  it  is  iic 
cessary  to  carefully  wash  tlic  oil  to  rcmoxc  all  traces 
of  acid  and  secure  a  lUMitral  reaction. 

IMItration  lliron^^li  Fuller's  l']artli  is  another  jiro- 
cess  used  on  liiijiier  ^rade  oils,  which  i-euioves  still 
uinrc  (if  Ihe  unstable  liodics  and  lends  to  iiM|ir(ivc 
lidlh  the  color  and  staliility  of  the  oil. 

Paraffin  jiresent  in  oil  is  extremely  undesiralile 
as  it  fiives  the  oil  a  jioor  jiour  test,  and  also  causes 
tlie  oil  to  thin  rapidly  iindei-  heat.  The  jtaraffin  is 
removed  by  chillin<;  the  oil  and  pressing;  it  thi'ongh 
wa.x  ])res.ses  under  j;reat  j)ressure.  The  jircsses 
catch  the  wax  crystals  and  allow  the  dewaxed  oil 
to  i)ass  throufjli.  Generally  more  than  one  cold  jii'cs- 
sinj;  is  needeil  to  secure  the  desired  results. 

Finished  motor  oils  are  not  ])roduced  as  a  sinjjle 
cut  carried  throu'ih  the  many  stejis  intact.  They  are 
made  by  blendiuj;  two  or  more  finished  stocks  to  se- 
cni-e  the  desired  product. 

Incidentally,  motor  oils  can  be  treated  to  pi'cvent 
the  lowering  of  their  body  durin<'-  actual  use  in  the 
engine  of  a  car.  This  interesting  and  tremendously 
valuable  discovery  is  discussed  later  on.  Tt  is  lidicu- 
lously  simple. 

Tests  Applied  to  Motor  Oils 

The  gravity  test  is  well  known,  and  its  import- 
ance as  a  criterion  of  motor  oil  value  is  greatly  over- 
estimated. Any  test  ajijilied  to  a  motor  oil  to  be  of 
value,  must  be  so  run  that  its  results  can  be  dupli- 
cated by  other  men  with  different  apparatus.  For 
this  reason,  all  tests  of  motor  oils  should  be  run 
exactly  as  outlined  in  the  U.  S.  Department  of  the 
Interior  Bulletin  Xo.  323  B.  in  which  procedure 
and  type  of  apparatus  is  carefully  described. 

"Flash"  is  the  temperature  at  which  the  vapors 
coming  off  the  heated  oil  will  flash  into  a  momen- 
tary flame.  "Fire"  is  the  degree  of  heat  at  which 
the  vajiors,  when  ignited,  will  continue  to  burn.  The 
fii'e  ])oint  is  generally  about  sixty  degrees  above  the 
flash  ))oint. 

The  temjieiature  at  which  the  oil  just  l)ecomes 
solid  is  known  as  the  "solid  point."  This  point  is  not 
used  to  any  great  extent  in  the  iietroleum  industry, 
but  a  point  five  degrees  above  the  solid  point  is 
known  as  the  "])oiir  jioint,"  and  is  widely  used. 

"Demulsibility,"  "Acidity."  "Ash,"  "Color,"  and 
"Conradson  Carbon,"  aic  iiu|i(ii-tant  tests  to  the  I'c 
finer,  and  ai'e  very  imjiortant  in  detennining  the 
(|uality  of  the  oil,  hut  they  are  not  tests  with  which 
the  consuming  jjublic  is  accpiainted. 
Viscosity  and  the  Kkfect  ok  TEMPHUATiitE  Urox  It 

Vixcofiii!/,  or  bodi/  of  thr  oil,  is  the  moul  imporf- 
(iiit  siiifflc  chararfcrisfie  irhich  ihc  oil  Ikih.  and  the 
means  bv  which  the  correct  \iscositv  is  maintained 


in  a  motor  <dl  are  without  doubt  the  most  interest 
ing  and  important  modern  achievements  of  the 
science  of  lul)rication. 

X'iscosity  is  exjii'essed  as  ihe  nuniliei'  of  seconds 
re(]uired  for  sixty  cc.  of  oil,  at  a  specified  tempera 
ture,  to  flow  by  gravity  through  an  orifice  in  the 
Saybolt  ^Mscosimeter.  The  viscosity  of  an  oil  varies 
with  the  temjieratuie.  For  instance,  a  widely  adver- 
tised oil  has  a  vi.scosity  of  270,000  seconds  at  zero 
degrees,  2,100  seconds  at  70  degrees,  HS.")  .seconds  at 
100  degrees,  and  Tu  seconds  at  210  degrees.  Every- 
one will  realize  this  diange  of  body  Avhen  he  remem 
bei-s  how  thin  his  oil  is  when  it  is  drained  while  the 
motor  is  hot.  and  how  thick  it  gets  when  the  tem- 
l)erature  is  low.  This  is  a  veiy  serious  ]irobIem  for 
the  automotive  engineer  and  refiner  to  meet,  foi' 
the  same  oil  must  lubricate  a  car  at  perhaps  SO 
5r.  V.  11.,  with  crankcase  temperatures  of  maybe 
200  degrees  or  higher,  as  must  lubricate  the  car  when 
it  starts  at  zero  or  below  in  a  cold  garage. 

With  any  sort  of  lubrication  system,  the  circu- 
lation of  oil  at  low  temperatures  is  very  sluggish, 
and  a  state  of  imjierfect  lubrication  e.xists  for  some 
time  until  the  oil  has  a  chance  to  warm  up  and  thin 
out.  On  the  other  hand,  if  a  light  enough  oil  is  used 
to  afford  better  starting  lubrication,  and  easier 
motoi'  starting,  in  cold  weather,  the  oil  when  thor- 
oughly hot,  at  high  speeds,  may  have  inadequate  vis- 
cosity to  give  proper  "cushion"  to  the  moving  parts, 
and  bearing  failures  or  other  trouble  may  occur. 
The  entire  thing  resolves  itself  into  a  compromise 
between  many  conditions,  and  vcru  much  drpriids  on 
the  common  fsen.'ic  of  ihc  driver,  and  thr  iray  he  hand- 
les his  car.  lie  can  make  or  break  his  niotoi-  iritli 
ihe  fine.'it  oil  on  earfh  in  the  crankcase. 

An  incident  which  was  told  to  me  recently  sheds 
an  interesting  light  on  this  problem  of  viscosity.  A 
well  known  manufacturer  of  a  very  speedy  car  ran 
a  series  of  tests  with  a  geared-up  roadster,  di'iving 
it  twenty-four  hours  a  day,  seven  days  a  week,  at  a 
s])eed  of  100  M.  P.  H.  The  oil  which  gave  best  re- 
sults had  a  viscosity  of  loO  seconds  at  210  degrees. 
This  oil  would  have  a  viscosity  of  about  3,000  sec- 
onds at  100  degrees.  The  use  of  such  a  heavy  oil  as 
the  roadster  found  most  suitable  for  such  extreme 
service  would  ruin  the  average  motor. 

This  subject  of  the  varying  viscosity  of  oil  in  re- 
lation to  temperature  has  been  coming  closer  home 
each  year  to  the  motoring  public,  because  of  the  in 
creased  building  of  good  roads,  the  better  mainten 
ance  of  these  roads,  and  the  steady  increase  of  win 
ter  driving. 

I  belie\c  that  the  iinlilic  h;is  a  mistaken  idea  that 
the  resistance  to   starting  offered   by  the  oil    in   a 
crankcase   de])ends   u])on   the  i)0ur  test  of   the  oil. 
(Continued  nn  Paye  UiS) 


}fnrrh.  1D2S. 


THE  TF.cnXOORAPn 


135 


The  Wrisht  "Whirlwind"  Aviation  Engine 


W.  F.  RiiicwAY,  e.e..  '31 


Recently,  due  to  the  increasing  public  interest  in 
aviation,  much  attention  has  been  given  the  Wi'ight 
■•Whirlwind"  engine.  The  puri)0se  of  this  article  is 
to  describe  some  of  the  technical  features  of  the  en- 
gine, and  to  make  clear  some  of  the  api)arently  puz- 
zling problems  of  construction  of  radial  air-cooled 
engines  in  general.  The  engine  under  discussion  is 
the  Wright  model  J-.l  "Whirlwind,"  the  one  which 
has  been  used  in  so  many  of  the  recent  flights, 
breaking  distance  and  duration  records,  and  al- 
though not  so  widely  exploited,  flown  many  thous- 


"We"  Axn  THE  Wmui.wiM) 

ands  of  miles  in  commercial  and  government  sei*v- 
ice.  It  is  the  engine  which  Colonel  Lindbergh  in- 
cludes in  his  famous  "We." 

The  present  "Whirlwind"  lias  devcloiied  during 
the  past  eight  years  from  the  engines  designed  and 
built  by  Mr.  Charles  L.  Lawrence,  jn'esident  of  the 
Wright  Aeronautical  Corporation,  who  made  the 
first  ones  under  a  contract  witii  the  United  States 
Xavy  calling  for  an  air-cooled  engine  to  develop  200 
n.  P.  at  1.800  R.  P.  M.  At  that  time  manufacturers 
of  airplane  engines  were  concentrating  on  the  water- 
cooled  tyjie  because  there  had  been  little  success 
with  the  air-cooled  engines.  The  first  two  of  this 
series  of  ''Whirlwind"  were  delivered  to  the  Xavy  in 
1921  after  having  passed  their  fifty  hour  endurance 
tests.  The  present  J-5  series  "Whirlwind"  is  es- 
sentially the  same  engine,  the  only  changes  being 
slight  modifications  and  improvements  of  the  orig- 
inal design.  It  is  a  nine-cylinder  static  radial  air- 
cooled  machine  operating  on  the  four-stroke  cycle, 
and  is  rated  at  200  H.  P.  at  1,800  R.  P.  M.,  but  the 
general  run  averages  about  223  H.  P.  at  that  speed. 
In  an  overload  test  lasting  fifty  hours,  an  engine 
developed  295  H.  P. 


The  nine  cylinders  are  bolted  to  an  aluminum 
alloy  craukcase,  and  lie  in  the  same  vertical  plane. 
The  craidccase  consists  of  five  sections  bolted  togeth- 
er, the  main  section  having  jiads  for  mounting  the 
cylinders  anil  means  for  fastening  the  engine  to 
the  airplane.  One  of  the  rear  sections  is  part  of  the 
intake  manifold.  There  are  tliree  passages  in  it 
which  connect  to  intake  pipes  leading  to  the  cylind- 
ers, and  divides  equally  the  mixture  from  the  car- 
buretor, which  is  a  special  three-barrel  Stromberg. 
The  cylinder  is  made  of  a  steel  barrel  with  cooling 
fins  machined  on  it,  and  with  an  aluminum  alloy 
head  screwed  and  shrunk  onto  this  barrel.  The  com- 
bustion chamber  is  domed  and  machined  all  over. 
The  valve  seats  are  of  iihiminuin  liriinzf,  shrunk  into 
the  head,  and  rolled. 

Tlie  crankshaft  is  made  fi-om  a  chrome-nickel 
sti'cl  forging,  machined  all  ovei'  and  counterbal- 
anced. It  is  a  single  throw  crank,  and  runs  in  four 
liearings ;  a  ball  thrust  bearing,  two  main  ball  bear- 
ings, and  a  plain  bearing  at  the  rear  where  the  oil 
is  admitted.  It  is  hollow  throughout  its  length  for 
the  purpo.se  of  distributing  oil  to  all  jiarts  of  the 
engine.  The  connecting  rods  are  machined  from 
chi'ome-nickel  steel,  and  are  built  uj)  around  the 
main  rod  which  is  installed  in  the  top  cylinder.  The 
eight  articulating  rods  work  on  bronze  bushings  in 
the  head  of  the  mastei'  rod.  being  lubricated  through 
the  main  bearing  in  the  latter.  The  pistons  are  cast 
aluminum  alloy,  heavily  ribbed  for  strength  and  for 
heat  radiation,  and  have  three  compression  rings 
above  the  i)in  and  an  oil  scrai)er  below.  The  jiiston 
]iins  are  full  floating,  and  have  aluminum  plugs  in 
each  end  to  prevent  scoring  of  the  cylinders. 

The  valves  are  tungsten  steel,  the  exhaust  valves 
being  salt  iiiulnl.  The  valves  are  oi)erated  by  two 
four  lobe  cams  machined  on  a  single  forged  ring. 
The  ring  has  internal  gear  teeth  milled  in  it  to  mesh 
with  the  timing  train,  and  is  mounted  on  a  free- 
running  aluminum  hub.  The  cams  imii  at  one 
eighth  crankshaft  speed  and  in  the  ojiposite  direc- 
tion. This  opens  and  closes  each  valve  once  in  every 
two  revolutions  of  the  crankshaft.  The  intake  opens 
eight  degrees  early  and  closes  (50  degrees  late,  and 
the  exhaust  opens  (50  degrees  early  aud  closes 
eight  degrees  late.  Xumbering  the  cylinders  in  the 
direction  of  rotation  of  the  ])i'opeller,  and  consider- 
ing number  one  to  be  the  cylinder  at  the  top,  the  fir- 
ing   order    is    1-3-5-7-9-2-4-0-8.    Ignition    is    sn])plied 


i:{() 


Till",  TKCirXdCillAI'II 


M'irrh.   IU2S 


\)\  two  Sciiitilhi   iiuij;in'tns  iinMiiili'd 

on   Ihc 

Irnllt    1 

till'   eiifiiiu'.      'I'licrc    arc    Iwo    spark 

plllJiS 

ill    ca( 

cyliiultT,  diainclrically  Kpiiosilc,  cad 

1  liia^iit 

lo  t'irii 

one  plug. 

Thk  WicicHT  Wiiiiii,\vi\r) 


liladcs  1)1'  llic  propclliir  aic  not   in  llic  line  of  fire. 

With  a  bore  and  sti-o]<e  of  1..".  Iiy  ."i."),  iiiakint;  a 
piston  dis])Iacenu'nt  of  7SS  ciihic  inches,  the  "Whirl- 
wind" has  a  ratio  of  .254  li.  !'.  per  cnbic  inrh  dis- 
l)lacement.  It  is  45  inches  in  diameter  and  34  inches 
loii}!,  weiiihini;  ahont  aOS  ])onnds  dry.  Thi.s  make.s  a 
i-atio  of  L'..")!  |i(Minds  |)ci'  H.  P.  These  figures  are 
liascd  on  the  ^narantecd  ratinj;  of  200  IT.  I'.  The 
lii;ht  wciiilit  as  compared  with  the  relatively  lii^li 
jiowcr  makes  ])ossil)le  sood  economy  and  hi^^li  ceil 
iiiiis.  In  a  A'onf'ht  ])lane  equipped  Avitli  a  snpci- 
cliariicr,  a  si)eed  of  l.")l  31.  P.  H.  was  obtained  at  an 
altitude  of  15,000  feet.  21,000  feet  was  reached  in 
twenty  minutes,  and  fh(»  serx'icc  ccilin};  is  27,500 
feet. 

The  air-cooled  enfjine  has  many  advantagPN  over 
a  water-cooled  machine.  A.s  was  stated  before,  it 
umkes  for  lighter  weight  due  to  the  omission  of  the 
water-cooling  system,  which  averages  O.G  lbs.  per 
IT.  I'.  This  would  indicate  greater  reliability  be- 
cause of  less  parts,  and  water-cooling  systems  must 
of  necessit.v  be  fragile  for  efficiency  in  heat  dissii)a- 
tion.  This  also  enables  the  manufacturer  of  jjlanes 
to  make  a  lighter  structure,  thereby  saving  more 
weight.  Remember  that  every  pound  saved  in  the 
airplane  engine  and  structure  means  another  jionnd 
of  pay  loading  available. 


E.\cei)t  for  cylinder  walls,  wrist  pins,  and  acces- 
sory drives,  oiling  is  done  under  pressure  of  about 
75  ))onnds  ])ei-  s(|nare  inch.  There  are  three  gear  oil 
])um])s,  one  of  which  draws  oil  from  an  external 
tank  and  ]inls  it  under  jiressure  to  an  annular 
groo\-c  ill  the  rc.-ir  ci'ankshaft  beaiang,  and  fi-oin 
there  to  the  other  main  bearings,  thrust  bearing, 
and  tlic  connecting  rod  licaring.  The  latter  is  drilled 
to  lubricate  the  licaiings  of  the  articulating  rods. 
Lubrication  of  the  cylinder  walls,  wrist  ])ins,  and  ac- 
cessory drives  is  accom])lished  by  sjiray.  The  I'ock- 
ei-  arms  and  other  external  mechanism  is  lubricated 
with  a  i)ressure  gun.  The  other  two  gear  pum])s 
take  the  oil  from  the  suin]is  in  the  crankcase  and 
return  it   to  the  external  taid<. 

Provision  is  made  on  tlu'  ••^^■llirlwind"  for  the  in- 
stallation of  some  accessories.  There  are  connec- 
tions for  engine-driven  find  pumps,  tachometers, 
starfei-s,  and  for  machine  giin  synchronizers.  When 
gasoline  tanks  need  be  located  so  that  gravity  feed 
will  not  operate,  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  fuel  pump. 
Tachometers  are  a  necessity  to  navigation  and  ojier- 
ation.  There  are  sevei-il  makes  of  starters  for  air- 
])lanes  now  on  the  market,  and  they  are  very  con- 
venient. The  gun  synchronizing  mechanism  is  a 
geared  connection  to  the  timing  ti'ain  and  is  so  ai'- 
i-anged  that  it  allows  the  gun  to  fire  only  when  the 


Ai!iiAXi;i:MiCNT  t\v  Pisthns 

Owing  to  the  smaller  number  of  craid-cshaft  bear- 
ings, the  friction  losses  are  lower  in  the  radial  en- 
gine. The  period  between  overhauls  in  the  "Whirl- 
wind" has  been  found  to  average  about  250  flying 
hoiirs,  and  there  are  some  engines  in  service  which 

(Ciiiit'niurrI  rni  Piifir  l(!2 ) 


]l,inli.  IU2S 


TUK  TKCIIXOCUAI'II 


Latest  Development  in  Steam  Heating  Systems 


A\'.\i.  TaI'T  I)riaiA.M.  lu.e.,  e.\'l'8 


Steam  has  been  used  as  a  lieatiug  aj>eut  for  llie 
last  half  ceutuiy.  The  first  steam  system  was  the 
one  pipe  system  and  it  had  many  auuoyiuf!;  faults 
such  as  noisy  radiators.  sj)urtiufr  air  valves,  half-hot 
and  sometimes  cold  radiators.  Duriufi  the  last  two 
decades,  advanced  and  rapid  strides  have  been  made 
in  the  steam  heating  field,  and  the  improvements 
during  the  present  year  have  been  such  that  a  com- 
plete revolution  has  taken  place. 

In  the  one  pipe  .system  the  supply  \n\)e  was  back- 
graded  and  the  condensate  had  to  return  to  the 
boiler  through  the  same  pipe  that  the  steam  entered 
the  radiator.  Eacli  radiator  was  e(|nipped  with  an 
air  valve  which  was  sujjposed  to  allow  the  air  to  es- 
cape as  the  steam  entered  the  system.  But  this 
system  had  many  faults  and  disadvantages.  The 
oi)ening  in  the  air  valve  was  small  and  the  air  could 
not  escape  very  readily  so  it  was  compressed.  This 
kept  the  steam  from  reaching  the  entire  surface  of 
the  radiator,  and  therefore  its  maximum  heat  was 
not  transmitted.  Since  the  condensate  was  supposed 
to  leave  through  the  same  pipe  that  supplied  the 
steam,  this  water  was  sometimes  pocketed  by  the 
steam  in  the  radiator  and  caused  annoying  noises, 
owing  to  the  contact  of  tlie  steam  and  water.  Tlicrc 


densate,  but  this  did  not  perfect  the  system  since 
the  air  valve  was  still  the  only  means  provided  for 
the  escajjc  of  the  air.  Another  objection  was  the 
fact  that   steam   would   enter  adjoining   radiators 


Fi<;i  KK   O.VK 


was  nil  pDsitiM-  ((inlrol  of  the  (iii1|Mit  ul'  a  radiator 
siiHc  the  closing  off  of  the  steam  sujiply  also  cut 
off  the  out-flow  of  the  condensate. 

The  two  i>i]ie  lieating  system  was  the  ne.\t  step 
forward  in  the  development.  It  provi(h'<l  an  add! 
tional  pipe  whose  fniiclioii  was  to  cari'v  off  the  cnn 


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Vacoui-i  tM  |NCMC;>  O  Mccc 

i     t.  ■  a     K)     iz    14     ,(. 
Fkure   Two 

tlirougli  the  return  pipes  and  pocket  the  air  there 
between  two  heads  of  steam,  so  that  conditions  wei-e 
about  as  bad  as  with  the  one  pipe  system. 

These  difficulties  were  overcome  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  thermostatic  trap:  the  first  success- 
ful one  was  placed  on  the  market  about  twenty-five 
years  ago.  This  tra])  is  a  thermostatic  valve  that  is 
opened  and  clo.sed  by  steam  and  condensate,  allow- 
ing free  passage  of  air  and  water,  and  closing  against 
steam.  As  sttnim  enters  a  cold  radiator,  it  forces  the 
cool  air,  which  is  in  tiu>  radiator,  out  through  the 
trap  into  the  return  pi])ing.  In  warming  tlie  radia- 
tor, the  steam  gives  (»ff  lieat  and  in  doing  so  con- 
denses to  w;itei\  The  water  being  heavier  than  the 
steam  falls  to  the  liotlom  of  the  radiator  and  flows 
to  the  trap  through  which  it  jiasses  into  the  return 
pil)ing.  After  foi'cing  out  the  air.  the  steam  fills 
the  radiator  ami  inllnws  ihc  walei-  lo  the  traji  which, 
in  the  i)resence  of  the  steam,  automatically  closes 
because  the  steam  is  of  higher  temperature  than 
either  the  air  or  water.  With  am]tle  supi)ly  the 
radiator  soon  fills  with  steam,  which  gives  off  its 
heat  and  condenses,  foi-ming  water.  This  water  be- 
ing at  a  lower  temjjerature  than  the  steam  flows  to 
the  tra])  and  causes  it  to  open  and  is  allowed  to  ]iass 
out.  There  is  not  a  continuous  fluctuation  of  the 
valve,  but  it  adjusts  itself  to  the  volume  and  tem- 
perature of  the  water  ami  a  (•nntiiiiious  flow  passes 
fi-om  the  radiator. 

The  next  develoi)ment  in  Ihc  heating  field,  after 
llie   introduction    of   the   two   |ii|'<'   system    was   the 


i:?s 


Tin;  'I'i:(IIN(k;i{ai'II 


Mtirrh.    l!l.iS 


viK'iiuiii  hcatiiif;  systi'in.  Instead  of  the  sleani  beiii^ 
puslicil  tliroiijili  liy  pressure  from  llie  boiler,  it  is 
pulled  tlu-(iu}i;li  bv  lucaus  of  a  vacuum  pumji  con 
nected  to  tlie  returu  mains  lliat  briu};  the  coihIimi 
sate  back  to  the  boiler.  Such  a  system  has  been  in 
use  for  the  last  thirty  years. 

The  latest  devel()])ment  in  llic  licatiuj;  industry 
is  the  contrtd  of  the  vacuum  return  line  system  by 
means  of  tlie  difference  in  jiressurcs  or  the  diffcicn 
tial  existiuji  between  the  i-adiators  and  the  return 
l)il)es.  The  design  of  this  system  is  based  on  the 
re([uirements  that  are  necessary  Id  liive  satisfactory 
heatinj;,  ie.,  that  the  best  cdnditicms  result  when  heat 
is  su]iplied  to  a  Imiblini;-  at  tlie  same  rate  as  heat  is 
lost  from  the  linildini;.  This  heat  loss  from  a  Iniilil 
iui;-  may  be  calculated  by  tlie  use  of  an  old  funda 
mental  law  of  Newton's  that  "the  i|iiantity  of  heat 
flowiuj;  is  directly  pi'iijiortional  to  the  area  of  cross 
section  at  ri^ht  au<iles  to  the  dii'ectiou  of  flow,  to 
the  time,  to  the  difference  in  temperature  between 
the  two  faces  of  the  section,  and  inversely  propor- 
tional to  the  thickness,"  the  i)ro](ortionality  constant 
beings  indicated  l>y  K. 

One  factor  tliat  makes  tlie  use  of  differential  con- 
trol desirable  is  the  "treat  variation  in  outside  tem- 
l)eratures  from  time  to  time.  Keeijing  this  in  mind, 
it  is  evident  tliat  most  systems  are  uneconomical 
because  of  over-heatinj>.  The  steam  pressure  may  be 
reduced  in  tlie  .system,  but  this  does  not  reduce  the 
heat  emission  of  the  radiator  to  any  <jreat  extent. 
With  the  reduction  of  the  ])ressure.  the  circulation 
decreases,  and  this  can.ses  an  insufficient  amount  of 
heat  in  the  radiatoi's  at  the  far  ends  of  the  mains. 

The  desij^n  of  this  latest  system  is  based  on  the 
])rinci])les  embodied  in  Charle's  and  Boyle's  laws 
that  deal  with  the  relation  of  the  volume  of  a  gas  to 
the  pressure  and  to  the  temperature.  The  steam 
table  is  a  more  familiar  exponent  of  these  laws. 

Via.  1  shows  a  chart  that  gives  the  relation  of 
the  temperature  to  the  jiressure  within  the  range  of 
this  system.  Tender  atmos])heric  jiressure  at  sea 
level,  the  temperattire  of  steam  is  at  212  degrees, 
but  if  the  pressure  decreases  below  atmospheric,  the 
temperature  of  steam  decreases.  As  seen  from  this 
chart,  the  more  vacuum  existing,  the  lower  the  tem- 
perature of  the  steam.  It  is  this  property  of  steam 
that  is  utilized  in  this  system,  so  that  in  mild  weath 
er,  the  steam  will  be  circulated  b,v  a  high  vacnnni 
which  gives  the  steam  at  a  low  temperatuie. 

In  the  old  ])ressure  systems,  the  building  was 
being  over-heated  the  gi-eater  ]»(u-tion  of  Ihe  time 
since  the  system  was  designed  for  its  maximum  load 
and  the  heat  output  could  not  be  couti-olled  wliicli 
necessitated  the  opening  of  windows  which  was  the 
source  of  great  heat  waste. 


This  new  system  is  designed  to  take  care  of  maxi 
mum  demand  which  is  rcMpiired  but  a  very  few  days 
of  the  heating  season.  As  the  outside  temperature 
becomes  warmer,  a  iiigher  vacuum  can  be  carried  on 
the  boiler  I'esulting  in  lower  temiierature  steam,  .-ind 
still  maintain  the  reijuired  room  temperalui-e  be 
cause  as  the  weather  becomes  more  mild,  the  heat 
loss  from  the  room  is  also  less  in  i)roporti<Mi.  This 
is  shown  by  the  chart  in  Fig.  2.  By  controlling  the 
heat  out]uit  of  the  system,  a  great  saving  is  effected. 

The  following  account,  going  through  the  stejjs 
from  a  cold  system  to  one  that  is  functioning  i)rop- 
erly  will  make  the  operation  of  the  system  more 
clear.    See  Fig.  •">. 


Fir.i'RE  Three 

A\'lien  the  system  is  cold,  the  thermostatic  traps 
will  he  i)|ien  and  there  is  a  common  pressure 
llii-oiiglionl.  sn  the  differential  conti'ollei-  will  start 
the  |iiini|i.  This  niiil  roller  consists  principally  of  two 
cliainbers  separated  by  a  large  (lin]ilii-agui.  The  dia 
jdiragm  is  connected  by  a  series  of  le\i'is  so  (hat  it 
operates  a  mercury  contact  switch  in  ciiciiit  with 
the  motor  of  the  pump.  The  pump  ojierates  nnlil 
(Coiitinuvii  un  Paye  l~:-'i) 


March,   l!)2ft 


Tiir:  TK(iiX(>(!i!Arii 


i;{0 


Lincoln  Bush 


.M.  I!.  I'liouKK  '29 


Ijiiioolii  I'.iisli,  widely  Uikiwii  civil  ciioincrr  ,iim1 
i;r;iilii;it('  i>\'  the  I  iiivcisil y  of  llliiidis  willi  Ilic  clnss 
(if  ISSS.  was  elected  president  of  the  Aiiierican  Sn 
ciety  of  ( 'i\  il  lOuiiiiieei's  last  January.  Tlic  antionnce 
ment  of  tJie  election  of  Mr.  Hush  a.s  president  of  the 
Society  will  be  received  with  a  ji'reat  deal  of  interest 
liy  the  euiiiiieerinii  students  of  tiie  University. 


LiN(()i.x  Bush 

The  Society  is  not  an  lionorary  one  alone,  as 
some  ]ieople  are  ajit  to  think.  Tiie  bigness  of  their 
undertakiiifis  may  be  made  a  little  more  clear  by 
notinj;  a  few  facts.  Tlie  building  and  site  occu|>ied 
by  the  Society  has  a  valuation  of  .f2,0()(),()()l),  of  which 
the  Society  owns  one-fourth.  The  budget  for  dis 
bur.sements  for  one  year  is  12.10, 000.  while  the  as 
sets  amount  to  $1,^10, 12.'?. 2.").  Coniniittees  are  al 
ways  woi'king  on  inxcstigalions  and  i-esnlts  are 
shown  by  the  fact  that  .l.OOO  pages  are  ]Miblisiie(l 
each  year  .it  an  expeiiditni-e  <.f  .f.lO.OOO.  JIl'.  I'.ush 
is  now  pi-esident  of  this  oi'ganization  and  the  posi- 
tion is  a  big  one.  worthy  of  merit. 

A  native  of  Illinois,  IJncoln  Hush  was  boin  in 
I'alos  Townshi]),  Cook  County,  in  IStiO.  lie  atten<le<i 
the  Cook  County  Normal  Sclutoi  intending  to  become 
an  instructor.  From  1880  to  1884  he  ilid  te.icli.  In 
ISSS  he  received  his  H.  S.  degi'ce  in  ('i\il  lOiigineiT 
ing  al  the  I'niversity  of  Illinois,  and  the  lionoraiy 
degree  of  Doctoi-  of  Engineering  was  conferred  n|Min 
him  by  the  rni\ersity  in   lOOI. 

Upon   leaving   school,   .Mr.   IJusli   worked   for   the 


Union  Pacific  Ifailroad,  Wyoming  Pivision.  as  in- 
strument man.  L.iter  he  was  field  topogra])hy  ]iro- 
jector  in  location  in  the  A\'asat(li  nionntain  section 
for  the  Pacific  Short  Line. 

Aftei'  being  emjjloyed  in  railroad  engimn'i-ing  for 
a  period  of  two  years  he  returiu>d  to  the  T'niversity 
in  the  caj)acity  of  instructor  in  desci'i])tive  geom- 
etry. Mr.  Bush  served  as  an  instructor  for  one  term 
and  then  took  the  ])osition  of  assistant  engineer  with 
E.  L.  Corthell.  Following  two  years  of  sei-vice  with 
this  firm,  he  became  chief  draftsman  in  the  western 
office  of  the  Pittsburgh  Bridge  Comjiany.  From 
1896  to  1899  he  was  assistant  bridge  engineer  fiu' 
the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad.  lie  also 
took  an  active  part  in  the  rebuilding  and  moderniz 
ing  of  the  facilities  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawana. 
and  Western  Railroads.  A  simjile  statement  like 
this  does  not  bring  home  the  vastness  of  the  work 
he  did.  Building  u])  the  lines,  eliminating  grade 
crossings,  and  im])roving  terminal  facilities,  wei'e 
only  a  part  of  all  his  work. 

One  of  Mr.  Bu.sh's  outstanding  contributions  in 
railroad  construction  work  is  his  invention  of  the 
ly]ie  of  concrete  roadbed  which  bears  his  name.  lie 
also  designed  the  Btisli  train  shed.  Au  examjile  of 
this  may  be  seen  at  the  Xorthwestei'u  railroad  sta- 
tion in  Chicago.  The  smoke  fi-om  the  locomotives 
leaves  through  the  toji  of  the  structui'e,  whereas  in 
the  old  type  of  train  shed  this  was  not  iiossible. 
Smoky  air  and  cinders  always  assailed  the  traveller. 
Thi.s  old  type  is  known  to  many  students  because  of 
its  use  in  the  Illinois  Central  Deiiot  in  Chicago. 
.\t  present  all  of  the  new  train  sheds  being  Imilt 
are  of  the  Bush   tyjie. 

.\nothei'  invention  of  his  is  that  of  a  confined 
sand  jack  used  foi'  lowering  gi-e;tt  weights  through 
long  distances  witli  safety  and  certainty.  Tie  de- 
vised this  when  he  lifte(]  a  huge  liridge  fiom  its 
abutments,  floateil  il  on  barges  u])  the  rixcr.  and 
lowei'cd  il  iTito  its  new  imsition.  This  huge  task 
was  done  in  (Hie  day.  a  rainy  and  disin,-il  d,-iy  ,it 
that.  Cutting  off  naxigation  on  tlii'  river  foi'  the 
day.  and  taking  advantage  of  the  tide,  he  w.is  able 
to  do  this  only  with  the  aid  of  liis  sand  jack.  When 
oxer  its  new  position,  tlie  bi'idge  was  rested  on  huge 
boxes  filled  with  sanil.  Plugs  were  then  pulled  out  of 
till'  sides  of  the  box  and  as  the  sand  came  out  the 
bridge  settled   into  jdace. 

.Mr.  Hush's  achievements  during  the  ^\'orld  War 
f Continued  on  Piitir  lO^J 


140 


TIIK  TKCIINOOKAPII 


Mfirrh.    t;i.2S 


Rehabilitation  of  the  South  Shore  Line 


i;.  p..  SmvKit.  rx-.e.,  '20 


The  result  ohtaiiied  from  the  efficient  use  of  tlii' 
three  "M's" — Mind,  JMuscle  and  Money  in  the  jmsl 
\\\i<  :iii(l  one  lialf . veins  <>u  tin-  ("hicaiio,  Soutli  Shoic, 
and  iSouth  Heud  Hailroad  (llie  Soulli  Sliore  Line) 
presents  to  (he  student  of  lailway  enjjineerinf;  an 
ideal  toi)ie  for  diseusslon  and  study.  The  rapidity 
of  reconstruction  and   the  (lulck   chanjies  to  better 


TuL  Xi:\v  Tvri;  ok  Fuicii.iii    L"i  n.\ini  i\  i.  r>i.i]  r.v 
THE  Sol  111   Siioiii';  Link 

o])eratin<;  conditions  have  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  proft^ssional  and  layman  alike. 

To  acquaint  one  with  this  miracle,  wrouj;ht  in 
so  short  a  time,  it  is  necessary  to  go  back  to  the  yeai- 
1907,  when  the  construction  of  the  jiredecessor  com 
liany,  the  (Miica,no  Lake  Shoie  and  t^outh  Hend  Kail 
way,  was  undertaken.  This  railway  was  iirojected 
weslwiird  fi'om  South  i'.end,  Indiana,  tlironuh  ^Miclii 
f;;an  City,  new-born  <iary,  East  Chicajio,  Hammond, 
Indiana,  Kensin;;li)n,  Illinois,  where  a  connection 
to  downtowTi  Chicago  on  the  Illinois  Central  Hail- 
road  was  effected.  The  total  distance  is  !)()  miles. 
Each  of  the  Indiana  towns  was  primarily  industrial, 
and  Gary,  founded  by  llic  liiited  States  Steel  Cov 
poi-ation,  w.-is  ,-ih()iit  to  licL;iii  the  nianiifacl  are  of 
slei'l.  lietwccn  the  mil  iiicipa  1  it  ics.  .-iihI  striUini;  the 
siiutliern  sliori'  of  Lake  .M  iiliii;an.  lay  a  wilderness 
of  fori'sl,  sand  dunes  and  swani]i.  Liter  to  lie  known 
as  The  Dunes,  or  the  I'lay^ronnd  <>(  the  .Middle 
West. 

The  pi-<inioters  of  the  Lake  Shore  lOlectric,  as  it 
was  familiarly  known,  saw  nnnsiial  op|ioi'tunit  ies 
for  the  de\i'liipnieiii  of  Irei^lit  and  passeii;^er  service 
in   this  ^^■orksllllp  of  .\iiieiica.  and   reaii/.ed   liie  fn 


tare  demands  wliicli  |iroli:ibly  would  be  made  due  to 
rapid  expansion  in  this  dense  industriallypojiulated 
area.  When  ojx'ration  was  started  on  duly  1,  1!)()S. 
Ilie  Lake  Shore  I'vlectric  reju'esenled  the  finest  that 
eiiLiineerinj;-  skill  eonld  create  at  a  cost  of  10  million 
dollars.  The  installal  ion  of  <;,(;(»()  volt  sin.ule  jdiase 
altermitin.o  cm-rent  was  (he  last  word  in  ]pow('r 
electrification. 

The  railway  .served  the  teriilory  well,  and  pros 
peied  until  the  advent  of  the  World  War  in  1!MI. 
That  u])heaval  destroyed  tlie  stability  of  the  com 
pany.  Hiiiher  money  rates,  increased  cost  of  labor 
and  imiterials,  parallel  hard  roads,  competiiifi  motiu- 
truck  lines  and  greater  individual  automobile  travel 
contributed  to  its  decline.  These  in  turn  brought 
about  other  bad  conditions  affecting  the  operation 
of  the  com])any  until  the  year  19l'."),  when,  with  a 
hopeless  outlook  confronting  them,  the  management 
turned  the  property  over  to  the  courts.  The  value 
of  the  Electric  had  depreciated  to  about  |(i,4.-)(),(l(t(». 

In  the  NortluMU  Iiuliana  territory  were  utility 
ojierators  furnishing  gas  and  electricity  for  private 
and  industrial  consumption.  They  had  seen  the  re- 
gion increase  in  poi)ulation  from  about  IT-l.dOO  in 
1!)07  to  390,000  in  igiT).  And  they  had  faith  in  (his 
Workshoji  of  America  where  steel  is  king,  and  be- 
lieved (hat  this  I'layground  of  the  :Middle  West,  as  a 
recreational  center,  would  continue  to  develoji.  They 
foresaw  the  necessity  of  providing  the  territory  with 
adiMpiate  transportation  facilities  of  a  type  not  then 
in  existence,  in  order  to  sjieed  up  the  growth  of  th<' 
area. 

The  Northern  linliana  utility  operators  had  at 
their  disposal  a  group  of  transportation  engineers 
who  had  achieved  success  in  the  operation  of  a  high 
s])eed  electric  railway  in  Illinois.  These  engineers 
were  given  tlu'  elementary  data  <ni  which  to  build 
their  thesis  and  the  sohing  of  the  ]irolilein  was 
star-ted. 

Ti-affic  experts  entered  the  region  and  made  a 
(-oni|irehensi\e  snr\ey  of  ])otential  jiassenger  and 
freight  traffic  jiossibilities.  The  study  covered  pi-ob 
able  movements  and  \-olume  of  local  and  through 
haul  ])asseugers.  rouiini;  of  iiidiisi  rial  freight  ship 
meuts,  anticii)atii>ii  of  ]iopnlation  and  mannfactnr 
ing  increases,  and  ]irobabli>  s(-lie<lules  necessary. 

The  engiiHM'i-s  were  (-onfroiiled  with  the  task  of 
Id-oviding  tools  (o  do  (lie  work  |n-es(-ribed  by  the 
traffi(-  siir\cv.     It  \\as  necessar\-  to  detei-miiie  in  ad 


March.   UK'S 


TiTE  TK('iiN(»<;i;.\i'n 


141 


vance  and  standardize  on  the  type  and  character  of 
roadbed,  ties,  rails,  ovcrlicad,  power  sij^nals,  sta- 
tions, cars,  and  other  minor  details.  The  eni;ineers 
saw  that  the  service  wonld  have  to  lie  of  the  hij;hest 
caliher,  and  that  the  contribntiii};  factors  to  main- 
tain that  kind  of  service  wonld  have  to  be  the  best 
tliat  enfiineerintr  skill  and  in<;ennity  conld  devise,  in 
iii-der  to  face  severe  competition  and  overcome  the 
ill-will  inherited  from  the  old  <om]>any.  Tlieir  find- 
ings were  talinlated  under  the  jirescribed  headings 
nf  tlic  < 'hissification  of  Accmiiits  ami  covered  a  pe- 
lidd  (pf  iilidiit  five  years  to  he  know  n  as  a  jieriod  of 
Reconstruction  or  Rehabilitation. 

The  combined  report  of  the  transpoilation  engi- 
iiccis  was  ajiproved,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Electric 
w.is  sold  til  the  new  ojierators  in  July,  192"),  about 
five  months  after  the  bankruptcy  proceedinjis  were 
initiated.  The  manaiiement  chaniied  the  name  to  the 
Chicatro  South  Shore  and  Snutli  Hend  Railroad,  now 
better  known  as  the  South  Shore  Line,  and  betjan 
reconstruction  at  once. 

Tt  was  not  possible  to'  snsi)end  ojieration  of 
trains,  so  the  work  progressed  literally  between  the 
trains.  Temporary  and  immediate  rehabilitation 
and  improvement  was  made  to  ])reclude  interrup 
tion  to  service.  This  work  was  done  with  a  view  to 
jiroviding  the  foundation  for  later  rehabilitation 
work.  As  rapidly  as  possible  re])lacements  in  their 
entirety  have  been  made,  or  ai'c  being  carried  out 
in  yearly  steps. 

The  track  and  roadway  were  designed  to  meet  the 
demands  of  a  heavier  and  faster  service.  Steel  of 
100.2.")  lb.  section  was  used:  new  ties,  tie  jilates, 
cindei'  sub-ballast  and  check  sand,  and  stone  ballast 
wcie  installed.  The  curves  were  realigned  and  su]) 
cielevatcd  to  meet  the  increase  in  speed  recjuire- 
iiicnts.  Bi-idges  and  culverts  were  replaced.  Rail- 
ri>;id  crossings  were  rebuilt  or  renewed  entirely.  A 
iinnibei'  of  industrial  sidings  were  installed  and 
sc\eral  others  cxlcnilcd.  Two  liigh-s])eed  sidings 
operated  willi  spring  switches  wei'e  ])rovided  for 
I  wo  trains  to  jiass  at  a  high  rate  of  sjieed.  These 
items  of  rehabilitation  alone  liaxc  inxolveil  the  ex- 
penditure of  more  than  .S2.:5()0,O0O  to  date. 

Re-electrification,  another  major  jiart  of  the  jiio 
gi-am.  was  made  dependent  on  the  standards  adopted 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  on  the  surbui-l)an 
tci-iiiiiiMl.  Operation  at  the  same  electrical  potential 
wonhl  ]iei'niit  South  Shore  ti-ains  to  o])erate  without 
change  of  motive  ])ower  to  the  heart  of  the  Chicago 
shopjiing  district  iind  assist  in  the  success  of  tlie 
venture.  I'.otli  comjianies  standai-dized  on  I'lOii 
volts  direct  current  for  jn'oimlsion.  The  I'igid  tyjic 
of  catenary  overhead  had  decayed  to  a  jioint  wliei-e 
it  was  impossible  to  patch,  and  accordingly  a  new 


ty])e  of  superfle.\'il)le  caternary  trolley  was  run  in 
without  killing  the  (i. (!()()  volt  A.  C.  line,  or  sus])end- 
ing  operation.  The  new  overhead  consisted  of  an 
.81  inch  coj)])erweld-co])per  stranded  messenger,  a 
:^00,000  CJI  stranded  cop])er  au.xiliary  messenger 
which  in  turn  su[)ported  a  4  0  bronze  slip])ei'  wire 
with  hairjtin  hangers.  The  overhead  is  jiarallelled 
by  suitable  jiositive  feeders  tied  in  at  1,000  foot  in- 
tervals. Six  1,.")00  kilowatt  and  :{-7.")0  kilowatt,  l.noo 
volt  direct  current  substations  sjiaced  ajiproximately 
8. Go  miles  apart  suiijily  the  propulsion  current.  Five 
are  rotary-equipjied,  and  four  are  mercury-arc  oper- 
ated. Six  of  the  substations  are  full  automatic  su])- 
ervisory  controlled  from  a  central  disjialch  board. 
The  other  three  are  full  manual.  They  have  out  door 
high  tension  equipment,  the  conversion  units  being 
housed  in  buildings  of  a  pleasing  type  of  ai-chitec- 
ture.  Ab<mt  S!l..")00,000  has  been  expended  on  the 
re-electrification  work. 

It  was  decided  to  abainhni  the  uhh'V  type  of  sema- 
phore signal  and  rejilace  it  with  the,  sujierior  two 
color  light  tyjie  signal,  making  for  better  visibility 
and  assuring  a  greater  factor  of  safety.  In  excess 
of  .fl8,000  has  been  aitiirojiriated  foi-  this  work  to 
date. 

The  choosing  of  the  e(iui])nii'nt  was  carefully 
made,  with  full  realizatinn  tliai  the  ]ia.ssenger  of 
today  demands  the  iie.st  in  comfort,  safety  and  speed. 
Neatly  painted  and  clean  interiors,  giving  an  air  of 
refinement    and    comfmt.    deep    plush    bucket    type 


Tke  1.500K.W.-1.500V.  Sibst.\tio.n  at  MK'iii<i.\.v  CiTv. 

Siiowi.NC  Cd.weusio.n  Uxits  .v.nd  Octdoor 

H-T  Eqcii'Mknt, 

seats,  I'ullman  smokers,  dual  control  of  heat,  good 
ventilation,  storm  windows,  separate  toilets  for  men 
and  women,  absence  of  advertising,  ])i'otection 
against  external  noise,  dining  cars  operated  o\-ei'  (> 
wheel  trucks,  and  jiarlor-observation  cars  with  uji 
lo-the-niinute  a])]tointments,  satisfy  the  dennuid  foi- 
comfort.  Sturdy  all-steel  consli'uction,  dia])hragnis 
lietween  cars,  low  voltage  controls,  dead-man  operat- 
ing  controllers  and    Underwriters"   A|»]irbvals   jiro- 


Ill' 


Tin:  Ti:<'Tix()(inAi'iT 


March,  192S 


vide  for  tlie  safety  featuros.  Free  niiinin^  sjieeds 
of  (i7  miles  i)er  lioiir  with  neeelcratioiis  avei-a{;iiig 
1.5  miles  j)er  hour  per  second  maintains  a  fast 
schedule  of  41.44  miles  per  hour  for  the  whole  time 
table  of  runs.  The  fore;;oin<i,  to-^etlier  uitli  a  de 
si^ii  whic-h  makes  for  depen<lability  and  low  niain- 
teiumce  costs,  has  met  with  the  approval  of  ihc 
public  and  the  oiierators.  The  jiassen^er  e(|ui|)ni(Mit 
has  cost  in  e.xcess  of  $L',000,()00. 

Four  frei<;lit  locomotives  weiyliinj;  S(l  tons  each 
and  tow  switcliini;  en<iines  weijihiiig'  .")5  tons  each 
have  been  ])ui'chased  to  handle  the  freiffht  develo]ied 
by  an  intensive  solicitation  campaign.  The  cost  of 
frei-iht  ecpiipment  ])Ui'chases  has  been  about  |3()0,()()(l. 

Freifilit  and  passenjier  stations  were  thoroughly 


ditional  tele]ihoiie  cii-cuits  to  impi'ove  commercial 
and  dispatch  communication.  Over  flTd.dOO  was 
spent  on  tliese  three  items. 

Ilaving  equipped  the  South  Shoie  Line  with  the 
necessary  tools  to  render  adequate  ti'ans])ortation 
service  to  the  region,  the  management  undertook 
an  intensive  campaign  to  sell  the  service  to  the 
l>ublic. 

The  schedules  were  made  to  fit  the  immediate 
demands  of  the  ])ati-ons,  and  increased  and  shifted  as 
fast  as  the  new  patronage  demanded.  They  were 
laid  out  by  tiie  usual  graphical  method.  A  schedule 
of  a  tiain  leaving  the  terminals  on  the  hour  or  on 
the  half  hour  assured  an  easy  way  to  familiarize 
the  traveling  ])nblic  with  the  headway  of  trains. 


COMI'I.ETKB     DOIBI.E    TRACK.     AND     NliW     Sri>KI!-Fl.KXIHI.E    TVI'E    OV    CATEXAHY     OvEIUIEAI). 

New  Ai.i.-Steel  Pci.i.man  Thaix. 


overhauled  and  renovated.  The  exteriors  and  inter 
iors  were  repainted  with  bright  standard  colors,  and 
the  interiors  provided  with  battleship  linoleum 
floors,  attractive  station  furniture  and  ticket  booths, 
and,  where  ])ossible,  light  lunch  and  .soft  drink  con 
cessions  were  installed.  Where  the  ground  area 
ai'ound  the  station  would  pei'mit,  automobile  ])aik 
ing  areas  were  fenced  off  for  the  convenience  of  the 
tra\('ling  jjublic.  The  cost  of  these  iinproNcineiits 
ajiproximated  |12."),0()0. 

Other  minor  im])rovements  made  were  the  in 
stallation  of  new  shoj)  e(|ui]iment  and  tools,  enlarge- 
ment of  the  ueneial  offices  and  the  rniiniiiii  of  ad- 


.\n  advertising  bureau  was  formed  to  portray  to 
tlie  iiuhlic  through  newspai)ers,  art  posters  and 
jiamijlilets  the  service  I'endered  by  the  Company. 
I)escripti\e  literature  of  points  of  interest  and  lo- 
calities; industrial  write-ups  and  s])ecial  events  ad 
vertising  are  issued  at  regular  intervals  to  act  as  a 
stinnilns  to  the  riding  habit. 

A  Irnt'fic  linre;iu  iiiamicd  by  exjierts  was  insti 
tilted,  and  (irovided  a  means  to  making  actual  con- 
tact with  jirospective  shijipers  and  passengers.  Thru 
this  bureau  the  business  foi'  a  s])ecial  nu^'chandise 
despatch  and  fast  overnight  freight  .service  to  ami 
^Continued  on  Payc  h'lH) 


}f,irrli,  i.02.S 


THE  TErnxooKAPn 


143 


Tom  Jogger  Astrand  or  An  Engineer's  Luck 


E.  W.  Wasiiwau^xs. 


The  ocean  heaved,  the  waves  crashed  and  roareci 
against  the  sides  of  the  gallant  "Sally  Lon,"  and  the 
wind  liowled  and  shrieked  as  it  swept  across  tlie 
decks.  It  was  a  situation  to  create  terror  in  the 
hearts  of  the  bravest  of  men,  but  Tom  Jogger  was 
not  afraid  as  he  paced  the  deck.  What  if  the  ship 
were  sinking,  and  the  sea  were  cold?  He  was  not 
woi'ried.  but  decidedly  angry!  The  geology  text 
which  he  carried  with  him 
said  plainly  that  there  should 
he  mild  trade  winds  blowing 
toward  the  Southwest  at  that 
l)articular  time  of  the  year, 
'i'iie  wind  was  far  from  mild, 
and  it  was  blowing  Northeast. 
"What's  the  use  of  having 
a  wind  anyliow.  if  it  doesn't 
bidw  like  it  ought  to?"  he 
shouted  aloud.  He  did  imt 
have  an  opportunity  to  say  more,  for  a  particularly 
ferocious  wave  swept  him  overboard.  Tlie  elements 
were  in  a  turmoil  about  him  as  he  went  down.  He 
struggled  against  the  fate  that  seemed  deslined  for 
liim,  and  then  all  was  dark. 

AVhen  Tom  regained  consciousness,  it  was  a  far 
different  scene  which  met  his  eyes.  Above  him  was 
a  very  peaceful,  blue  sky  and  a  bland,  round  snn 
which  sent  down  hot,  penetrating  rays.  He  was  ly- 
ing on  his  back  before  a  grass-walled  hut.  Before 
liim  there  was  a  street  and  other  huts.  A  big,  fat, 
rather  tanned  old  ex-shine  apjiroached  him  fi'om 
somewhere  down  the  street.  Should  he  use  sign 
language,  or  did  tlie  fi'lbiw  Utkiw  Imw  lo  sjieak  a 
negro  dialect? 

"Yes  suh,  big  boy  I"  Tom  said  affably.  "This  is 
sure  a  smat  lookin  town!  Could  yuu  all  inform  me 
as  to  where  I  is,  and  how  I'se  could  get  somewhere?" 
There  was  a  look  somewhat  like  intelligence  in 
the  fellow's  eyes.  Evidently  he  dimly  recognized 
some  of  the  words  Tom  said.  At  last  he  seemed 
about  to  speak. 

"1  sy,  old  diappie!"  he  said.  "I  cawn't  sy  that 
1  ([uite  comi)rehend  you;  but  for  your  information, 
this  is  Jlagnolia  Paradise,  and  1  am  the  King,  don't 
ciia  know.'' 

Tom  felt  as  embarassed  as  the  time  wiien  he  ab- 
sent-mindedly said  "Hello!"  to  a  girl  ))efore  I're- 
enio's  ice  cream  parlor  one  day.  He  looked  about, 
and  he  perceived  a  woman  coming  toward  tliem  from 
across  the  street.     At  fii'st,  he  mistook  iier  for  the 


|)orch  of  the  house  .she  came  fi-oin.  but  he  found  out 
his  mistake  as  she  stei>]ied  inio  the  liiilliant  sun- 
light. "There's  a  lot  to  that  woman,''  he  tliought  to 
himself.  His  eyes  caught  tlie  gleam  of  something 
shining  on  the  front  of  her  dress.  It  was  a  golden, 
jewelled  pin  shaped  like  an  arrow. 

"My  God!"  he  exclaimed.  "Have  the  I'i  fys  got 
a  chapter  here  too?'' 

"So  glad  to  have  you  visit  us  I"  she  said  sweetly. 
"3Iy  name  is  Gotta  Helper." 

"Kline's  Tom  Jogger,"  said  Tom.  "Em  from  the 
T'niversity  of  Illinois  (Drink  her  down,  boys!),  and 
I  expected  to  do  some  engineering  work  in  the  South 
Sea  Islands." 

"How  nice!"  Gotta  exclaimed.  "You  must  come 
to  our  palace,  and  meet  our  daughter  Autta.  She 
attends  ilagnolia  University  here,  but  she  is  at  home 
for  the  weekend.  Antta  is  very  prominent  in  dra- 
matics at  Magnolia,  and  last  semester  she  was  voted 
the  most  i)opular  girl  in  school.  She  is  very  clever 
too,  is  she  not,  Sylvester?''  She  turned  to  the  man 
wiio  had  first  accosted  Tom,  but  he  was  looking  at 
a  swaying  figure  sauntering  down  the  street.  Ang- 
rily, with  a  sweep  of  her  hand  she  felled  him  to  the 
ground. 

"Ah!  evidently  liei-  Imshand."  Tom  iiuiiiinired 
softly. 

Tliey  went  into 
the  i)iilace.  It  con 
sisted  of  a  large, 
somewhat  circular 
room,  resembling  the 
ordinary  motion  ]iic 
tare  style  of  grass 
and  sugar  cane  wall 
ed  room.  It  was  fur 
nished  with  the  usu 
al  heavy  stuffed  fur 
niture  obtained  from 
a  mail-order  house. 
At  the  back,  ctirtains 
wei'e  hung  before  the 
o])enings  leading  to 
other  r  o  o  m  s  .  Be- 
tween the  openings 
were  the  thro  n  e 
chairs  mounted  upon  a  raised  jilatform. 

"Antta!  Autta  dear!"  shouted  Gotta.    But  Autta 
did  not  choose  to  run.     Gotta  continued,  "Autta 
(Continucil  on  Pane  1112) 


Determining    the    modtilus    of 

elantiritu   of   the   timber 


Tin:  TI'.<I1N(((!I!AI'I1 


March,  1028 


TIIIO  Ti:('IIN()(}KAPH  STAFF 


E.  F.  Toi.D  "28 Editor 

F   E.    Holmstrand    '28 Associate  Editor 

I.  W.  Schoeninger  '28 Associate  Editor 

C.   E.   Swift  '29 Assistant  Editor 

M.  B.  Fierke  '29 Assistant  Editor 

M.   Thompson    '28 Art  Editor 


C.  F.  Gebiiardt  '28 BusincxK  M(i)nt(/<r 

R.   H.   Landon   '28 Associate  Business  Manayer 

W.  R.  Berry  '29 Circulation  Munayer 

K.  Lind  '31 National  Advertising  Manager 

D.  E.  Heiman  '29 Local  Advertising  Manager 

R.   M.   Hainsfurtlier   '30 Copi/  Mamigrr 


ASSISTANTS 

H.    Ryersoii    '28,    N.    Burnam   '29,   L.   AVinget   '30.   J.   W.   DeWolf   '30,   C.   Cedpil)lom    ■:!1. 

\V.  Ridgway    30,  J.  Martin  '2!t,  H.  C.  Schroeder  '31,  G.  Mackey  '30. 

B.  T.  Malter  '31.  R.  S.  Smitli  '31 

DEPARTMENTAL  REPRESENTATIVES 


G.  C.  Gairing  '28 Architecture 

R.    Roup   '28 Ceramics 

T.   S.   Watson   '28 Chemical 

W.   G.   Flagg  '28 Civil 

L.  H.  Hull  '28 Electrical 


F.  M.   Morgan  '29 General 

J.  Manley  '29 General  Engineering  Physics 

G.  M.  Kendrick  '2S Mechanical 

G.  A.  Peacock  '28 Mining 

H.  W.  German  '28 Railway 


Among  Our  Advertisers 

W'liat  aiT'  till'  iii()ti\('s  tliiit  (Irivo  mnnufactiirers  to  (lisjilay  tlicir  ])r()(liu-ts  tliroiif;!!  the 
medium  of  eollej;e  tecliiiical  jJiiblication  advertising^"?  Certainly  no  averajje  .student  i.s  iu  a 
position  to  use  any  of  the  majority  of  products  brought  before  his  eye  in  this  manner,  nor 
does  he  luive  sufficient  influence  to  cause  them  to  be  used,  and  the  conclusion  we  reach  is 
that  the  manufacturers'  money  has  been  wasted — unless  we  consider  the  futui-e. 

The  college  man  of  today  is  the  business  or  professional  man  of  tomorrow,  and  his  good 
will  means  a  fortune  to  producers.  By  forming  a  favorable  and  lasting  imi)ression  with  him 
they  are  insuring  their  respective  businesses  against  future  decline.  Now,  while  the  execu- 
tive-to-be is  in  the  latter  stages  of  his  education,  is  the  strategic  moment.  He  has  thrown 
oi)('n  his  mind  for  the  i)urpo.se  of  absorbing  as  many  mental  tools  as  jiossible,  and  it  is  while 
he  is  in  this  state  that  he  may  be  impressed  most  effectively. 

As  he  will  use  his  stock  of  mental  tools  in  solving  problems  after  he  has  gained  a  po- 
sition of  res])onsit)ility,  so  will  lu'  rely  on  imi)i'essions  being  formed  at  ]iresent  in  making 
choices.     ITence  llic  wisdom  of  college  technical  piihlicat  ion  advertising. — f/./v'.»V. 


M.  E.  85 

A  summai'Y  of  Ihe  gi-ades  given  last  semester  in  the  iiatlern  and  foundry  laboratory 
course,  M.  E.  8."),  di.scloses  the  fact  that  not  one  student  out  of  the  11!)  registered  in  it  re- 
ceived an  A.  The  grades  were:  25  B's,  74  Cs,  1")  D's,  and  o  E's.  If,  for  one  semester,  even 
the  best  students  received  B's  it  might  be  assumed  that  there  had  been  a  temporary  let-down 
among  all  the  students  taking  the  course.  When,  however,  it  proves  the  rule,  and  not  the 
exception,  that  no,  oi'  at  most,  four  A's  are  given  to  the  120  students  taking  the  cour.se,  one 
wonders  exactly  what  is  expected  of  a  student  in  order  that  he  may  attain  that  grade. 

The  fact  that  two  courses,  foundry  and  pattern  laboratoi-y,  are  combined  into  one  may 
explain  the  absence  of  A's  on  the  basis  that  the  student  must  make  A  in  both  branches  in 


Miircii.  j'J2s  Tin:  ti:('iix<m;i;ai'II  iir, 

order  to  get  that  yrade  out  of  tlie  eoiirse.  In  the  final  grade  the  fonndr.v  work  coiinls 
two-tliirds  and  the  ])attei'n  woi-k  one-third.  A  study  of  the  grades  reveals  tiiat  the  absence  of 
A's  is  due  largely  to  the  foundry  department. 

AVhy  not  have  two  se])arate  courses,  one  theoretical  and  one  practical?  The  theoreti- 
cal would  teach  the  principles  and  theory  involved  in  pattern  making  and  foundry  work; 
the  practical,  which  would  best  be  elective,  would  be  devoted  to  manual  work  in  both  of  the 
shops.  It  is  manifestly  foolish  to  make  college  men  spend  a  large  portion  of  their  time  in 
making  enough  castings  to  sup])ly  the  machine  shops. 

lUit  whethei-  or  not  the  course  is  changed  let  us  lutpe  that  if,  ulien  we  are  fond  grand- 
I)apas.  one  of  our  grandsons  tells  us  that  he  received  an  A  in  M.  E.  S.")  we  will  not  die  from  the 
shock  caused  by  such  amazing  news. 

Instructors  and  Elephants 

Undoubtedly  yo\i  have  learned  through  observation  that  tlie  best  way  to  favorably  ini- 
l)ress  an  elephant  is  to  offer  him  peanuts:  he  will  gobble  them  up  greedily  and  then  grin  at 
you  most  affably  and  cause  his  ears  to  oscillate  in  a  most  waggish  manner.  An  instructor  is 
just  like  an  elephant.  If  yon  offer  him  exactly  the  type  of  answers  he  desires  he  will  grin  at 
you  most  delightfully  and  will  decide  that  you  are  a  most  unusual  person. 

To  determine  that  jjeanuts  will  i)lease  an  elephant  you  must  have  at  least  an  extraneous 
knowledge  of  elejfhant  nature;  it  follows  that  to  deduce  what  an  instructor  desires  you 
must  have  some  knowledge  of  luiman  nature.  Since  you  usually  see  an  instructor  three  times 
a  week,  his  methods  and  peculiarities  should  become  in  some  measure  familiar.  His  first  hour 
quiz  is  usually  an  indication  of  the  type  of  questions  that  he  asks,  and  his  corrections  on 
your  quiz  paper  advise  you  of  the  type  of  answers  he  desires. 

By  such  means,  by  a  careful  analysis  of  your  instructor's  method  of  teaching,  and  iiy 
particular  observation  of  the  points  he  has  stressed  you  should  be  able  to  predict,  with  some 
degree  of  certainty,  the  cpiestions  he  will  ask  on  future  hour  (juizzes  and  on  the  final  exam, 
and  the  answers  which  he  will  expect.  If  yon  can  do  this  you  may  be  satisfied  that  you 
have  at  least  learned  the  rudiments  inv(dved  in  analyzing  people.  Such  knowledge  cannot 
be  derived  from  text-books,  but  it  is  certain  to  prove  invaluable  to  you  in  any  work  you  may 
take  up  after  yon  leave  school — perhai)s  just  as  valuable  as  the  text-book  knowledge. 

Engineering  Advertising 

Tliere  is  a  large  field  whicli  is  comparatively  new  for  the  man  who  has  been  trained 
ill  the  ]irinciples  of  engineering  ]iractice — it  is  that  of  engineering  advertising.  Engineering 
(■(piiliment,  the  advantages  of  special  makes,  and  the  iise  of  new  engineering  material  is  ad- 
vertised to  the  public  just  as  religiously  as  is  tooth-])aste  or  ready-to-wear  clothes.  How 
ever,  the  imblic  to  which  engineering  advertising  is  directed  is  conijiosed  of  technically  train 
(■(I  nicn  and  it  takes  a  technically  trained  nnin  to  write  that  ad\ertising  ami  to  sell  il.  He 
must   know  what  he  is  talking  about  to  jHit   it  over. 

Eor  many  engineering  students,  a  career  in  selling  and  ad\ert isiiig  engineering  niatcri- 
als  and  machinery  holds  just  as  much  fascination  as  would  the  imi-ely  technical  and  re 
seai'ch  ])art  of  the  ]irofession.  The  field  is  enormous.  The  Technogra|)h  I'cceives  jtriiited 
matter  advertising  the  ]iroducts  of  various  comjianies  manufacturing  engineering  materials 
which  would,  if  ke])t  on  fil('  iiermanently,  crowd  the  editor's  desk  out  into  the  windy  cor- 
ridoi's  of  lOngineering  Ilall.  One  coi-jioration  alone  si)ent  twelve  million  dollars  in  its  adver- 
lisirig  depai'tment  last  year — and  while  the  tliought  of  mere  material  gain  should  not  in- 
t'liieiicc  the  graduate  engineer  too  much  in  his  choice  of  a  cai'eer,  the  ]irosi)ect  of  being  pai<l 
more  tliaii  a  ]dasteier  shoulil  not  drive  him  away  from  engineering  advertising. — C.M.Ii. 


riiK  Ti;(ii.\«)(iUAi'ii 


)liinli.   I'.l.iS 


nr 


DEPARTMENTAL 


NOTES 


Civil 

A.  S.  C.  E. 
AiJiiroxiinately  200  students  in  the 
(U'piirtnicnts  of  civil,  architectural  and 
general  engineering  attended  the  A.  S. 
C.  E.  smoker  held  at  the  Union  Build- 
ing January  11.  The  program  consisted 
of  music,  talks,  boxing  matches  and 
refreshments.  Besides  talks  given  by 
Professors  Huntington.  Wiley.  Doland 
and  Morgan,  there  were  three  interest- 
ing boxing  bouts  of  which  the  two 
most  attractive  were  the  fight  of  the 
Sullivan  brothers  from  Minnesota,  and 
the  fake  between  "Buttpunch"  Wisely 
and  "Thundering"  Peterson.  Piano 
music  was  furnished  by  G.  N.  Porter 
•29. 

At  the  regular  meeting  on  January 
19.  Professor  Raynor  of  this  depart- 
ment gave  a  talk  on  some  of  the  prin- 
ciples  and  appli- 
cations of  aerial 
surveying.  F  o  1  - 
lowing  Professor 
Raynor's  talk, 
the  society  held 
Its  regular  busi- 
ness meeting  and 
elected  the  fol- 
lowing  officers 
for  the  coming  semester:  F.  H.  Bein- 
hauer  '28,  president;  W.  L.  Collins  '28. 
vice-president;  E.  W.  Suppiger  '28. 
secretary;  W.  H.  Wisely  '28.  treasurer. 
The  representatives  of  the  department 
of  civil  engineering  on  the  dance  com- 
mittee to  supervise  the  annual  College 
of  Engineering  dance  were  appointed 
as  follows:  W.  L.  Collins.  F.  H.  Bein- 
hauer,  and  T.  J.  Doland. 

StIDK.NT   .\NI)    F-\(l'I.TY 

The  College  of  Engineering  recently 
released  a  list  of  the  February  gradu- 
ates which  included  three  men  from 
the  department  of  civil  engineering — 
Dan  Smith.  Arthur  T.  Hawley.  and 
Edward  J.  Selin. 

Prof.  John  S.  Crundell  attended  the 
American  Road  Builders  Association 
Exhibit  at  Cleveland  and  brought  word 
that  the  show  was  the  largest  that  it 
has  ever  been.  All  types  and  sizes  of 
every    conceivable    form    of    highway 


apparatu.s  in  nuKlern  use  were  on  dis- 
play, and  it  was  almost  more  than  one 
man's  job  to  view  all  the  exhibits  in 
one  day.  Frank  T.  Sheets,  state  high- 
way engineer,  was  in  charge  of  the 
program  during  one  day. 


Mechanical 

The  first  annual  M.  E.  Department 
banquet,  held  at  the  Inman  Hotel  Sun- 
day evening.  February  19,  proved  to 
be  an  unqualified  success  from  every 
point  of  view.  The  idea  was  first  pre- 
sented to  the  Student  Branch  of  the 
A.  S.  M.  E.  by  President  J.  W.  Sav- 
age, and  after  being  endorsed  by  sev- 
eral members  of  the  departmental 
staff,  was  turned  over  to  E.  E.  Codner. 
who  made  all  the  arrangements. 

P.  R.  Nichols  took  the  role  of  toast- 
master,  and  made  it  plain  at  the  start 
that  the  affair  was  to  be  strictly  in- 
formal. Everyone,  from  Dean  Ketchum 
down  to  the  newest  freshman,  re- 
sponded so  well  that  Nichols  was  often 
forced  to  use  a  large  bell  to  restore 
order. 

Although  about  110  of  the  260  stu- 
dents in  the  department  were  present, 
there  was  a  very  noticeable  lack  of 
freshmen.  Since  it  is  these  men  that 
can  get  the  greatest  benefit  from  such 
an  affair,  it  is  hoped  that  in  the  fu- 
ture they  will  turn  out  in  greater  num- 
bers at  undergraduate  meetings  of  this 
nature. 

A.  S.  M.  E. 

Among  the  plans  for  the  remaining 
meetings  of  the  semester  are  a  motion 
picture  entitled.  "The  Age  of  Speed." 
a  talk  by  N.  J.  AUeman  of  the  Engi- 
neering Experiment  Station  on  "The 
Fatigue  of  Metals."  and  a  description 
of  a  new  steel-making  process  by  Mr. 
Sydney  Wiles,  of  the  Carbon  and  Alloy 
Steels  Co..  Welland.  Ontario.  The 
method  eliminates  the  blast  furnace, 
bessemer  converter,  and  open  hearth 
furnace,  and  reduces  the  ore  to  any 
desired  grade  of  steel  in  one  step  of 
less  than  seven  hours,  instead  of  the 
usual  twenty-five  to  thirty.  Although 
at   the  present   time  it  is  still  in  the 


experimental  stage,  it  is  claimed  that 
it  is  very  practical  and  in  a  fair  way 
to  revolutionize  some  branches  of  the 
steel  industry. 

F.\CfI,TY 

Prof.  A.  C.  Willard  has  recently  re- 
ceived a  medallion  in  recognition  of 
his  work  on  the  ventilation  of  the 
new  Holland  Tunnel,  which  was  just 
opened  to  vehicular  traffic  between 
Manhattan  and  New  Jersey. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Casberg,  formerly  super- 
intendent of  the  machine  shop,  and 
more  recently  of  the  Western  Electric 
Co.,  has  been  appointed  Director  of  the 
Shop  Laboratories,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
left  by  the  death  of  Mr.  B.  W.  Bene- 
dict. 


Architecture 

The  Architects.  Architectural  Engi- 
neers, and  the  Art  and  Design  students 
are  now  located  in  their  new  building. 
The  building  is  divided  into  depart- 
ments by  floors.  The  fourth  floor  is 
given  over  to  sketching  with  the  Art 
and  Design  classes  in  the  west  end 
and  the  Architects  in  the  east  end.  The 
loges  for  drawing  run  the  length  of 
the  building  on  the  north  side.  The 
third  floor  is  devoted  to  construction 
courses  for  the  Architectural  Engi- 
neers with  the  drafting  rooms  at  either 
end  and  offices  and  lecture  rooms 
opening  off  the  hall.  On  the  second 
floor  is  the  famous  Ricker  Library  and 
in  each  end  are  drafting  rooms  for 
design  and  rendered  drawings.  The 
first  floor  has  an  exhibition  room  and 
Hall  of  Casts  at  the  east  end  and  in 
the  north  wing  a  lecture  room  with  a 
seating  capacity  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty.  The  remaining  space  is  used  for 
offices.  The  modeling  classes  are  held 
in  the  basement.  The  Architectural  So- 
ciety has  a  club  room  there  which  will 
probably  be  a  smoking  room  and  a 
lounge.  A  museum  is  on  the  south  side 
of  the  basement  with  the  repair  room 
across  the  hall. 

The  occupants  of  the  Architecture 
Building  invite  those  interested  to  in- 
spect their  new  quarters. 


Manh.  W2S 


THE  TECnXOGRAPH 


117 


Minin"  Notes 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Mining 
Society.  President  Cooney  introduced 
Doctor  Howard  of  the  Geology  Depart- 
ment who  gave  a  very  interesting  talk 
on  his  experiences  in  the  new  Noran- 
da  copper  district  of  Rouyon,  Quebec. 
Dr.  Howard  spent  considerable  time  in 
Canada  prior  to  his  affiliation  with  the 
University  of  Illinois,  and  most  of  this 
time  was  in  the  field  as  a  consulting 
geologist.  For  some  years,  although  the 
possibilities  of  the  property  were  for- 
seen.  nothing  was  done  in  the  way  of 
staking  claims  or  proposing  a  system 
of  development  due  to  the  reason  that 
the  whole  country  was  practically  in- 
accessible, except  by  canoe.  In  1917 
claims  were  finally  staked  and  later  in 
1!>21  considerable  prospecting  was 
done.  A  quartz-gold  discovery  started 
the  ball  rolling.  In  1923  the  Noranda 
Mines  Ltd.,  were  formed  and  develop- 
ment work  started.  Now  the  district 
is  one  of  the  most  promising  in  Can- 
ada and  under  proper  management  it 
should  turn  out  to  be  one  of  the  low- 
est-cost copper  producers. 

Plans  were  also  discussed  as  to  the 
program  of  the  Mining  Society  for  this 
semester.  It  is  highly  probable  that 
pictures  of  various  phases  of  the  min- 
ing industry  will  be  sponsored  on  this 
campus  during  the  semester. 


Physics 

The  Physics  Colloquium  has  started 
the  new  year  with  its  usual  Thursday 
evening  meetings  in  room  100  Physics 
Laboratory.  The  program  thus  far  ar- 
ranged is  as  follows: 

January  12 — Professor  R.  H.  Baker, 
"The  New  University  Telescope  and 
Its    Photo    Electric    Equipment." 

January  19 — Professor  C.  T.  Knipp. 
"Improved  Forms  of  High  Vacuum 
Mercury  Condensation   Pumps." 

February  16 — Professor  J.  Kunz. 
".Motion  of  Light  and  Matter  in  the 
Field   of  Gravitation." 

February  23— Dr.  E.  E.  Libman. 
"Surface  Tension  of  Molten  Silver." 

March  1— Professor  F.  R.  Watson. 
"Recent  Trend  of  Investigations  of 
Acoustics  of  Auditoriums." 

March  8— Dr.  D.  G.  Bourgin.  "Some 
Aspects  of  Molecular  Spectra." 

March  15 — Professor  E.  B.  Paine. 
"Resume  of  Investigations  of  High 
Tension   Cables." 

The  three  papers  thus  far  presented 
demonstrate  the  original  work  in 
which  the  members  of  our  scientific 
staff  have  been  occupied.  It  is  inter- 
esting   to    note    how    completely    the 


work  has  been  confined  to  this  cam- 
pus. Professor  Baker  pointed  out  that 
most  of  the  equipment  for  the  new 
telescope  was  made  in  the  university 
shops;  Professor  Knipp  has  developed 
a  new  type  of  vacuum  pump  in  his 
laboratory  in  the  Physics  Building; 
Professor  Kunz  has  developed  a  new 
theory  concerning  motion  of  light 
which  explains  the  three  phenomena 
explained  by  the  more  involved  theory 
of  relativity.  The  other  topics  announc- 
ed promise  as  much  interest  as  those 
already  given  and  invite  the  attend- 
ance of  all  those  interested  in  scien- 
tific material. 


Electrical 

El.KCTKKAl.    ENllI.NEElilXCi    SotlKTV 

The  last  meeting  of  the  first  semes- 
ter for  the  Electrical  Engineering  So- 
ciety was  held  Friday  evening.  Janu- 
ary 20th,  in  the  E.  E.  Laboratory. 

Questions  relative  to  the  Electrical 
Show  were  brought  up  and  discussed 
by  members  of  the  show  staff  who 
were  present.  Work  was  found  to  be 
progressing  both  in  the  matter  of  se- 
curing exhibits,  and  also  in  getting 
stunts  for  the  show.  However,  more 
stunts  are  needed  than  have  been  pro- 
posed so  far.  Mr.  St.  Pierre  called  for 
the  aid  of  all  students  in  originating 
and  helping  in  the  manipulation  of 
stunts,  while  Mr.  Slocum  promised 
work  for  all  who  were  interested  in 
the  advertising  staff  of  the  show. 

After  the  discussion  of  the  problems 
of  the  show  was  concluded,  the  elec- 
tion of  officers  for  the  current  semes- 
ter was  held.  The  following  officers 
were  elected:  President,  W.  N.  Park- 
er; vice-president.  J.  L.  Wiegreffe; 
secretary.  W.  E.  Haselwood;  treasur- 
er. L.  H.  Hull. 

SKMIX.M! 

The  usual  run  of  anasthetic  talks 
have  been  given  during  the  past  few 
weeks,  and  as  usual  the  bored  seniors 
have  thrown  innumerable  peanuts  and 
pieces  of  candy  or  what  not  at  the 
other  bored  seniors.  The  odium  of  such 
a  monotonous  existence  was  brok- 
en, however,  on  Thursday.  February 
23.  when  Mr.  Doherty  of  the  General 
Electric  Company  gave  a  talk  to  the 
class. 


The  192N  Electrical  Show 

While  the  dftii-ial  announcement  of 
the  1928  Electrical  Show  has  not  been 
made  through  the  usual  advertising 
mediums,  it  is,  however,  general  know- 
hilge  that  there  will  be  one. 

Yes,    there    will    be    an    Electrical 


Show  and  it  will  be  bigger  and  better 
than  any  previous  show.  There  will  be 
student  exhibits  as  well  as  commercial 
exhibits  of  such  a  character  that  have 
never  been  shown  here  before;  exhib- 
its which  have  never  been  shown  to 
the  general  public  before.  In  addition 
to  these  entirely  new  features,  there 
will  be  exhibits  of  new  apparatus  of 
all  kinds  in  the  electrical  lines;  appar- 
atus which  has  been  shown  before,  but 
which  is  new. 

There  will  be  a  "wild  time  in  the 
old  town"  when  the  1928  Electrical 
Show  rolls  around  on  April  12,  13,  14. 


Ceramics 

A  Short  Course  in  clay  working  and 
enameling  was  held  from  January  9 
to  January  21. 

The  following  were  the  addresses 
given:  Origin  and  Properties  of  Clays, 
by  C.  W.  Parmelee;  Ceramic  Chemis- 
try, by  A.  I.  Andrews;  Explosives  and 
Blasting,  by  D.  R.  Mitchell;  Compo- 
sition and  Properties  of  Coal,  by  T.  E. 
Layng;  Business  Law,  by  W.  E.  Brit- 
ton;  Boiler  Water,  by  A.  M.  Buswell; 
Steam  Engines  and  Boilers,  by  W.  N. 
Espy;  Dynamos  and  Motors,  by  E.  R. 
Pain;  Drying  and  Burning,  by  R.  K. 
Hursh,  Prospecting  and  Sampling,  by 
T.  N.  McVay,  Glazes  and  Enamels,  by 
C.  W.  Parmelee  and  A.  I.  Andrews; 
Vitreous  Enamels,  by  J.  E.  Hansen ; 
Construction  and  Uses  of  Various 
Types  of  Kilns,  by  R.  K.  Hursh;  Pyro- 
meters, by  A.  E.  R.  Westman;  Colora- 
tion of  Brick,  by  T.  N.  McVay;  Fuel 
Economy  and  Plant  Problems,  by  R. 
K.  Hursh;  Brick  Machinery,  by  M.  C. 
Blair;  Grinding  and  Screening,  by  T. 
N.  McVay,  and  Refractories,  by  M.  C. 
Booze. 


Railway 

At  the  January  meeting  of  the  Rail- 
way Club,  Mr.  E.  B.  Stover  of  the 
South  Shore  Railway,  Chicago,  gave 
an  interesting  talk  on  "Transportation 
Problems."  Not  only  was  the  subject 
well  presented  from  a  practical  view- 
point but  the  speaker  interspersed  his 
talk  with  w'ell  chosen  stories  of  hum- 
orous incidents  relative  to  his  subject, 
The  most  interesting  and  clever  part 
of  the  lecture  was  the  manner  des- 
cribed by  which  railroads  create  the 
"riding  habit."  The  lecture  by  Mr. 
Stover  was  so  interesting  and  the  turn 
out  so  good,  that  the  Railway  Club 
plans  to  have  a  prominent  man  at  each 
meeting.  Mr.  F.  H.  Montgomery,  Chief 
Advisory  Counsel  for  the  Illinois  Cen- 
Iral  has  been  secured  for  the  next 
meeting. 


'I' 111':  Ti;('iiN(>(iKAi'ii 


Miinh.   I!I.>S 


college: 


KSEJs.::^:-?^ 


Willard    Heads    National 
Socicl>  of  Heating  Men 

Prof.  A.  C.  Willard.  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  mechanical  engineering, 
was  elected  president  of  the  American 
Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating 
Engineers  in  New  York  City  during 
the  thirty-fourth  convention  of  the  so- 
ciety. 

The  society,  which  has  over  two 
thousand  members,  was  organized  in 
189.5  by  a  nucleus  of  engineers  and 
manufacturers  desiring  that  the  art  of 
heating  and  ventilating  be  recognized 
as  an  essential,  distinctive  and  highly- 
specialized  division  of  modern  engi- 
neering. 

"Outstanding  in  the  accomplish- 
ments of  the  society — both  by  mem- 
bers and  influences  of  extensive  pub- 
lications— is  a  group  of  codes  adopted 
wherever  modern  engineering  prin- 
ciples are  recognized."  Prof.  Kratz  of 
the  department  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering said. 

Among  those  affecting  engineering 
standards  in  particular  are  codes  of 
ethics  for  engineers,  installation  of 
warm  air  furnaces  in  residences,  mini- 
mum requirements  for  the  heating  and 
ventilating  of  buildings,  and  rating 
low  pressures  solid-fuel  steamheating 
boilers. 

One  group  of  codes  regulates  the 
testing  of  heating  systems,  anemomet- 
ers, centrifugal  and  disc  fans,  low  pres- 
sure steam  heating  boilers,  radiators, 
and  air  fillers. 

A  comfort  zone  for  human  beings 
has  been  determined  by  the  society  in 
connection  with  room  heating  and  ven- 
tilating. Through  laboratory  experi- 
ments it  was  shown  that  a  proper  re- 
lation between  the  temperature  of  the 
air.  relative  humidity  and  velocity  was 
necessary  to  comfort.  This  relation  is 
now  referred  to  in  building-plans. 

Other  work  completed  by  the  organi- 
zation was  the  compiling  of  uniform 
contracts  for  engineers  and  the  de- 
velopment of  the  synthetic  air  chart, 
the  NicoUs  heat  meter,  and  the  An- 
derson-Armspach  dust  determination. 
In  1919  the  society  established  a  re- 


search laboratory  at  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Mines.  Pittsburgh.  Pa., 
where  work  is  now  being  carried  on. 
Before  this  time  investigative  work 
was  done  through  committees  financed 
and  supported  by  educational,  govern- 
mental and  industrial  institutions. 

The  research  laboratory  is  the  only 
institution  of  its  kind  supported  by 
non-profit  technical  society. 


Prof.  W.  H.  Rayner  Gives 

Principles  of  Aerial 

Surveying 

The  principles  and  applications  of 
aerial  surveying  were  explained  by 
Prof.  W.  H.  Rayner  of  the  department 
of  civil  engineering  at  the  regular 
meeting  of  the  student  chapter  of  the 
American   Society   of  Civil  Engineers. 

Aerial  photography  has  been  used 
before  to  survey  areas,  but  only  re- 
cently has  it  been  used  extensively. 
Some  of  the  present  uses  of  this  sys- 
tem are  the  determining  of  the  physi- 
cal aspects  of  the  terrain,  the  survey- 
ing of  routes  for  roads  and  railroads, 
and  the  making  of  topographical  maps. 

Machines  have  been  invented  by 
which  maps  can  be  made  from  steriop- 
tican  photos.  Delicate  machines  make 
these  maps  on  any  scale.  The  biggest 
difficulty  that  is  experienced  by  aerial 
photographers  is  that  of  the  tilting 
of  the  plane.  The  only  way  a  map  can 
be  corrected  after  being  photographed 
from  a  tilting  plane  is  to  photograph 
the  level  bubble  with  the  picture  and 
make  the  necessary  adjustments  for  it 
afterward. 


IVominent  CJraduate  Makes 
Gift  to  College 

A  pair  of  steam  engine  indicators 
was  recently  presented  to  the  depart- 
ment of  mechanical  engineering  by  the 
Commonwealth  Edison  Company  of 
Chicago  through  W.  L.  Abbott  'S4,  who 
is  now  chief  engineer  of  the  company. 
Mr.  Abbott  is  well  known  at  the  Uni- 
versity as  he  served  a  long  period  as 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
here. 


Professor  Paine  Leaves 
on  Trip 

Professor  E.  B.  Paine,  head  of  the 
department,  has  been  on  a  tour  of  the 
principal  cable  manufacturing  con- 
cerns in  the  east,  including  The  Gen- 
eral Electric  Company  of  Schenectady. 
Professor  Paine  also  made  a  visit  to 
some  of  the  prin<'ipal  technical  schools 
in  the  east.  Two  of  the  schools  which 
he  visited  were  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity and  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology. 


American  Society  of  Heat- 
ing and  Ventilating  En- 
gineers Convenes  at 
New  York 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Heating  and  Ventilating 
Engineers  was  held  at  Hotel  Pennsyl- 
vania. New  York  City.  January  23  to 
2G.  Prof.  A.  C.  "Willard.  head  of  the 
department  of  mechanical  engineering, 
who  is  first  vice-president  of  the  so- 
ciety, represented  the  University  of 
Illinois. 

Among  engineers  noted  in  heating, 
ventilating,  and  mechanical  fields 
were  Dr.  F.  Paul  Anderson  of  the 
University  of  Kentucky,  president  of 
the  Society:  Dr.  F.  W.  Stratton,  presi- 
dent of  the  JIassachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology;  and  Die  Singstad,  chief 
engineer  of  the  Holland  vehicular  tun- 
nel recently  opened  between  Manhat- 
tan  and   Ne\v   Jersey. 

M.  S.  Wunderlich.  St.  Paul.  Minn., 
a  member  of  the  Society,  put  forth  the 
conclusion  that  there  are  assemblies  of 
building  materials  that  will  give  a 
wall  which  is  sufficiently  warm  and 
the  addition  of  more  insulation  is  not 
warranted.  Mr.  Wunderlich.  as  the  re- 
sult of  study  of  infiltration  of  air 
through  the  walls,  has  worked  out  the 
thickness  of  insulation  required  when 
the  different  materials  are  used,  and 
when  the  buildings  are  erected  in  dif- 
ferent geographical  sections  of  the 
country.  Using  cost  figures  of  fuel  to 
compare  with  his  conclusions,  he  is 
able  to  point  out  the  limit  of  thick- 
ness beyond  which  it  is  no  longer  eco- 


Uiirch.  1928 


THE  TECnXOGRAPn 


1-tO 


noniical    to    insulate    homes    in    order 
to  save  fuel. 

E.  N.  Sanbern.  Philadelphia,  de- 
veloped the  subject  further,  naming 
the  five  common  types  of  insulation, 
considering  the  places  they  might  be 
used,  and  quoting  figures  to  show 
when  insulation  can  be  made  to  pay. 


Engineering  Experiment 
Station  Bulletins 

In  the  past,  boiler  heat  transmission 
data,  which  has  been  obtained  under 
laboratory  control  methods,  has  been 
determined  on  the  "fire-tube"  type  of 
apparatus  where  the  boiling  phenome- 
na and  water  circulation  on  the  wet 
side  of  the  heating  surface  probably 
did  not  duplicate  the  conditions  which 
exist  in  an  actual  power  boiler. 

Bulletin  Xo.  168  of  the  Engineering 
Experiment  Station  of  the  University 
of  Illinois  contains  the  report  on  an 
investigation  the  purpose  of  which  was 
to  obtain  heat  transmission  data 
under  conditions  similar  to  those  ex- 
isting in  an  actual  water-tube  boiler 
and  to  study  the  phenomena  of  water 
circulation  under  the  same  conditions. 

The  general  scheme  of  the  tests  was 
to  generate  steam  in  a  boiler  having 
a  single  water  tube  so  arranged  that 
the  water  circulation  occurred  under 
conditions  similar  to  those  of  an  ac- 
tual power  boiler.  The  steam  gener- 
ated was  condensed  and  weighed,  and 
served  as  a  basis  for  computing  the 
heat  absorbed  by  the  tube.  The  heat 
was  obtained  by  burning  illuminating 
gas  and  passing  the  products  of  com- 
bustion parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
tube. 

Sufficient  data  was  obtained  to  cor- 
relate the  heat  transmission  coeffi- 
cients with  the  rate  of  gas  flow,  the 
gas  temperature,  the  velocity  of  the 
water  in  the  tube,  and  temperature  of 
the  water,  and  the  temperature  of 
the  tube. 

The  bulletin  also  gives  a  report  of 
a  series  of  tests  made  on  a  tube  coated 
with  scale  which  was  taken  from  ac- 
tual boiler  service. 

Although  tests  of  various  ammonia 
condensers  have  been  reported  at  va- 
rious times,  the  results  have  been  iso- 
lated and  more  or  less  fragmentary. 
-Accordingly,  it  seemed  desirable  to 
undertake  a  systematic  and  rather  ex- 
tensive program  of  research  in  order 
to  correlate  and  give  proper  weight  to 
the  various  factors  entering  into  the 
design  and  operation  of  a  number  of 
outstanding  types  of  ammonia  con- 
densers. 


An  investigation  was  therefore 
undertaken  by  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, the  principal  object  of  which  was 
to  determine  the  coefficient  of  heat 
transfer  for  the  various  types  of  con- 
densers, regarding  the  total  surface 
exposed  to  saturated  ammonia  vapor 
as  a  whole.  It  was  also  desired  to  ob- 
tain information  on  the  relative  effect- 
iveness of  the  different  portions  of  the 
cooling  surface  and  to  develop  both 
optimum  and  limiting  conditions  of 
operation  for  the  types  considered. 

Three  different  types  of  condensers 
were  considered,  namely,  the  bleeder, 
the  double  pipe,  and  the  shell-andtube 
condensers,  and  the  results  are  pub- 
lished in  Bulletin  No.  171  of  the  Engi- 
neering Experiment  Station.  From  the 
information  given  it  is  thought  possi- 
ble that  some  suggestions  for  future 
designs  may  be  obtained. 


Prof.  Moore  to  Head 
Faculty  Forum  Group 

Prof.  H.  F.  Moore  of  the  department 
of  theoretical  and  applied  mechanics 
was  appointed  to  serve  as  chair- 
man of  the  annual  faculty  forums 
which  were  held  the  latter  part  of 
February.  The  committee  consisted  of 
Prof.  E.  J.  Filbey,  assistant  dean  of 
the  College  of  Commerce;  Prof.  W.  E. 
Britton  of  the  College  of  Law;  Prof. 
M.  W.  Bundy  of  the  department  of 
English;  Prof.  W.  L.  Burlison.  head  of 
the  department  of  agronomy;  and 
Prof.  E.  J.  Townsend  of  the  depart- 
ment of  mathematics. 


Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering  spoke  before  the 
ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Associ- 
ated General  Contractors  at  West 
Baden.  Ind.  His  subject  was  "Col- 
legiate Instruction  for  Contractors." 

The  association  is  made  up  of  num- 
erous firms,  not  individuals,  and  has 
a  membership  of  2,100  firms  through- 
out the  United  States. 

1).  H.  Sawyer  '02  is  at  present  the 
secretary  of  the  association.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  department  of  munici- 
pal  and  sanitary   engineering. 


The  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers held  its  annual  meeting  at 
New  York,  January  18  to  20.  Prof.  A. 
N.  Talbot,  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  Stresses  in  Railroad  Track,  and 
Prof.  F.  E.  Richart,  secretary  of  the 
Structural  division  of  the  Society  at- 
tended. Both  men  represented  the  de- 
partment of  theoretical  and  applied 
mechanics  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 


Knites  of  the  Worm  Gear 

Ah  ha,  at  last  the  Knites  of  the 
Worm  Gear  can  function  with  a  com- 
plete sets  of  officers.  Heretofore  the  or- 
ganization has  been  running  without 
the  aid  of  the  steward  or  Tooter  of  the 
Sacred  Lunch  Whistle.  The  reason  was 
that  no  man  with  the  necessary  quali- 
fications for  such  an  honor  had  as  yet 
entered  his  application.  Many  applied, 
but  none  could  qualify. 

The  E.  E.  department  again  sends 
a  very  likely  candidate  for  the  office 
in  the  person  of  Bob  Woolsey  '28.  The 
E.  E.  students  were  to  have  a  volun- 
tary review  class  before  finals.  Bob 
came  and  slept  through  the  whole  re- 
view. 

Another  man  that  ran  Bob  a  close 
race  is  Frank  Reed,  a.e.,  '31,  who,  when 
he  is  not  actually  doing  school  work 
ponders  a  great  deal.  He  was  in  a 
chemistry  class  that  was  studying  the 
fixation  of  nitrogen.  Frank  was  some- 
what perplexed,  because  he  could  not 
see  why  nitrogen  should  have  to  be 
"fixed." 

It  is  great  and  wonderful  accomp- 
lishments such  as  the  foregoing  that 
will  cause  these  Loyal  Sons  of  Foe 
Pahs  to  have  their  names  emblazoned 
upon  the  Tablet  of  Prodigious  Feats, 
where  all  the  boners  of  this  ornery 
frat  club  are  recorded. 

Johnny  Schroeder,  m.e..  '30,  should 
not  be  left  off  from  this  roll  of  celeb- 
rities. In  order  to  get  into  the  proper 
mood  for  his  M.  E.  85  final,  Johnny 
wore  his  foundry  shoes  to  the  quiz. 
More  power  to  you,  Johnny. 

Dick    Whittbold,    m.e.,    '30,    thought 
that  a  journal  box  on  a  railroad  car 
was  a  receptacle  for  magazines. 
Bob  Woolsey  Johnny  Schroeder 

Frank  Reed  Dick  Whittbold 

HEY— HEY— BONG-BONG— THEY 
ARE  MEMBERS! 


The  local  student  chapter  of  the  Am- 
erican Society  of  Civil  Engineers  held 
a  smoker  recently  in  the  Union  Build- 
ing. AH  students  in  Civil  engineering, 
and  juniors  and  seniors  in  architectur- 
al and  general  engineering  were  in- 
vited. 

Talks  were  given  by  Prof.  W.  C. 
Huntington,  head  of  the  department  of 
civil  engineering.  C.  E.  Wiley.  N.  B. 
Morgan,  and  J.  J.  Dolan.  all  of  the 
department  of  civil  engineering.  W.  S. 
Collins  '28,  and  E.  W.  Suppinger  '28. 
Besides  the  talks,  the  smokers  were  en- 
tertained by  piano  and  accordion 
music,   boxing,  and  refreshments. 


i.-n 


Tin:  TIOCIIXOCIfAI'II 


Miirrli.   1<.li> 


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■^^ 


ONTEMPORARY 


^s  .r.r^  „%_. 


ki;^'^'?^2!*:.L 


ENGINEERING    NEWS. 


i 


First  Arc-\\  elded  Bridge 
Built 

An  arc-welded,  a  rivetless  steel 
bridge,  said  to  be  the  first  of  its  kind, 
has  been  constructed  by  the  Boston 
and  Maine  railroad  at  Chiiopee  Falls. 
Mass.  The  bridge  is  practically  a  one- 
piece  structure,  every  joint  being 
welded;  weakness  due  to  movable 
joints  and  rivet  holes  are  therefore 
eliminated.  As  a  result,  the  welded 
bridge  is  lighter  than  a  corresponding 
rivetted  bridge  to  carry  the  same  load 
and  costs  less.  Eighty  tons  of  steel 
were  needed  for  the  welded  job,  where- 
as if  it  had  been  rivetted  120  tons 
would  have  been  required.  The  bridge 
spans  a  water  power  canal,  and  is  175 
feet  long. 


New  High  Pressure  Steam 
Plant 

A  high  pressure  industrial  steam 
plant  is  now  being  constructed  for 
Synthetic  Ammonia  and  Nitrates,  Ltd.. 
in  England.  It  is  expected  to  be  the 
largest  high  pressure  unit  in  the  world 
and  every  detail  of  the  plant  will  be 
manufactured  in  that  country.  The 
pressure  to  be  employed  is  800  pounds 
per  square  inch.  Each  of  the  six  boil- 
ers will  have  a  capacity  of  269.000  lb.. 
maximum  evaporation  per  hour,  at  a 
total  temperature  of  840  degrees  Fah- 
renheit. Mills  will  be  installed  tor 
grinding  coal,  and  will  work  on  the 
closed  system,  the  drying  of  the  coal 
being  effected  by  introduction  of  hot 
air  into  the  mills  themselves,  obviat- 
ing the  use  of  separate  driers.  The 
plant  for  handling  coal  will  have  a 
capacity  of  3,800  tons  a  day.  The  boil- 
ers will  be  entirely  rivetless  and  seam- 
less, and  will  be  of  the  upright  tube 
type.  — The  Enf/inecr. 


cealed  from  sight  very  effectively.  To 
this  end,  an  instrument  called  an  oscil- 
lograph was  developed  and  put  into 
use.  The  set-up  required  consisted  of 
two  microphones  which  were  placed 
apart  a  known  distance,  forming  a  tri- 
angle the  third  vetex  of  which  was  the 
gun  whose  position  was  to  be  located. 
These  microphones  were  connected  to 
an  oscillograph  which  recorded  the 
sound  at  each  microphone  by  means  of 
a  white  line  on  a  photographic  film, 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  time  inter- 
vals could  be  measured,  the  third  angle 
computed,  and  the  enemy  gun  located. 
No  use  was  found  for  the  oscilli- 
graph  after  the  war  until  recently: 
however,  the  instrument  is  now  being 
used  in  cable  communication.  A  new 
deep  sea  telegraph  cable  was  develop- 
ed by  the  Western  Electric  Company, 
based  on  a  highly  magnetic  iron-nickel 
alloy,  permalloy:  with  this  cable  it  is 
possible  to  transmit  messages  at  a 
speed  of  2,500  letters  a  minute.  This 
speed  is  so  high  that  the  recorders 
formerly  used  in  cable  transmission 
were  found  useless.  The  old  war-time 
oscillographs  were  used  to  record  the 
cable  messages  and  were  designed  to 
increase  their  sensitivity  about  twenty 
times.  They  now  form  an  indispensible 
part  in  the  machinery  of  cable  commu- 
nication. Another  case  of  a  sword  be- 
ing beaten  into  a  plow-share! 


Peace-Time  Use  F'ound  for 
War  Device 

During  the  late  war.  it  was  neces- 
sary to  develop  some  means  of  obtain- 
ing the  positions  of  the  enemy's  guns 
by   sound,   as   they   were   usually  con- 


Two  New  Radio  Stations  in 
South  America 

Installation  of  a  500  watt  station  in 
the  Colon  Theatre,  Buenos  Aires,  has 
been  completed  and  is  ready  tor  regu- 
lar dissemination  of  operatic  and  other 
programs.  The  Colon  Theatre  is  the 
largest  in  the  Argentine  and  is  among 
the  noted  opera  houses  of  the  world. 
This  station,  and  also  a  station  in 
.Montevido,  capital  of  Uruguay,  was 
purchased  from  the  International 
Standard  Electric  Company.  Both  are 
of  Western  Electric  design.  The  Mont- 
evido station  is  equipped  with  a  1.000 
watt  transmitter,  and  has  been  deliver- 
ed to  the  Uruguayan  government. 


City  Engineers  arc 
Under-Paid 

In  the  course  of  a  movement  for 
higher  engineering  salaries  for  the 
technical  staff  of  New  York  City,  the 
fact  was  brought  out  by  the  secretary 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, that  the  average  engineering 
salaries  in  the  city  departments  is 
now  only  $2,600  a  year.  This  average 
includes  the  salaries  paid  the  highest 
engineers  employed  by  the  city.  This 
average  income,  it  was  pointed  out.  is 
approximately  equal  to  the  scale  of 
$8  a  day  demanded  by  the  striking 
hod  carriers  of  New  Jersey,  and  fails 
to  compare  very  favorably  with  the 
average  salary  of  $9,900  a  year  paid 
to  the  legal  staff  of  the  city — Virfjinia 
Journal  of  Enyineeriny. 


Automatic  Control  for 
Trains 

The  last  stretch  of  Chicago  and 
Northwestern's  main-line  automatic 
train  control  installation,  extending 
from  Chicago  to  Omaha,  is  scheduled 
to  be  completed  and  in  service  by  May 
1st.  This  outstanding  factor  of  safety 
and  railroad  efficiency  between  these 
two  cities,  such  as  has  been  in  opera- 
tion on  the  Clinton-Omaha  division 
since  July  Ist,  marks  what  is  said  to 
be  one  of  the  longest  stretches  of  con- 
tinuous automatic  train  control  in  the 
country. 

All  passenger  and  freight  trains  on 
the  line  will  be  under  a  master  control 
that  is  absolutely  automatic.  It  holds 
the  speeds  of  all  trains  within  the 
proper  limits  independently  of  the  en- 
gine-man or  trainmen  at  all  times.  It 
safeguards  the  movement  of  all  trains 
in  all  weather,  day  or  night,  and  pro- 
vides a  constant  check  on  speed,  and 
the  condition  of  the  right  of  way  ahead 
independent  of  block  signals  which  are 
often  obscured  by  fog,  sacrificing 
speed  to  safety.  The  new  system  allows 
the  engine-man  to  operate  his  train 
as  usual,  but  at  a  speed  within  range 
of  safety,  if  the  track  is  clear,  not 
greater  than  seventy  miles  per  hour. 


March,  192S 


THE  TECnXOGEAl'U 


1.1 1 


The  maximum  speed  for  freight  trains 
under  this  system  of  control  is  fifty 
miles  an  hour  when  the  track  is  clear. 
Should  an  engine-man  approach  too 
closely  to  a  train  or  other  unexpected 
restricted  condition  ahead,  the  invisi- 
ble master  control  causes  a  warning 
light  in  the  cab  to  change  from  green 
to  yellow,  at  the  same  time  sounding 
a  chime  or  shrill  warning  whistle 
which  demands  acknowledgement. 

This  double  automatic  warning  of 
light  and  sound  must  be  acknowledged 
immediately  by  the  engine-man  in 
charge  of  the  train.  The  speed  must 
forthwith  be  reduced  to  twenty  miles 
per  hour,  to  prove  his  mastery  of  con- 
ditions, otherwise  the  brakes  will  be 
automatically  applied,  the  control  tak- 
en from  his  hands,  and  the  train  stop- 
ped. As  soon  as  the  track  ahead  is 
clear  again,  the  master  control  signal 
informs  the  engine-man  of  the  fact, 
whereupon  he  can  again  proceed  at 
full  speed  as  before.  Over  350  locomo- 
tives and  1,050  miles  of  track  had  to 
be  equipped  with  the  control  apparat- 
us at  a  considerable  financial  outlay. 


Pulverized  Coal  on  Ships 

Exi'ERiMEXTS  on  powdered  coal,  un- 
der the  Fuel  Conservation  Committee 
of  the  Merchant  Fleet  Corporation, 
with  the  collaboration  of  the  Navy 
Department,  have  been  conducted  in 
the  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard.  The  re- 
sults have  been  so  favorably  viewed 
that  the  Shipping  Board  steamer  Mer- 
cer, of  9730  deadweight  tons,  is  to  be 
fitted  with  equipment  for  burning 
powdered  coal  and  tested  at  sea.  It 
this  proves  successful  so  far  as  econ- 
omy of  operation  is  concerned,  the 
standard  installation  worked  out  for 
this  vessel  could  be  applied  to  twen- 
ty-two others. 

Pulverized  fuel  equipment  to  be 
used  involves  a  bunker  arrangement, 
conveyor  for  bunker  fuel,  pulverizer, 
distribution  of  pulverized  fuel  to  each 
furnace  and  burner  equipment.  Both 
the  bunker  arrangement  and  the  con- 
veyor system  are  designed  to  reduce 
to  a  minimum  the  man-handling  of 
coal.  This  will  result  in  reducing  both 
the  operating  wage  and  the  subsist- 
ence cost. 

The  proposed  arrangement  is  to  in- 
stall a  daily  supply  bunker  above  each 
pulverizer,  into  which  will  be  fed  a 
fuel  supply  for  » twenty-four  hours. 
This  coal  will  be  carried  up  from  the 
main  bunkers  by  endless  chain  con- 
veyor and  discharged  into  a  crusher. 
Large  lumps  of  run-of-niine  coal  will 
be  broken  to  a  maximum  of  1  1-2  in.. 


and  the  crusher  discharges  by  gravity 
into  the  daily  bunker.  This  in  turn 
discharges  by  gravity  into  the  feeder 
for  the  pulverizer  mill.  Crusher  and 
conveyor  are  designed  for  filling  the 
daily  bunker  in  about  two  hours,  leav- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  time  for  the 
coal  passers  to  trim  fuel  from  coal 
pockets  to  the  conveyor  feed  hopper. 

Two  pulverizers,  each  with  capacity 
of  600  lbs.  an  hour,  should  permit  the 
vessel  to  operate  on  one,  with  the 
other  as  a  stand-by.  In  operation,  how- 
ever, it  is  planned  to  run  both  mills  at 
half  load,  grinding  the  coal  finer.  This 
degree  of  fineness  has  a  definite  bear- 
ing on  the  efficiency  of  combustion.  A 
slow-speed  ball  tube  mill  will  be  used, 
resulting  in  lower  maintenance 
charges,  it  is  believed,  than  with  a 
high-speed  mill. 

A  blower  fan  will  draw  coal  from 
each  mill  into  a  common  distributor. 
This  will  divide  the  single  coal  and 
air  stream  into  three  streams,  one  for 
each  boiler.  Each  of  these  in  turn 
will  be  divided  into  three  smaller 
streams,  one  for  each  burner.  The  dis- 
tributor is  a  vertical  four-bladed  pad- 
dle wheel  operating  in  the  coal  and 
air  line  and  mixing  up  the  coal  and 
air  into  a  homogeneous  mixture. 

Burner  equipment  is  to  be  of  the 
turbulent  type.  It  is  a  combined  coal 
and  oil  burner  and  register,  permit- 
ting the  vessel  to  change  over  from 
one  fuel  to  the  other  almost  immedi- 
ately, if  required.  This  will  make  it 
possible  to  light  the  furnaces  with  oil 
or  to  operate  the  vessel  in  port  with 
oil  or  while  maneuvering,  if  found 
necessary.  It  is  expected  to  develop 
the  pulverized  coal  system,  so  that 
this  arrangement  may  not  be  needed, 
but  the  initial  installation  will  have 
this  precaution. 

Bunker  fuel  of  about  14,450  B.  T.  U. 
a  lb.  may  be  compared  with  oil  at 
18,300  B.  T.  U.  Allowing  3  per  cent 
differential  for  the  cost  of  preparing 
the  coal  for  atomization.  it  will  re- 
quire 1.306  lb.  of  coal  to  do  the  work 
of  1  lb.  of  oil.  Oil  at  1.75  dollars  a 
barrel  is  11.60  dollars  a  ton,  compared 
with  G  dollars  a  ton  for  coal.  This 
means  that  the  fuel  cost  for  the  pul- 
verized coal  burner  on  equal  power 
would  be  about  67  1-2  per  cent  of  that 
for  oil.  The  saving  at  sea  should  be 
about  100  dollars  a  day. 

Various  alternative  calculations 
have  been  made  on  the  basis  of  using 
cheaper  coal  of  lower  heat  value,  and 
allowance  has  been  figured  for  three 
coal  passers,  which  later  may  bo  re- 
duced to  two.  The  various  daily  sav- 


ings range  from  about  85  to  13fl  dol- 
lars, as  estimated. — Iron  Age. 


Safety  Testini>  Pit 

A  pit  which  will  permit  the  testing 
of  the  largest  pieces  of  revolving  ma- 
chinery at  runaway  speeds  with  safety 
to  the  operators  has  just  been  com- 
pleted at  the  Schenectady  works  of 
the  General  Electric  Company.  This 
pit,  the  largest  of  its  kind  ever  con- 
structed, will  permit  tests  which  can- 
not now  be  duplicated  anywhere  else 
in  the  world.  It  has  been  built  for  the 
purpose  of  running  double-speed  tests 
on  the  rotors  of  water-wheel  genera- 
tors, from  the  smallest  size  up  to  ma- 
chines forty  feet  in  diameter  and 
weighing  as  much  as  five  hundred 
tons.  The  pit  itself  is  a  circular  cham- 
ber with  a  depth  of  thirty  feet,  sur- 
rounded by  two  concentric  walls  of 
heavily  reinforced  concrete,  between 
which  there  is  a  cushion  of  soft  sand. 
Over  the  top  is  placed  a  cover  eight 
inches  thick  of  reinforced  concrete  and 
steel  plate,  and  around  the  rim  two 
ring  girders  each  two  and  one-half  feet 
deep.  The  pit  is  housed  in  a  large 
brick  and  steel  building,  placed  in  a 
field  at  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
nearest  factory  building. — The  Blast 
Furnace  and  Steel  Plant. 


Ingenious  Fire  Alarm 
Device 

A  demonstration  of  a  fire  alarm  de- 
vice that  literally  "sees"  and  responds 
to  the  faintest  trace  of  smoke  was  a 
part  of  the  display  exhibited  by  the 
Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufac- 
turing Company  at  the  Radio  World's 
Fair  in  the  New  Madison  Square 
Garden. 

The  agency  that  operates  the  alarm 
is  a  combination  of  a  photo-electric 
cell  and  what  is  practically  standard 
radio  tube — an  achievement  of  Dr.  V. 
K.  Zworykin,  physicist  on  the  research 
staff  of  the  Westinghouse  Company. 
The  tube  is  so  responsive  to  light 
changes  that  smoke,  as  faint  as  a 
whiff  from  a  cigarette,  was  utilized 
to  turn  on  a  red  light.  When  the  smoke 
was  conducted  between  an  automobile 
headlight  and  the  Zworykin  device,  the 
consequent  diminution  of  light  lowered 
the  electrical  current,  and  this  reduc- 
tion in  the  activity  of  the  electrons 
started  relay  that  switched  on  the  red 
light. 

The  Zworykin  tul)e  is  the  first  in- 
vention to  make  possible  the  practical 
application  of  photo-electric  effects. 
The    principle    has    been    a    scientific 


ir,i' 


'in;  Ti:(ii.\(>(ii{Ai'ii 


Mil  nil,  IH2S 


curiosity  until  tlie  Wostinghouse  scien- 
tist, after  nearly  two  years  oC  work  in 
the  East  Pittsburgh  laboratories  of  the 
company,  achieved  his  goal — the  con- 
version of  light  rays  into  mechanical 
power. 

In  addition  to  acting  as  a  fire  de- 
tector, the  device  has  a  number  of 
other  practical  applications.  One  of 
these  is  the  automatic  control  of  light 
houses  in  untended  stretches  of  the 
sea.  With  the  Zworykin  device,  such 
lights  may  be  turned  on  and  off  simply 
by  the  agencies  of  light  and  shadow. 
— Westinghouse  Technical  Press 
Service. 


New  System  Controls 

Machinery  By 

Sound 

A  new  system  of  supervision  and 
control  by  which  operator-less  machin- 
ery can  be  called  up  on  the  telephone 
and  asked  questions  and  given  instruc- 
tions, was  demonstrated  recently  in 
New  York  City,  at  the  offices  of  the 
Westinghouse  Electric  &  Manufactur- 
ing Company. 

"This  system,  which  is  called  the 
'Televocal'  System,  represents  the 
latest  step  in  the  automatic  operation 
of  distant  machinery,"  said  R.  J.  Wen- 
sloy.  Westinghouse  engineer,  in  ex- 
plaining the  device  of  which  he  is  the 
inventor. 

"By  means  of  it,  not  only  can  a  load 
dispatcher  of  an  electric  power  com- 
pany or  street  railway  call  up  on  any 
telephone  unattended  power  plants  or 
substations,  receive  reports  on  the 
status  of  every  machine  in  the  station. 
and  start  or  stop  machines,  open  and 
close  switches,  and  perform  other  op- 
erations at  will,  but  even  the  house- 
keeper could  direct  the  operation  of 
her  home  from  the  club  or  whist 
party. 

"Automatic  operation  of  electric  ma- 
chinery has  been  in  use  for  several 
years,  but  all  systems  now  employed 
require  special  wires  run  from  the 
supervising  point  to  the  station.  When 
stations  are  many  miles  away,  num- 
erous such  installations  may  be  very 
e.\pensive.  Telephone  connections  to  all 
points  always  exist,  however,  and  by 
using  these  lines  for  supervisory  con- 
trol, the  cost  of  the  control  system  is 
greatly  reduced. 

"It  is  against  the  rule  of  the  tele- 
phone companies  to  connect  extran- 
eous wiring  to  the  phones  or  to  trans- 
mit over  their  lines  anything  except 
sounds  within  the  register  of  the  hu- 
man voice,"  said  Mr.  Wensley.  "Hence. 


to  utilize  the  teleplione  for  controlling 
machinery,  these  regulations  have  to 
be  observed.  The  problem  was  solved 
by  using  a  series  of  sound-sensitive  re- 
lays to  make  the  switching  connections 
at  the  control  end  and  operating  these 
relays  by  telephoning  to  them  differ- 
ent combinations  of  musical  notes. 

"It  is  theoretically  possible  to  con- 
struct sound-sensitive  relays  that  will 
respond  to  spoken  words,"  continued 
Mr.  Wensley.  "and  to  prove  this  point, 
we  have  at  our  East  Pittsburg  labora- 
tories a  door  which  will  open  to  the 
call  of  "Open,  sesame!"  and  to  no  oth- 
er combination  of  sounds.  However, 
such  a  system  would  be  highly  compli- 
cated to  work  out  in  practice,  whereas 
by  the  use  of  only  three  notes  of  dif- 
ferent pitches,  we  can  secure  any  com- 
bination of  operations  desired." 

Sounds  that  come  over  the  telephone 
to  the  televocal  apparatus  are  received 
from  the  receiver  by  a  sensitive  micro- 
phone, and  the  buzzing  signals  made 
by  it  are  given  out  by  a  loud  speaker 
close  to  the  telephone  transmitter. 
Hence,  no  electrical  connections  to  the 
telephone  are  needed,  and  nothing  but 
sound  is  received  from  It  or  given  to 
it. 

When  the  bell  rings,  a  sound-sensi- 
tive relay  lifts  the  telephone  hook, 
starts  up  the  station-signal  buzzer,  and 
sets  the  whole  apparatus  ready  tor 
action. 

By  means  of  a  high  note  (produced 
at  the  demonstration  by  an  electrically 
operated  tuning  fork)  any  desired  one 
of  any  desired  number  of  relays  is 
l)rought  into  play.  By  sounding  the 
note  twice,  relay  No.  2  is  connected; 
by  sounding  the  note  three  times,  re- 
lay No.  3  is  connected;  and  so  on  in- 
definitely. The  operator  must,  of 
course,  know  his  relays,  and  call  for 
the  particular  one  desired. 

Suppose  he  calls  for  No.  3,  which  is 
one  that  will  open  or  close  a  certain 
circuit  breaker.  When  this  relay  is 
connected  in  circuit,  the  televocal  de- 
vice gives  three  buzzes  reporting  that 
No.  3  relay  is  ready,  and  then  either 
a  long  buzz  or  a  short  one,  indicating 
the  circuit  breaker  it  controls  is  either 
open  or  closed,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Then,  with  everything  set,  the  oper- 
ator sends  out  a  note  of  a  lower  pitch. 
called  the  "operating  note."  This 
causes  the  relays  to  so  act  as  to  re- 
verse the  condition  of  the  breaker, 
closing  or  opening  it,  as  the  case  may 
l)e.  and  reporting  the  fact  by  changing 
its  long  buzz  to  a  short  one.  or  vice 
versa. 

If  the  operator  calls  for  a  relay  that 


is  connected  to  a  water  level  device 
or  a  thermometer,  the  relay,  when 
connected,  will  read  off  the  water  level 
or  temperature  by  an  appropriate  num- 
ber of  buzzes.  Then  by  calling  for  an- 
other relay,  the  operator  can  cause 
whatever  action  may  be  needed  ac- 
cording to  the  information  he  has  just 
received. 

In  this  manner,  almost  any  desired 
information  can  be  secured  or  opera- 
tion performed. 

The  sounds  when  received  by  the 
televocal  apparatus  are  passed  thru 
filters  so  that  all  but  exactly  the  se- 
lected pitches  are  eliminated  and  ex- 
traneous noises  are  prevented  from 
causing  operation  of  the  relays. 

If  the  televocal  system  is  called,  it 
will  repeat  its  buzzer  signal  for  about 
a  minute  and  then  hang  up  unless  it  re- 
ceives the  special  high-pitched  note 
that  is  the  signal  that  is  wanted,  and 
it  should  set  itself  tor  operation.  Hence, 
if  called  by  accident,  it  will  hang  up 
automatically  after  a  minute's  buzzing 
without  taking  further  action. 

When  called  into  action,  it  will  keep 
the  circuit  open  indefinitely  until  it 
receives  a  special  low-pitched  note, 
which  is  the  "good-bye"  signal  and 
causes  it  to  hang  up  and  go  out  ot 
action. 

Under  ordinary  circumstances,  me- 
chanically-operated sound-producers 
are  employed,  but  a  musically  gifted 
operator  can  secure  information  from 
the  televox  by  whistling  or  singing  at 
it. 

Distance  is  no  barrier  to  the  opera- 
tion of  the  televocal  system.  An  oper- 
ator in  New  York  could  control  ma- 
chinery in  San  Francisco,  Cuba,  and 
England — the  trans-Atlantic  radio  link 
being  used  in  the  last  instance. 

The  telephone  instruments  employed 
are  not  altered  in  any  respect  and  may 
be  used  in  the  ordinary  way  whenever 
wanted. 

Mr.  Wensley  demonstrated  the  de- 
vice by  starting  and  stopping  lights, 
tans,  vacuum  cleaners,  and  other  de- 
vices by  means  of  musical  notes  trans- 
mitted by  telephone.  — Westinghouse 
Technical  Press  Service. 


D.  D.  Wii.t.i.\.MS,  c.e.,  '07,  Chicago 
Bridge  &  Iron  Works,  Dallas,  Tex.,  of- 
fice. Last  year  he  was  located  at  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  but  he  now  thinks  his  Dal- 
las stay  will  be  permanent. 


H.vRi.ow  Bacon,  c.e.,  '93,  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C..  hopes  to  attend  his  class 
reunion  here,  and  ho  expects  to  l)ring 
Mrs.  Bacon  along. 


March.  1!>2>^ 


Tin:  TKcnxOCRAl'TT 


153 


Fraternity  Activities 


Tau  Beta  Pi 

The  officers  for  the  present  semes- 
ter are:  President.  R.  H.  Tull;  vice- 
president.  I.  W.  Chaminger:  recording 
secretary.  A.  W. 
Howell:  treasur- 
er. W.  G.  Grubel: 
Master  of  Initia- 
tion. E.  W.  Sup- 
Diger;  correspond, 
ing  secretary,  M. 
F.  Li  n  d  e  m  a  n  : 
cataloger.  E.  K. 
Emerson. 
The  luncheon  at 
the  Southern  Tea  Rooms.  January  14. 
192S.  was  fairly  well  attended.  The 
program  consisted  of  the  following 
speakers:  I.  W.  Schoeninger,  R.  H. 
Tull.  and  Prof.  Paine.  Prof.  Paine's 
topic.  "The  Outlook  for  Seniors."  cast 
a  brighter  light  upon  their  doubting 
minds.  It  helped  to  wipe  out  the  ques- 
tion mark  which  existed  with  practi- 
cally all  the  seniors. 

V.  P.  Jensen,  c.e.,  is  back  with  us 
again  after  a  year's  absence  which  was 
spent  on  a  large  dam  project  in  Ari- 
zona. 

A  full  and  well  arranged  program 
has  been  made  for  the  present  semes- 
ter with  prominent  speakers  on  both 
scientific  and  literary  topics  and  the 
usual  two  luncheons  per  semester.  Tau 
Beta  Pi  hopes  to  be  able  to  honor  the 
outstanding  juniors  this  spring  to  car- 
ry on  its  work  for  next  year. 

— M.  F.  Lindeman. 


Sigma  Phi  Delta 

The  closing  of  the  semester  just  com- 
pleted has  marked  the  beginning  of  a 
new  Engineering  organization  on  the 
campus.  This  organization  is  known  as 
Sigma  Phi  Delta.  Sigma  Phi  Delta  is 
a  Professional  Engineering  Fraternity. 
Membership  is  open  to  students  who 
are  regularly  enrolled  in  standard  En- 
gineering courses  and  who  have  main- 
tained an  average  scholarship  rating. 
The  fraternity  was  founded  locally  at 
the  University  of  Southern  California 
in  1924.  It  became  national  on  May  3. 
1926.  when  Delta  Pi  Sigma  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  South  Dakota  became  the 
Beta  chapter.  The  Fraternity  seeks  to 
foster  the  advancement  of  Engineering 
education,  to  further  the  advancement 
of  the  Engineering  profession,  and  to 
secure    cooperation   between   students, 


faculty,  and  organizations  on  the  cam- 
pus. There  are  now  four  chapters 
which  are:  Alpha  Chapter,  University 
of  Southern  California;  Beta  Chapter. 
University  of  South  Dakota;  Gamma 
Chapter.  University  of  Texas:  and 
Delta   Chapter.  University  of   Illinois. 

The  Delta  Chapter  was  installed  at 
the  University  of  Illinois  on  Wednes- 
day. January  25.  1928,  at  the  Innian 
Hotel.  Champaign.  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Dun- 
stan.  field  representative  for  Sigma 
Phi  Delta,  was  the  installing  officer, 
and  was  assisted  by  Mr.  Milligan.  a 
member  of  Alpha  Chapter.  Mr.  Milli- 
gan is  now  a  student  at  the  University. 
Those  initiated  were;  A.  A.  Wells.  G. 
E.  Atkinson.  Oliver  Place.  R.  T.  Lar- 
sen.  D.  R.  Groff,  C.  0.  Smith.  W.  C. 
Cassidy,  H.  R.  Garing.  B.  L.  Pickett. 
G.  W.  Brown,  J.  J.  Poer.  R.  D.  Smith. 
Frank  Kockis.  W.  T.  Thornborrow.  D. 
M.  Brown,  as  undergraduate  members: 
and  Professor  C.  C.  Wiley,  of  the  de- 
partment of  Civil  Engineering,  as  As- 
sociate  member. 

The  installation  banquet  took  place 
immediately  following  the  initiation 
ceremony,  with  Professor  Wiley  acting 
as  Toastmaster.  The  first  speaker  was 
Mr.  Dunstan  who  spoke  on  the  ideals 
and  purposes  of  the  fraternity.  The 
second  speaker  was  Dean  H.  H.  Jor- 
dan, of  the  College  of  Engineering, 
who  spoke  on  the  opportunities  of 
such  an  organization  as  Sigma  Phi 
Delta  on  the  campus  of  the  University 
of  Illinois. 

Following  the  banquet,  the  first 
business  meeting  of  the  fraternity 
was  held  at  which  the  following  offi- 
cers were  elected:  A.  A.  Wells,  Presi- 
dent; G.  E.  Atkinson,  Vice-President: 
G.  W.  Brown.  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary; R.  L.  Pickett.  Recording  Secre- 
tary; 'C.  0.  Smith.  Treasurer.  After 
a  short  discussion  of  plans  for  the  or- 
ganization, the  meeting  was  adjourned. 

The  Fraternity  has  no  house  on  the 
campus  as  yet,  and  will  not  have  one 
this  .semester.  However,  definite  plans 
are  being  worked  out  so  that  the  Fra- 
ternity will  be  located  in  a  house  by 
next  fall.  It  is  hoped  that  this  new- 
Fraternity  on  the  campus  will  be  able 
to  perform  a  really  great  service  to 
Engineering  students  in  its  member- 
ship, both  now  and  after  they  have 
graduated. 

— G.   W.  Blown. 


Sigma  Epsilon 

Within  the  next  tew  weeks.  Sigma 
Epsilon  is  expecting  to  pledge  two  or 
thi'ee  men  who  have  been  carefully 
looked  over.  Since  it  is  purely  an  Hon- 
orary Railway  Fraternity,  it  faces  a 
somewhat  peculiar  problem  inasmuch 
as  the  enrollment  of  this  department  is 
comparatively  small.  Despite  this  fact, 
it  boasts  of  as  representative  a  group 
of  men  as  any  other  honorary  organi- 
zation on  the  campus.  It  has  gained 
for  itself  a  name  on  the  Engineering 
Campus  that  will  compete  with  any 
society,  excepting  those  in  the  super- 
academic  class  that  justify  their  ex- 
istence to  the  somewhat  narrow  and 
empty  ideal  of  pure  scholastic  attain- 
ments. 

Sigma  Epsilon  is  trying  as  near  as 
possible  to  remain  within  the  scope 
of  the  railway  department  and  con- 
fines itself  practically  entirely  to  the 
railway  club,  an  organization  which 
has  been  on  the  campus  for  nearly 
twenty  years. 

The  next  great  step  to  be  taken  by 
Sigma  Epsilon  is  to  expand.  So  far. 
the  chapter  at  Illinois  is  the  only  one 
existing.  Before  the  close  of  the  year, 
it  is  hoped  that  a  chapter  will  be  in- 
stalled at  Purdue,  a  school  which  is 
one  of  the  few  in  the  United  States 
offering  a  complete  course  in  railway 
engineering. 


Theta  Tau 

At  the  last   meeting  of  the  first  se- 
mester,  officers   were   elected   for   the 
ensuing  calendar  year.  They  are:   Re- 
gent.  R.    B.    Saw- 
tell;      vice-regent. 
N  .    B  .    Elliot; 
scribe.  C.  N.  Bur- 
n  a  m  ;    treasurer, 
J.     Gittord;     cor- 
responding   secre- 
tary.   L.   G.    Leut- 
wiler;      marshal!, 
C.  T.  Madsen. 
During    the 
Christmas     holidays,    several    of    the 
members    attended    the    biennial    con- 
vention held  at  the  Windermere  Hotel 
at   that   time.    Eddie  Gifford   was   the 
official  delegate  of  Kappa  Chapter  and 
Gordon  Heylin   was  alternate.   Profes- 
sor J.  E.  Vawter  as  Grand  Treasurer 
of  Theta  Tau  gave  his  report  at  the 
(Continued  on  Pane  172) 


154 


TTTK  TECnXOCKAril 


\hin-li.   /.02S 


Not  so  long  ago,  December  3,  1927, 
to   be   exact.   Cuandai.i.  Z.   Rosecbans. 
m.e.,  '19,  was  married.  After  the  wed- 
ding, they  left  im- 
mediately for  the 
Kast.  and  are  now 
at   home,   at   G200 
W  a  y  n  e   Avenue, 
Germantown.    Pa. 
M  r  s  .     Rosecrans 
was  formerly  Ro- 
b  e  r  t  a  Josephine 
D  0  i  s  y   '21,    of 
Champaign.     M  r  . 
Rosecrans,     w  h  o 
took  his  first  Illi- 
nois degree  in  '19, 
rci-eived  his  M.  S.  in  '21.  Until  his  res- 
ignation  in    1926.   he   was   a   research 
associate  in  mechanical  engineering  in 
the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  at 
the   University.   He   is  now  in  the   re- 
search department  of  Leeds  and  North- 
up,   manufacturers   of    electrical    mea- 
suring   instruments,    at    Philadelphia. 
The  picture  shows  him  in  his  labora- 
tory at  the  time  he  was  carrying  on 
gas   engine   research. 

P.  A.  BiiooKs.  e.e..  'IT.  son  of  Prof. 
Morgan  Brooks  of  the  department  of 
electrical  engineering  at  the  Univer- 
sity, had  an  article  on  "The  Manufac- 
ture and  Heat  Treatment  of  Gears," 
in  a  recent  issue  of  the  Western  Ma- 
chinery World,  based  on  research  of 
general  interest  to  engineers  and  man- 
ufacturers of  machinery.  Mr.  Brooks 
is  now  doing  experimental  engineer- 
ing for  the  Johnson  Gear  Company,  at 
Berkeley,  Calif. 

C.  E.  Ramsei!.  e.e..  '09.  is  another 
engineer  who  is  apparently  out  of 
place.  He  is  in  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture,  but  is  a  drainage  engi- 
neer in  the  bureau  of  roads.  A  year 
ago  Mr.  Ramser  presented  a  paper  on 
"Erosion  and  silting  of  dredged  drain- 
age ditches"  before  the  thirty-ninth 
annual  meeting  of  the  Iowa  Engineer- 
ing Society  at  Des  Moines.  His  paper 
was  later  published  in  the  Bulletin  of 
the  Associated  State  Engineering  So- 
cieties for  October,  1927.  Within  the 
past  two  months,  he  presented  a  paper 


A  L  U>1N  I 

NOTHS] 


at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Illinois 
Society  of  Engineers,  at  Urbana.  His 
lopic  was:  "Results  of  Experiments  in 
Central  Illinois  of  the  flow  of  water  in 
drainage  ditches  for  cleared  and  un- 
cleared condition  of  channel." 

Rai.1'11  Stong,  m.e..  '06.  is  now  in  the 
radio  business,  a  fitting  place  for  an 
engineer.  However,  he  doesn't  say 
whether  he  designs  them,  or  sells 
them,  and  he  gives  no  address  for  him- 
self. 

Piiii.U'  Steele,  m.e.,  'S9,  writes  that 
he  and  his  wife  are  enjoying  fine 
health.  Steele  recently  met  R.  W. 
Evans,  arch.,  '89,  of  Bloomington,  and 
they  both  had  a  very  enjoyable  visit 
talking  over  old  times.  He  has  also 
seen  EonrE  Ligars,  e.e.,  '89,  occasional- 
ly. Ligare  is  with  the  West  Park  Board 
in  Chicago. 

E.  K.  Kane  and  R.  R.  Reickart,  both 
e.e..  '27,  are  now  working  in  the  test- 
ing department  of  the  General  Electric 
Company,  and  are  situated  at  Sche- 
nectady, New  York.  They  are  both  ac- 
tive in  the  alumni  club  of  that  city. 

Among  those  alumni  of  the  engineer- 
ing school  who  have  branched  out 
from  the  strict  field,  is  E.  J.  Meiirex. 
e.e.,  '06.  He  now  holds  an  important 
position  as  vice-president  of  the  Mc- 
Graw-Hill Company,  publishers  of  in- 
numerable texts  and  magazines  on 
engineering  subjects.  For  some  years 
he  was  editor  of  Engineeriny  News- 
Record. 

Another  New  York  alumnus  is  L.  H. 
Ghaves,  e.e.,  '12.  He  is  vice-president 
and  general  manager  of  the  X-Ray  Re- 
flector Company,  called  the  biggest 
searchlight  company  in  the  world. 

And  now  from  afar  New  York  comes 
news  of  an  alumna.  Mary  Worthen. 
arch.,  '26,  is  in  the  employ  of  Lin- 
berg,  the  famous  domestic  architect  of 
the  East.  Pew  are  the  girls  that  have 
entered  the  engineering  school,  and 
fewer  are  those  who  graduate,  but 
none  have  left  behind  them  a  record 
as  did  Mary  Worthen.  If  there  was  an 
architectural  honor  to  be  had.  she  al- 
ways had  it.  to  the  disgust  of  many  of 
the  male  members  of  the  class. 


H.  B.  BtTsiiNEi.1.,  e.e.,  '07,  is  with  the 
Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Company. 

C.  C.  Williams,  e.e.,  '07,  Dean  of  the 
College  of  Engineering,  University  of 
Iowa. 

From  the  Class  of  '85  comes  a  man 
who  has  led  a  successful  life  in  his 
line  of  engineering  endeavor,  besides 
rearing  a  tine  family.  Jtdson  Lattin. 
m.e.,  is  the  man.  For  over  thirty  years 
after  his  graduation  he  followed  me- 
chanical engineering,  starting  as  a 
draftsman  for  the  Pullman  Car  Com- 
pany, and  then  being  made  successive- 
ly chief  draftsman  for  the  Osborne 
Steam  Engineering  Campany,  chief 
draftsman  for  the  Metropolitan  West 
side  Elevator  Company  of  Chicago, 
general  superintendent  of  the  Ameri- 
can Grass  Twine  Company,  and  for  the 
Minneapolis  Harvester  Company,  of 
Chicago,    and     finally    superintendent 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ji  d.son  Lattin 

and  master  mechanic  of  the  Hamilton 
Works.  International  Harvester  Com- 
pany in  Canada.  In  1920.  he  went  to 
California  because  of  his  wife's  health, 
and  he  has  been  there  since  that  time. 
He  has  lived  near  Healdsburg.  R.  R. 
.■?.  in  the  picturesque  Alexander  Val- 
lev   of   north   central   California  since 


}fnrch,  1928 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


155 


his  wife's  death  in  1925.  Mr.  Lattin  re- 
married in  JIay.  1927.  his  wife  now 
being  Etta  Thomas,  sister  of  his  first 
wife. 

RoBEKT  Lattix  e.e..  '13,  is  the  son 
of  Judson  Lattin.  and  is  now  senior 
assistant  electrical  engineer  of  the 
public  lighting  commission  of  Detroit. 
He  was  an  ensign  during  the  World 
War.  and  is  married  and  has  three 
children. 

mini  engineers  there  are  who  have 
designed  or  helped  design  stadiums, 
but  Rkii.\rd  B.  Ketcui  m.  c.e..  '96.  of 
Salt  Lake  City.  Utah,  not  only  de- 
signed  the   fine   new   stadium   at   the 

L'niversityof 

Utah,  hut  he  also 
selected  the  loca- 
t  i  o  n  ,  supervised 
the  construction, 
and  in  general 
saw  the  thing 
through.  Because 
of  his  careful 
work  he  saved  the 
University  of  Utah  at  least  $150,000 
and  perhaps  $200,000.  The  cost  is  said 
to  be  less  than  one-fourth  that  of  oth- 
er concrete  stadiums  of  similar  size. 
It  has  a  present  seating  capacity  of 
20,000  and  cost  $143,000,  or  $7.15  a 
seat:  10,000  seats  can  be  added  any 
time  at  a  cost  of  only  $17,000  more. 
The  airplane  view  shows  dimly  the  in- 
teresting system  of  ramps  running 
diagonally  up  the  embankments  to  the 
top.  (The  old  field  can  be  seen  in  the 
background.)  Both  the  east  and  west 
buildings  under  the  stands  contain 
training  rooms,  team  rooms,  rest 
rooms,  showers,  and  a  large  amount  of 
attic  space  for  storing  athletic  equip- 
ment. The  steam  heating  plant  on  the 
west  side  is  independent  of  the  Uni- 
versity heating  plant.  The  track,  which 
is  the  first  standard  track  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Utah,  contains  a  220-yard 
straightaway  with  a  quarter-mile  loop. 
"Those  of  us  who  have  known  him 
for  30  odd  years  knew  he  could  do  it." 
writes  an  old  friend.  "His  stunt  was 
no  surprise  to  us." 

Professor  Ketchum  (for  he  has  been 
since  1909  professor  of  civil  engineer- 
ing at  the  University  of  Utah)  went 
through  a  long  and  thorough  experi- 
ence, mostly  railway,  before  going  to 
the  University.  After  graduating  from 
Illinois  in  1896  he  first  was  employed 
as  a  machinist  for  the  Ajax  Forge 
Company  of  Chicago,  and  for  a  year 
was  assistant  in  civil  engineering  at 
the  University.  Then  he  worked  in  va- 
rious capacities,  mostly  as  chief  en- 
gineer, for  the   Belt   Railway  of   Chi- 


cago, the  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana 
railway,  the  Chicago  and  Alton,  the 
Missouri  Pacific.  Kansas-Colorado. 
Grays  Harbor  &  Puget  Sound,  and  the 
Oregon  Short  Line.  For  a  time  he  was 
with  the  Pittsburgh  Bridge  Company, 
and  for  two  years  was  chief  engineer 
of  the  Independent  Coal  and  Coke 
Company  at  Kenilworth.  Utah. 

Professor  Ketchum  is  not  related  to 
Dean  Milo  S.  Ketchum  '95.  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  but  the  two  are 
close  friends.  During  the  war  they 
worked  together  at  Charleston.  W.  Va.. 
as  engineers  at  the  explosives  plant 
there.  Dean  Milo  Ketchum  was  in  di- 
rect charge. 

Richard  B.  Ketchum  was  born  in 
1874  at  Augusta.  111.,  and  before  en- 
tering Illinois  as  a  civil  engineering 
student  he  attended  the  old  University 
Academy  He  was  active  in  the  Adel- 
phic  Literary  Society  and  worked  on 
The  Daily  lUini  and  Technoyruph 
staffs. 

Prof.  A.  N.  T.\lbot.  c.e..  '81,  was 
awarded  the  first  Henry  C.  Turner 
medal  March  1  at  the  24th  annual  din- 
ner of  the  American  Concrete  Insti- 
tute in  Philadelphia.  The  medal  is  giv- 
en "for  outstanding  contributions  to 
the  knowledge  of  reinforced  concrete 
design  and  construction." 

C.  E.  HOFF.  c.e.,  '07,  of  Colglazier  & 
Hoff.  San  Antoinio.  Texas,  is  still 
building  rock  asphalt  roads  in  the 
vicinity. 

W.   A.   Kx.M'P.   c.e..   '07.   professor  of 


engineering  extension  at  Purdue,  ran 
the  summer  surveying  camp  of  that 
university  at  Spencer.  Ind..  last  sum- 
mer. 

C.  R.  Logan,  c.e.,  '07,  Chicago,  is 
with  Graham,  Anderson,  Probst  & 
White,  architects. 

J.  W.  McMan-is,  c.e.,  '07,  of  the  Mc- 
Manis  Construction  Company,  St.  Paul, 
builds  schools  for  the  city. 

Roy  A.  Miller,  c.e.,  '07.  Consolidated 
Aircraft  Corporation,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
is  temporarily  at  Dayton,  0.,  helping 
in  the  design  of  an  airplane. 

M.  J.  Trees,  c.e..  '07,  was  honored  by 
being  re-elected  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity Board  of  Trustees. 

A.  A.  Van  Petten,  c.e.,  '07,  Cuba 
Cane  Sugar  Corporation,  has  spent  all 
of  his  time  since  graduation  in  Cuba, 
Porto  Rico,  and  Santo  Domingo,  where 
he  has  built  two  complete  sugar-pro- 
ducing developments,  building  factory, 
railroad,  and  field  development,  and  a 
hydro-electric  development.  For  the 
past  four  years  he  has  been  in  the 
operating  side  of  sugar  producing  as 
manager  of  a  property  making  45.000 
tons  of  sugar  per  crop.  His  family  in- 
cludes a  wife  and  four  children,  rang- 
ing from  nine  to  seventeen.  The  oldest, 
a  boy.  plans  to  enter  the  I'niversity 
next  fall. 

Emmett  J.  Heal\-.  c.e..  '13.  of  the 
McKeown  Brothers  Company,  and 
William  Laekix.  Jr..  also  '13,  have 
been  elected  members  of  the  Collegiate 
Clul)  of  Chicago. 


Tm;   'IT    M.    lO.'s 

C.  M.  Ci.AitK,  general  foreman  of  the 
C.  &  N.  \V.  shops  at  Kaukanna.  Wis. 

P.  S.  CoNKi.iN.  assistant  principal  of 
the  Kockford  senior  high  school. 

Do.N  S.  CoHNKi.i-.  Su..  Dormont.  Pa., 
dispensing  meters  and  motor  service 
in  the  Pittsburgh  territory  of  the  Re- 
public B'low  Meters  Company. 

H.MiKY  n.vuHY.  Jit.,  with  the  Missouri 
Boiler   Works  Company,  Kansas  City. 


U.w.  OK  iiiK  'IT  M.  E.'.s 
V  S  Uav  '17,  one  of  the  powers  that  bciii 
the  'i?  M.  iE.'s,  a  section  of  the  class  of  1/ 
which  upset  all  precedent  by  holding  a  success- 
ful  Homecoming  reunion.  Nor  must  we  overlook 
Mrs  Day,  who  stands  beside  him.  (lictmcs 
from  annual  bulletin  of  '17  M.  E.'s.) 

Herb  Dutton,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  work- 
ing for  the  eighth  year  with  the  Arm- 
strong Cork  &  Insulation  Company. 

F.  E.  Ev.\NS,  Detroit,  has  a  new 
son,  James  Frederick. 

C.  A.  Fi.ANNERY,  Los  Angeles,  with 
the  Llewellyn  Iron  Works. 

AV.  S.  FitEEnuRG,  factory  engineer 
with  the  Allen-Bradley  Company, 
manufacturers  of  electric  control  ap- 
paratus, Milwaukee. 

Geougio  W.  KrEiix,  married  at 
Crown  Point,  Ind.,  in  September;  still 
with  the  Union  Special  Machine  Com- 
pany. 

R.  H.  L.vwuENCE,  Beverly  Hills,  Chi- 
cago, factory  representative  for  three 
different  concerns,  selling  to  the  job- 
bers and  manufacturers— Cleveland 
Wrought  Products  Company,  T.  R.  Al- 
mond Manufacturing  Company  of  Ash- 
burn,  Mass.,  and  the  Lock  Washer  di- 
vision of  the  National  Umbrella  Frame 
Company,  of  Philadelphia. 

L.  M.  LiNDSEV.  back  at  Detroit  with 
the  Celite  Products  Company. 


Till':  Ti:ciiN*»(;i;.MMi 

C.M'T.  luwi.v  L.  Lr.M.Mis.  tran.sferred 
Irom  Honolulu  to  Ft.  McKinley,  Me.; 
aiinuuiucs  birth.  June  7,  of  a  son,  Ma- 
son Magruder  Lummis. 

Rai.imi  K.  Manoan.  sales  manager  of 
the  Buda  Company  of  Harvey,  111.,  is 
still  single. 

Caki.  A.  Menzki.,  trustee  on  the 
Homewood  (111.)  village  board  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Board  of  local  improve- 
ments, is  wrestling  with  storm  and 
sanitary  sewer  and  other  municipal 
construction  work  aggregating  a  mil- 
lion dollars. 

\V.  H.  MiNKE.MA,  traveling  for  the 
mivfrsal  Oil  Products  Company  of 
Chicago. 

J.  H.  Needi.eu,  Chicago,  in  heating 
and  ventilating  contracting  business 
with  the  Phillips,  Getschow  Company. 
Wii.i.iAM  0.  Nelson,  working  at  the 
same  place,  with  a  new  name,  now  the 
Delco-Remy  Corporation  of  Anderson, 
Ind.,  where  he  has  been  in  the  sales 
department  for  two  years  and  is  now 
assistant  to  the  general  sales  manager. 
John  E.  Ott,  Acme  Steel  Goods 
Company,  Chicago. 

R.  M.  Overton,  still  with  the  Nation- 
al Tube  Company  branch  of  the  U.  S. 
Steel  Corporation. 

R.  S.  Pfeiffeh,  Evanston.  has  a  son. 
King  Woodward,  born  May  19,  and  is 
with  the  Western  Electric  as  engineer 
in  the  development  division  at  the 
Hawthorne  AVorks. 

C.  H.  Proetz,  manager  of  the  Beltex 
Lumber  Company  at  Maud,  Tex.,  and 
the  Calion  Lumber  Company  at  Calion. 
Ark. 

L.  F.  SiMi'soN,  sent  to  Europe  per- 
manently by  the  Corn  Products  Re- 
fining Company  of  Newark,  N.  J., 
where  he  will  travel  around  to  the  va- 
rious factories  in  Holland,  Germany. 
France,  Italy,  and  England,  to  look 
after  both  engineering  and  process 
work.  "Permanently,"  he  has  been  told 
means  at  least  ten  years. 

J.  Wesley  Smith,  organized  the 
Philadelphia  Air  Transport  Company, 
eciuipped  to  give  flying  instruction  and 
make  passenger  flights  to  any  place 
except  Europe.  He  will  still  be  con- 
nected with  the  Aero  Service  Corpora- 
tion, a  purely  photographic  concern. 

Elmer  Swenson,  Winnipeg,  Canada, 
moved  into  a  new  bungalow  recently. 
J.  H.  Westbay,  Indianapolis,  still 
with  the  Big  Four  R.  R.  as  special 
engineer  in  the  transportation  depart- 
ment. 

Andrew  C.  Woods,  Jr.,  Chicago,  still 
with  the  Lyon  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. 

Harold  Greeniiill,  Chicago,  still  in 


Afarrh.   l!)2S 

the     machinery     maiiufacturing     busi- 
ness. 

C.  E.  Beers,  e.e.,  '17,  Buescher  B.ind 
Instrument  Company,  Elkhart.  Ind.. 
was  married  in  October. 

S.  J.  Bess,  c.e.,  '17,  Minneapolis,  is 
in  the  real  estate  business. 

From  the  class  of  1909  came  an  engi- 
neer who  held  almost  every  important 
position  on  the  campus  while  he  was 
in  school.  He  was  a 
Tau  Beta,  and  he 
was  football  captain. 
He  was  a  track  man. 
and  he  was  president 
of  the  senior  class. 
What  more  could  you 
ask'.'  After  graduat- 
ing he  started  work- 
ing for  McGraw-Hill  Publishing  Com- 
pany, working  on  advertising.  Since 
then,  though,  he  has  been  working  for 
the  Lakewood  Engineering  Company, 
of  which  he  is  now  vice-president  and 
general  sales  manager.  That  man  is 
Lion  Gardiner,  m.e.,  '09. 

J.  A.  C.  Callen,  c.e.,  '07.  Alabama 
Polytechnic  Institute,  Auburn,  Ala.,  re- 
ports the  birth  of  a  son,  Allen  Charl- 
ton Golff  Callan.  a  prospective  C.  E. 
student  for  1947.  The  "Allen"  is  for 
Allen  B.  McDaniel,  formerly  assistant 
professor  of  civil  engineering  at  the 
University. 

George  H.  Bali.entyne,  c.e.,  '07.  San 
Jose,  Calif.,  assistant  manager  of  the 
Security  Warehouse  &  Cold  Storage 
Company,  hasn't  been  back  to  the  cam- 
pus  since   graduation. 


Holies   of   Two  '17   M.   E.'s 


At  the  top.  the  home  of  P.  S.  -  - 
Rockford.  who.  however,  has  deserted  mechani- 
cal engineering  for  pedagogical  engineering.  He 
is  assistant  princip.al  of  the  Rockford  Senior 
High  .School.  The  other  picture  shows  the 
home  of  I'"  M.  Van  Deventer,  whose  business 
address  is  given  as  60  Wall  Street,  New   York. 


\hirch.    i:i^S 


Tin;  'I'I'.CIIXOCKAIMT 


lo7 


^^P^KW^^^^^W^^^^l^K^^^^SiwSv 


-■- V^'r^  J  .' •.•5»     .1'     t'jv.-'  ;.'     '.::-;?;.'  •i-"ii':f-  •';■     •'.!  '     -••••■.■■'J  v*       C??    -  •■ 


^^. 


DEVELOPING  A 
NATIONAL  ASSET 

THE  life  of  our  Nation  is  largely  sustained  by  the  com- 
merce that  moves  over  our  rivers,  canals  and  lakes,  and 
which  passes  through  our  great  harbors  to  and  from  all 
parts  of  the  world. 

The  harbors  of  the  United  States — on  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  coasts  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes — are 
unequalled  in  size  and  depth  of  water  by  those  of  any  other 
country.  Our  principal  rivers  and  canals  have  a  total 
length  of  over  forty-nine  thousand  miles. 

Through  these  harbors  and  waterways,  yearly,  come  and 
go  millions  of  tons  of  food  stuffs,  manufactured  articles  and 
raw  materials.  They  are  as  necessary  to  our  life  as  are  the 
railroads  and  highways  and — like  the  railroads  and  high- 
ways— they  owe  their  development  and  maintenance,  in  a 
large  measure,  to  the  power  of  explosives.  Many  a  river 
channel  has  been  deepened,  many  a  dangerous  reef  has  been 
blasted  away  and  many  hundreds  of  miles  of  canals  have 
been  dug  with  the  help  of  Hercules  Dynamites  and  Blast- 
ing Gelatins. 

The  development  of  harbors  and  internal  waterways  is 
but  one  of  the  many  methods  by  which  the  products  made 
in  the  great  plants  of  the  Hercules  Powder  Company  are 
helping  to  increase  the  natural  assets  of  our  Nation. 

HEI^ULES  POWDERJCOMPANY 


ilNCORPOK/XTKD) 

941  King  Street,  Wilmington,  Delaware 

AUeiit<»wii.  Pa.,  liirniini^liain,  UufTulo.Cliattanooga,  Chicago,  Denver. 
.  I'u.,  MuntiucluD,  W.  \a..  Jiipliii.  Mo.,  Loa  Angclra,  Louis 


Salts  0/yi 
DiiliiUi.  Hozlrl 

New  Yurt  City.  Norrislowii,   Pa..  Piltjiburg.   Kan..   PillsburBli 
St.  Louis.  Salt  Lake  City.  Sau  Kraucisco.  W  ilkcs-Uarre.  \\  ill 


l'..l!8villB.  Pi 


ms 


riii;  ■ri:(ii\(»(ii;.\i'ii 


Miirrli,   /.')2S 


Rehabilitation  of  the  South  Shore  Line 

(Vdnlinueil  fiuni  Patje  I'/d) 
Iroiii  rccciviiijr  stiitioiis  aloiit;  the  line  \v;is  dcv ddiicd. 
A  )riicti)r  trailiT  system  I'dr  L. ('.!>.  slii])riicnls  was 
(lt'vol(>|ic(l,  irsiiltiiij:  ill  sa\  inu  tlic  lalmr  of  iiiiload- 
inji  and  fcloadiiiji  i'ri'if;lit  cars.  The  liailei-s  are 
idaeod  in  specially  linilt  flat  cars  and  carried  ttirn 
to  destinat  inn.  I  nlercliani^c  tiacks  with  steam  I'ail 
i-oads  ha\('  lieen  installe(l  and  eiilaf^ed  to  liandle 
the  cai-load  liusiness  which  has  lieen  I'crouted  to 
and  from  eastern  |ininls.  A  nnmher  of  indnstries 
witii  ]>r()fifal)le  side  ti-acUs  ha\c  lieen  iinlnci'd  to  lo 
(•ate  on  tlu'  line  hy  this  linreau. 

An  Ontinj;  and  Ifeci-eation  Inirean  was  estalilish- 
ed  in  the  heart  of  the  liusiness  district  of  Chicaiio  to 
i-onder  free  service  to  all  the  imlilic.  .Majis.  |)ani])h- 
lots  and  a  <j;reat  volnine  of  infomiaticni  on  the  tei'ri 
tory  are  availahle  to  the  home  settler,  the  casual 
traveler,  the  picnicker,  oi-  s]iecial  jiaiMies.  Once  each 
week  this  hurean  broadcasts  a  desciijition  of  a  liis 
torical  jioint  of  inlei-est  oi'  of  a  locality  luninji'  jio- 
tential  educational  and  recreational  jiossiliilities 
from  one  of  the  |iowerfnl  Cliica^o  radio  broadcastiiij; 
stations. 

The  bnrean  has  made  u]>  its  special  literature 
covering;  the  information  which  is  availahle.  It  has 
issued  ahont  101). 000  pieces  of  literature  and  answer- 
ed over  200,000  in(piires  on  the  metropolitan  area 
of  Chieajio.  in  the  si\  months  of  its  existence. 

The  Own  ^'oul■  Own  Home  Bureau,  operated  in 
connection  with  the  Outinj;  and  Recreation  bureau. 
};ives  free  information  to  the  public  on  real  estate, 
bnildinffs  and  i)lans,  and  attemi)ts  to  brinj;  the  pros- 
pective home  owner  throujih  the  maze  of  technical 
details  leadiiii;  n]i  to  the  I)nildinii  and  owninc;  of  a 
home. 

A  Better  Business  Campaign  amonji'  tlie  em[)loyes 
of  the  South  Shoi-e  Line  was  started  for  the  pur- 
pose of  enlistinii  the  aid  of  each  man  or  woman  to- 
ward tlie  acqtiisition  of  new  business.  In  1927,  over 
1,000  ti])s  leading;  to  new  business  were  turned  in, 
I'esultinj;  in  about  .fr)0,000  i^ross  business.  This  ac- 
tivity was  desi}>;ned  to  ferret  otit  the  small  shi])])er 
or  individual  tra\eler  who  could  not  be  reached  by 
the  traffic  bureau  without  an  extensive  expenditure 
of  time  and  money. 

The  ('om])any  has  started  a  I'ublic  S])eakers 
Burea\i  wherein  employes  are  trained  to  s])eak  in 
[lublic  on  subjects  of  interest.  Their  talks  are  sup- 
plemented by  stereojjtican  films  or  motion  ])ictures. 
The  rom])any,  i'ealizin<;  the  value  of  visual  ednca 
tion,  has  filmed  intei'estin<i  ])oints  alont;  the  line,  in 
addition  to  makinii  ]iictnres  of  its  own  activities. 
These  services  are  constantly  in  demand  by  schools, 
clubs  and  study  groups.  The  rublic  S]ieakeis 
Bureau  in   co-0[)eration   with   the    Better   Business 


('ampai^in  lia\e  lieen  instrumental  in  creating;  inter- 
est in  iiidnsti'ial  toni's  to  manufaclurinj;  ]ilants  in 
the  territory. 

Some  attention  to  the  improv cnient  of  employee 
morale  has  been  made.  A  monthly  newspajier  was 
started  sivinij;  the  j)ersonnel  a  nicely  balanced  lU'ws 
diet  of  personal  topics,  company  activities,  and  oth- 
er interestinj;  affairs.  (Jroup  life  and  accident  in- 
surance have  been  floated  at  a  small  cost  per  month 
to  the  insuree,  the  Comiiany  ]iayin<;  the  balance  of 
the  cost.  A  romjiany  Section  of  the  American  Elec- 
tric Railway  Association  lias  been  formed  meetin}^ 
once  each  month  foi'  an  eveninj;  of  pleasant  educa- 
tional and  social  interest.  This  uives  all  employees 
.III  oppoitnnily  to  learn  somethini;'  about  other  de- 
partments on  the  system  and  to  "rub  shoulders'" 
with  each  other  in  a  social  hour  and  dance. 

I'oremen  Conferences  have  been  started  by  the 
foremen  themselves.  They  meet  once  each  month  by 
(h'liartments  and  discuss  ways  and  means  to  greater 
efficiency.  Much  valuable  information  and  a  great 
deal  of  good  has  been  accomplished  by  ])ermitting 
a  foi-eman  to  develo]i  the  habit  of  thinking  for 
liims(>lf. 

The  upshot  of  this  great  rehabilitation  is  that  the 
l)ublic  and  the  management  itself  have  been  agree- 
ably suri)rised.  Six  months  after  twenty-five  new 
motor  cars  were  placed  in  service,  it  was  necessary 
to  start  work  on  twenty  more  cars  of  like  design. 
One  interchange  track  with  a  steam  railroad  had  to 
be  doubled  in  cai)acity  hardly  before  the  last  tie  was 
tam])ed  in  jdace.  A  station  which  had  been  im- 
])roved  to  take  care  of  all  future  demands  for  five 
years  was  abandoned  in  eighteen  months  in  favor  of 
a  new  station  having  a  floor  area  ahout  three  and 
one-half  times  that  of  the  old.  The  delays  were  cut 
04  ]>er  cent  with  the  new  operation  over  that  of  the 
old,  although  the  number  of  trains  has  increased  33 
jier  cent.  Signal  failures  have  declined  from  an 
average  of  150  a  month  on  the  old  tyi)e  of  signal  to 
an  average  of  fi,  with  the  color  light  ty])e.  Half 
hourly  headways  put  on  between  Gary  and  Chicago 
resulted  in  an  increase  of  45  per  cent  in  travel  in  the 
first  two  months.  Oomparing  the  increase  in  reve- 
nues for  the  first  eight  months  of  1920  under  the  old 
A.  C.  operation  with  the  first  eight  months  under 
I).  ('.  o])eraf  ion  in  1927,  the  freight  went  up  94.7  per 
cent  and  ])assenger  158  i)er  cent.  The  fast,  con- 
venient service  to  and  from  South  Bend  resulted  in 
an  increase  of  1  Ki  jter  cent  long-haul  business. 

The  management  has  felt  that  the.se  results  and 
many  others  have  been  made  (lossible  b.v  making  the 
service  attractive,  liy  informing  the  ])nl)lic  of  what 
y<iu  are  doing  .ind  the  ideals  you  have  in  mind,  by 
ni;iking  a  sincere  effort  to  jilease  and  co-operate 
with  evei-youe. 


.}fnrch.  W2S 


titt:  TEriixooRAPn 


lo'J 


Univ.  of  Cal.i'2I 


YOUNGER   COLLEGE    MEN 

ON   RECENT  WESTINGHOUSE  JOBS 


IViiH  State.  '23 


The  Great  Northern  Electrification 


H'here  do  young  college  men  get  in  a  large 
industrial  organization?  Have  they  oppor- 
tunity to  exercise  creative  talent;'   Is  indi- 
vidual work  recognized? 


OKYWARD    from    Skykomish 
^  climbs  the  Great   Northern 
in    Western    Washington  —  up 
twenty    miles    of   2.2    per    cent 
grade,   around   sharp    lo-degree 
curves,  scaling  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  at  an   elevation    of 
3,000  feet.   The  new 
7^    mile    electrified 
Cascade  Tunnel,  now 
building,  will  be  the 
longest  railroad  tun- 


nel in  America.  Besides  shorten- 
ing the  present  route  7M  miles, 
it  will  bring  the  maximum  eleva- 
tion below  the  level  of  excessive 
snowfall.  Preliminary  to  its  con- 
struction, and  as  an  earlier  step 
in  the  ultimate  electrification  of 
all  trans-Cascade  trackage,  the 
section  between  Skykomish  and 
the  entrance  to  the  present  tun- 
nel was  electrified  in  1925. 

The  big  jobs  go  to  big  organ- 

WS^stinghouse 


izations.  Westinghousc  attracts 
young  men  of  enterprise  and 
genius  because  it  daily  provides 
facilities  andopportunities  which 
smaller  companies  can  seldom 
offer.  '        '        ' 

A    noteworthy    feature    of    the    Great 
Northern  electrification   is   the  use  of 
motor-generator    electric    locomotives. 
These  new-type  locomotives  draw  high- 
voltage  alternating-current  power  from 
the  wire  and  convert  it,  on    the  loco- 
motive, into  low-voltage  direct-current 
power  for  the  driving  mo- 
tors.   This  system   elimi- 
nates   the    need    of   sub- 
station   power-converting 
eijuipment     along     the 
railroad  right-of-way. 


hi;  TKrTixooKAriT 


Mdirh.   I{).2.^ 


JUST  ANOTHER  ADVERTISEMENT 
Ah  I  They  were  in  a  deserted  cabin, 
hundreds  ot  miles  from  the  paths  of 
man.  Wliat  chance  had  she  against  the 
vilo  and  merciless  villain  who  stood 
twitching  his  long  black  mustache 
maliciously.  If  only  he  would  come — 
her  dear  hero,  but  that  would  mean 
sure  death  for  both  of  them — better 
death — ah,  yes — a  thousand  times  bet- 
ter than  this  torture  she  was  forced  to 
endure.  Slowly  the  villain,  still  twitch- 
ing his  long  black  mustache,  advanced 
toward  her,  a  scowl  upon  his  face. 
Closer  and  closer  he  came.  Oh!  why 
must  she  endure  this — she  was  com- 
pletely at  his  mercy.  Out  reached  a 
long.  lean,  eager  hand  that  placed  it- 
self around  her  wrist.  Just  then — in 
dashed  the  hero.  The  villain  let  go  of 
his  victim  and  upon  seeing  the  hero, 
snapped  his  fingers  and  emmitted  the 
usual  exclamation  of  one  who  had 
been  foiled — "curses."  Taking  the  six- 
shooter  from  its  place,  he  emptied  the 
six  rounds  at  our  hero's  heart.  But  to 
the  surprise  and  amazement  of  the  vil- 
lain, our  hero  continued  to  advance 
and  in  a  few  seconds  disposed  of  the 
villain.  Our  hero  had  been  no  man's 
fool.  He  had  prepared  for  the  situation. 
He  wore  Paris  Garters — 'No  metal  can 
touch  you.' 


Professor  Allison — "Now  are  there 
any  questions''" 

Student — "Yes  sir.  How  do  you  cal- 
culate the  horse  power  of  a  donkey 
engine?" — The  Auburn  Engineer. 


Girl  Motorist  (hysterically  to  tlic 
judge) — "Oh.  your  Honor!  I  have  run 
down  a  law  student  and  killed  him!" 

Judge — "You'll  have  to  see  the  Sher- 
iff. He's  the  man  that  pays  the  boun- 
ties. -7ii7/i/^«f. 


Prof — "Give  for  one  year  the  total 
electric  power  developed  in  the  United 
States." 

Soph— "1492;    none." 

— Kansa.i  State  Enyineer. 


"Hear  no  evil.  See  no  evil.  Speak  no 
evil."  And  you'll  never  be  a  success 
at  a  tea  party. — The  Armour  Engineer. 


Homer  states:  "A  man  is  an  animal 
that  writes."  Therefore  a  professor 
must   be  a   man. 


"The  storm  burst  upon  us  so  sud- 
denly and  violently  that  we  had  no 
warning  of  its  approach."  said  the  tor- 
nado victim,  relating  his  experience  to 
a  friend.  "In  an  instant  the  house  was 
demolished  and  scattered  to  the  tour 
winds.  How  I  escaped  being  torn  to 
pieces  I  do  not  know!   We — " 

"Good  gracious!"  exclaimed  Mr. 
Meeke  jumping  to  his  feet.  "That  re- 
minds me!  I  almost  forgot  to  post  a 
letter  for  my  wife!" — Ttie  Armour 
Engineer. 


The  same  fellow  that  oiled  the  com- 
mutator wanted  to  know  what  kind  of 
a  tape  they  used  in  making  aerial  sur- 
veys.— Kannas  State  Enyineer. 

A    FRESHMAN'S   PRAYER 
Now  I  lay  me  down  to  rest. 
Before  I  take  tomorrow's  test. 
If  1  should  die  before  I  wake 
Thank  God  I  have  no  test  to  take. 
— Ro.^e  Teehnie. 


Father — "How  is  it  tliat  you  failed 
to  pass  that  subject  at  summer 
school?" 

Son — "I   had  an  absent   minded  pro- 
fessor, and  he  forgot  to  pa.ss  me." 
— Ro.te  Teehnie. 


.\h!  How  demure  she  looked  as  she 
stood  there  in  her  calmness.  He  heaved 
a  big  sigh  as  he  looked  longingly  at 
her.  What  wonderful  deep  blue  eyes 
that  sparkled  under  long  dark  eye- 
lashes. Two  rows  of  pearly  white  teeth 
showed  between  soft  red  lips.  Those 
lips — how  tempting,  and  her  soft  black 
hair  flowing  carelessly  over  her  shoul- 
ders. Oh!  If  he  could  only  steal  her 
away  to  a  land  where  the  two  of  them 
could  live  and  love  in  solitude.  And 
such  a  graceful  figure — she  was  per- 
fection personified.  At  last  he  could 
stand  it  no  longer.  Quickly  his  plan  of 
action  was  formed  and  as  quickly  exe- 
cuted. He  picked  her  up  bodily  and 
dashed  madly  to  the  display  window 
and  there  placed  her  in  her  proper  po- 
sition— for  alas,  she  was  only  a  wax 
model. 


"Hey.  watcha  doin'  down  there?" 
"Building  the  new  subway!" 
"How    long    before    it    will    be   com- 
pleted?" 
"About  four  years!" 
"Oh,  well — I  guess  I'll  take  a  cab!" 
—Life. 


The  first  mate,  upon  approaching  a 
man  leaning  over  the  rail,  who  had  re- 
cently relieved  himself  of  the  previous 
meal  in  a  manner  becoming  to  those 
who  are  making  their  first  ocean  voy- 
age, patted  him  on  the  back  and  said. 
"Say,  me  lad,  is  the  captain  up  yet?" 

The  man  at  the  rail  slow-ly  turned 
and  with  a  sickly  smile  said,  "If  I 
have  swallowed  him,  he's  up." 


Anybody — "Why  are  you  walking  so 
stiff-legged,  Ignatz." 

Ignatz — "Fool,  I'm  breaking  in  a 
new  pair  of  underwear." — The  .\ulnirii 
Engineer. 


)f<ircli.  192  ft 


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KU 


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1f.2 


THE  TEPnXOnRAI'TT 


Afarrh.   /.0,?.S 


Tom  Jo«>i>er  Astrand  or  An 
Engineer's  laick 

/Coiilinwil  from    I'liiir    I  'i-'>  I 
dear,  I  want  yim  to  meet  a  yoiiii!,'  t'li^inccr  troiii  llic 
riiivcrsity  of  Illinois." 

Inuiii'diali'lv  llic  cnrtaiiis  jiartcd  and  a  f;irl  walk- 
ed  into  the  I'ooni. 

•■Oil.  aif  von?"  Aiitla  imiiiircd.  "What  liiuise 
an'  you  in  ?" 

"I'm  a  l>('k('l"    Tom  said  ratliiT  |irondly. 

"Oil  I"  she  said  somewhat  weakly.  She  .seemed  to 
lie  a  little  disa|)i)ointe(].  Tom  noticed  that  she  wore 
tlie  same  sort  of  arrow  he  had  ohscrxcd  ujion  (Jotta's 
dress. 

Gotta  clapi)e(l  her  hands  to<;ether  sliarjily.  Before 
the  walls  stoiii)cd  vihratinji  a  little  native  ran  into 
the  room  attired  in  an  apron.  Tie  bowed,  then 
stood  tremblinj;  with  terror. 

"Fetch  in  the  other  half  of  that  cowl''  she  com- 
manded.   "We're  ftoinj;  to  have  tea." 

Tom  had  an  oi)i)ortiinity  to  fjet  acipiainted  with 
Antta  before  tea  wa.s  served.  Not  bad,  not  bad,  he 
thoui;ht  to  himself,  and  she's  so  delijihtfnlly  frank. 
They  became  very  intimate.  He  was  ai'oused  by  the 
Kinji's  voice : 

"Oh,  dear!  Our  life  is  indeed  not  a  bed  of  roses. 
Yesterday,  as  (iotta  and  I  were  sleeping;-,  the  bloom- 
ing bed  fell  in  aj>ain."     He  sijjhed  deeply. 

Instantly  Tom  whii)])ed  the  slide  rule  out  of  his 
pocket,  which — like  a  good  engineer — he  had  never 
relinquished  in  all  the  stress  and  jirivation  of  the 
preceding  day. 

"Your  worries  are  all  over!"  Tom  said  grandly. 
"I'll  figure  out  a  set  of  trusses  for  you  that  will 
never  break."  He  asked  foi'.  and  received  some 
paper;  then  set  to  work  on  the  prolileni.  Suddenly 
Tom  stopped  with  a  jierjilexed  look. 

"Say!  what's  the  modvdns  of  elasticity  of  the  tim- 
ber around  here"?"  Tom  asked  the'King. 

The  latter  looked  a  little  ])ei'i)le.\ed  for  a  while; 
then  he  laughed.  "Ha-ha!  that's  a  good  one!  Ha  ha !" 
He  continued  to  laugh  heartily. 

Tom  laughed  too,  thinking  he  might  have  said 
something  witty.  Then,  with  the  King's  aid,  a  tim- 
ber was  secured  and  ])laced  upon  two  supports.  Tom 
measured  the  deflection,  as  a  native  jnmi)ed  up  and 
down  u])on  it.  He  proceded  with  his  calculations 
until  he  had  completely  designed  a  set  of  trusses. 
It  did  not  take  very  long  for  the  natives  to  con- 
struct the  trusses  and  install  them  in  the  bed.  The 
King  thought  the  trusses  made  the  bed  too  high,  but 
Tom  reassured  him  by  saying  that  it  was  only  proj)- 
er  for  the  royal  couple  to  sleep  njion  a  higher  i)lane 
than  the  ordinary  i)eoi)le. 

That  night  Tom  took  Antta  out  for  a  walk  in  the 
moonlight.     The   silvery   beams   made   the   land   as 


light  as  day,  Iml  eveiything  was  shaded  and  beauti- 
ful, lie  began  to  t'cel  romantic — and  there  was 
nothing  to  interfere  with  romance.  The  royal  ])air 
had  rclired.  and  llie  rest  of  the  town  with  them,  that 
is,  in  their  own  res]iective  homes.  Tom  gazed  tend- 
erly into  Autta's  shining,  dark  eyes — dark  as  her 
own  sun-burned  skin — and  sighed  deeply.  Her  head 
dropped  ui)on  his  shoulder,  and  she  also  sighed. 

"Antta!"  he  nnirmured  gently.  "Antta  darling — " 

Tliey  were  startled  by  a  terrific,  resounding  crash 
coming  fi'om  the  direction  of  the  King's  palace. 

"Oh,  the  bed  bi'oke !"  Autt;i  exclaimed  in  terror. 

Tom  felt  ]iu7,zled.  Suddenly  a  light  dawned  and 
he  exclaimed,  ".My  (iod!  I  forgot  that  decimal  point 
again !" 

"You'd  better  run!"  Antta  advised.  "There's 
the  royal  army  running  this  way." 

Tom  gave  one  look,  then  turned  and  ran  as  fast 
as  he  could.  He  did  not  know  where  he  was  heading 
until  he  came  in  sight  of  the  water,  Eeady  to  droji 
with  des]>air,  he  observed  a  small  boat  coming  to- 
ward the  shore.  Joyfully  he  ran  to  the  boat  and 
jumjied  in,  begging  the  men  to  pull  for  the  shiii  at 
once.  They  rowed  back  with  the  air  filled  with  fly- 
ing missiles. 

Tom  stood  upon  the  deck  of  the  shi]i  as  it  steametl 
away  from  Magnolia  Paradise.  His  mood  was  one 
of  relief  for  having  e.scai)ed  the  King's  wrath,  and 
desjiair  for  the  failure  of  his  design.  He  laughed 
aloud  as  an  idea  came  to  him. 

"Ah.  anvwav — at  last  T  had  a  date  with  a  I'i-fy!" 


The  Wright  "Whirlwind"  Aviation  Engine 

(Continued  from  Paye  1-^ii) 
have  gone  400  hours  and  more  without  overhaul. 
This  would  make  for  lower  maintenance  cost.  An- 
other item  contributing  to  the  latter  is  the  acces- 
sibility built  into  the  engine,  making  removal  from 
the  plane  unnecessary  for  complete  overhaul. 

There  is  nothing  which  shows  the  reliability  of 
the  air-cooled  aviation  engine  more  strikingly  than 
the  fact  that  Lindbergh,  Chamberlin,  Byrd,  Goebel, 
and  practically  all  of  the  successful  long  distance 
and  duration  flights  chose  that  kind  of  power.  Thir- 
ty per  cent  of  forced  landings  due  to  engine 
trouble  are  caused  by  failure  of  the  water  cooling 
system.  In  flights  involving  such  risks  as  these  men 
took,  they  would  not  have  been  willing  to  .try  the 
flights  if  their  chances  of  arrival  were  so  greatly  re- 
duced by  unreliability  of  their  engine.  It  is  true  that 
water-cooled  machines  are  built  more  successfully 
for  higher  power,  as  witness  the  1.2r)0  IT.  P.,  124  cyl- 
inder X  type  Packard  used  in  Lieut.  Al.  Williams' 
racing  seaplane,  but  even  so,  there  are  some  r>2.")  II. 
P.  air  cooled  ones  on  the  market,  too.  With  the  re- 
(Continned  on  Paye  118) 


Mdvrh.  /fl2,S 


THE  TErHNOORAPn 


ir,r? 


Lubricating  the  Engine  of  the  Modern  Car 

(Continued  froiii  Patjc  /.J)y 
Such  a  belief  is  erroneous.  The  resistance  to  start- 
ing is  proportional  to  the  viscosity  cf  the  oil  at  the 
starting  temperature  and  is  independent  of  the  pour 
test.  The  pour  test  is  of  importanee  in  that  the  oil 
should  be  sufficiently  fluid  so  tlmt  the  oil  pump  can 
suck  it  in. 

Tlie  solution  of  the  ])ri)blem  of  viscosity  is  so 
fundamentally  important  to  tlie  achievement  of  jjer- 
fect  motor  lubrication :  winter  driving  is  increasing; 
so  materially ;  winter  driving  temperatures  range 
so  widely  (from  the  below  zero  start  to  the  "best 
driving  heat"  finally  attained  with  the  radiator 
shutters  and  cooling  water  thermostats)  ;  the  wliolc 
problem  is  so  interesting  and  so  "tough" ;  so  many 
minds  are  at  work  upon  it — that  there  is  no  telling 
where  it  will  end. 

/(  is  my  belief  that  ire  icill  soon  see  poicerful. 
high  speed  cars  fitted  irifh  oil-coolers.  These  oil- 
coolers  will  allow  the  use  of  lighter  oils  for  easy  win- 
ter starting,  and  will  keep  the  oil  cooled  down  to  a 
reasonable  degree,  so  that  the  body  will  be  maintain- 
ed, and  fast  driving  may  be  indulged  in  without  the 
danger  of  the  oil  being  precariously  tliiiiiicd  because 
of  high  temperatures. 

The  oil-cooler  would  be  isolated  from  the  heat 
of  the  engine.    The  oil  pump  would  deliver  oil  to  the 


bearings  after  it  had  pas.'<ed  tiirough  the  coolci' 
where  tlie  tem|)erature  would  be  lowered  and  tlie 
vi.scosity  of  the  oil  restored. 

Thus  the  motorist  would  be  relieved  of  the 
trouble  of  constantly  adjusting  his  oil  selection  to 
the  weather,  of  starting  difficulties,  and  many  a 
pounded-out  bearing. 

The  petroleum  industry  could  reduce  the  number 
of  tlie  now  necessary  motor  oils  considerably,  sav- 
ing tliousands  of  dollai-s  annually  in  production  and 
distribution — and  (his  might  well  be  soon  reflected 
in  a  reduced  cost  of  lultrication  to  the  public. 

The  automobile  manufacturer,  first  to  ecpiip  his 
cars  with  some  ])ractical  develoi)ment  of  such  a 
means  for  maintaining  even  oil  viscosity,  would  be 
making  a  remarkable  forward  stride,  which  should 
bring  the  buying  i)ul)Iic  to  him  en  masse. 

For  the  motorist  could  then  buy  the  (uic  oil  most 
perfectly  fitted  to  his  particular  car  (insured 
against  dilution  by  the  interesting  means  to  be  de 
scribed)  and  he  would  be  freed  from  starting  tiouble 
and  from  dangerous  "thinning"  of  his  oil  at  higher 
sjieeds. 

Thus,  through  his  oil-cooler,  lubrication  worries 
would  be  turned  into  a  carefree  assurance  that  his 
oil  was  functioning  consistently,  efficiently,  at  all 
times — regardless  of  the  weather — regardless  of  his 
speed. 


Good  News  for 
Golfers 

from 

BAILEY  AND  HIMES 

Kroflite  and  Spaldinij  Dot  Repaints 
—40c— 

Silver  Kinj;  Repaints 
—50c— 

Golf  Sets— $7.50  up 

BAILEY  AND  HIMES 

Athletic  Equipntent 
"Chuck"  Bailey  Shelby  Himes 


ln>tall:Uion  of  3,000-Ampere,  15.000  Volt,  1.500.000 
KV'-A.,  Rupturing  Cipiicity.  Armorcl.id  SwitchKcir 
Units   in   a   large   Central    Station. 

Armordad  S-witchgear 
Another  Record 

.\llis-rii:ilinci's  a!:;iiii  leads  in  tlic  iiiaiuUactiii'iiit;  ol 
liiyli  caiiacitv  etiuiKiiient.  Tlio  .ViiiiDiclad  SwilclmiMf 
ill  lliis  iiistallutioii  is  tlic  Iai'i;i'st  cvi'r  liiiill,  in  this 
cniiiilrv  or  aliioad.  Not  only  is  it  iiiiiiuic  in  sl/i'  hut  in 
the  tact  that  it  octiinii's  iiiiich  li's>  s|iai'i'  than  the  I'lcc- 
trical  <-)!iiivali>iit  in  oprn  worli  I'oiisti'iiction.  .Vniior- 
clad  Swit^'hifeai'  coniliiiK's  in  onr  tactorv  built  unit  the 
liiisliar  striKtnic,  ciriiiil  hri'akcr,  oiit$;iiiii!;  Iccdrr  coii- 
nci'lioiis,  and  iiistniini'nt  Iraiisfoiincrs. 
.V.-c    liulU-liii    :iJ!i5 

/4LLIS-CH/ILMERS  M/1NUF/3CTURINGfO. 

I  MII-VVAUKEC,  WIS.   U.S.A.  V. 

PoYver,  Electrical  and  Industrial  Machinery 


ir.i 


Till-:  'ri:cii\(><;i;.\i'ii 


Manh.    IU>^ 


who  will  scout  this 
industrial  frontier  ? 


WHETHER  in  the  Bell 
Telephone  Laboratories, 
in  the  Western  Electric 
workshop,  in  the  various  operating 
companies  or  in  the  American  Tele- 
phone andTelegraph  Company,tele- 
phone  executives  are  scouts  on  the 
frontier  of  new  and  better  methods. 
It  is  significant  that  your  true 
telephone  man,  with  the  feel  of 
the  calling  in  his  blood,  never  speaks 


of  having  "perfected  the  art  of 
communication."  And  this  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  America,  in  fifty  years, 
has  telephones  everywhere  and  talks 
far  beyond  its  borders. 

Work  in  the  Bell  System  demands 
the  bold  curiosity  of  pioneers  and 
the  infinite  pains  of  pioneers  who, 
like  Columbus,  Lincoln  and  Lind- 
bergh, prepared  "and  when  their 
chance  came  they  were  ready." 


March.  r.l.?S 


THE  TIOCIIXOCKAI'II 


165 


Scouting  in  research 

Scouting  aliead  is  accepted  practice 
in  the  Bell  Telephone  System. 

Research  engineers  are  continu- 
all}^  stepping  over  the  borderline  of 
new  knowledge,  seeking— and  find- 
ing—the better  way. 


Scouting  in  management 

If  an  industry  is  to  progress,  the 
executives  and  supervisors  have  a 
special  obligation  to  guide  their  or- 
ganization on  and  up. 

Telephony  has  advanced   largely 
because  of  leadership. 


Scouting  in  manufacturing 
at  Western  Electric 


Compare    this    iron    core 
loading  coil  ivilli  — 


Western  Elec- 
tric is  a  place 
"where    good 
enough    isn't." 
"Gooden(High" 
suggests    a    self- 
complacency 
which  the  mak- 
ers of   Bell  tele- 
phones do  not  feel ...  an  important 
reason  why  improvement  has  stead- 
ily gone  ahead. 

As  manufacturers  for  the  Bell 
System  this  Company 
must  continually  develop 
better  tools  and  better 
methods  of  production 
and  must  apply  more  and 
more  exacting  stand- 
ards of  test  and  inspec- 
tion. 

One  measure  of  the 
success  with  which  this  is 


lame  efficiency  core  tiling 
permalloy —  '3  as  large. 


Noiu  a  machine, 
jack-knife  po^iser^ 
lation  from 


done  is  the  fact 
that  telephones 
are  meeting  an 
ever  harder  test 
from  the  pub- 
lic. People  use 
telephones  more, 
the  number  of 
calls  per  person 

rising  from  34  in  the  year  1900 
to  206  in  1927  — or  505  per  cent, 
while  population  increased  SZ  per 
cent,  railroad  passenger  traffic  104 
per  cent,  mail  communi- 
cations 292  per  cent. 

For  the  telephone 
workshop  to  measure  up 
to  the  nation's  require- 
ments, both  as  to  quality 
and  quantity  of  output, 
necessitates  pioneering 
into  new  ground  of  in- 
dustrial efficiency. 


equal  to  26 
strips  insiJ- 
<ujire. 


BELL  SYSTEM 

kA  antion-zviiif  system  of  18,^00,000  inter-connecting  telephones 


"OUR      PIONEERING      WORK      HAS      JUST      BEGUN 


ic.i; 


Tin;  Ti:(MI\()(!I{AI'lT 


Murcli.   192S 


Rhoads  Tannate 

Watershed 
Leather  Belting 


Another  Giant  Belt 

AXOTIIIOR  i);ii)i'i-  mill,  tiiis  tinie  in  Jliu 
lu'sotit,  installs  a  bij;-  Tannate  Leatlicr 
r>('ll.  144  feet  long.  7'2  inches  wide.  3-ply. 
l.-.OO  J  1. 1'.  5,000  F.l'.M.  Installed  Dec.  5,  1927. 

Four  inches  nan-ower  and  one  less  ply 
than  Ihe  bij;'  TCiinch  Tannate  Belt  installed 
in  a  Xew  York  state  ]iai)er  mill  seven  months 
auo.  Hut  this  one  is  14  feet  lonj;er  and  ju'e- 
scnts  about  L'K!  s(|uai'e  feel  more  ])nlley  sur- 
lace  and  was  an  e(|uall.v  diff'icnil  installation 
]ir(iblem. 

\\'h('U  it  is  the  installalion  of  laijic  drive 
belts, the  Hhoads  lOnjiineeis  have  the  "know 
how."  I'or  the  Hho.ids  l{eseaicli  Laboratory 
is  no  toy:l)u1  a  well-e(|ui]ii)e(l  and  ably- 
manned  woi'k-shop  for  delermininji'  what 
Tannate  Leather  Heltinj;  will  actually  do  in 
comparison  with  other  beltinj;s. 

The  I'ecommendations  of  the  Hhoads  En- 
jiineers  are  confidently  bjicked  by  the  fii'm 
with  the  Hhoads  Sei-\ice  (inarantee  on  all 
Tannate  Melts,  small  and  larjic.  Yon  can 
depend  on  Tannate.      1(   has  Ihe  pull. 

J.  E.  RHOADS  &  SONS 

I'UILA0KL.1'III.\ !5     i\..itli    Sixth    Slitet 

NEW   YOKK 1(12    Iieckm.in   Street 

CHICAGO 322    West    Randolph    Street 

ATLANTA 8S   Fnrsvth   Street.   S.W. 

n.EVKT.ANr)    .      -    ■ .-      l-'on    Wi"<t    Nimh    Street 

Factory  and  Tannery:  IVilmington,  Dele>vare 


Listening  for  Oil 

(Cdiitiiiiicil  jriim  I'diic  I.:;') 
of  ail  Ihe  land  within  seven  miles  of  it.  The  stations 
are  ])lace(l  at  not  jjreater  than  a  mile  apart  on  the 
radius  of  this  imaginary  circle,  and  since  the  small- 
est domes  are  over  a  mile  across  in  one  direction,  no 
domes  are  missed.  A  i)arty  such  as  this  will  cover 
between  ten  and  twenty  thousand  acres  a  day,  an<l 
although  they  are  held  up  by  very  cold  weather,  and 
by  .static  and  thundershowers,  the  weekly  average  is 
vei'y  good.  At  the  end  of  shooting  each  particular 
area  or  lease,  a  maji  is  sent  in,  showing  each  station 
and  shot  poinl,  and  the  time  elai)sed  between  the 
two.  There  is  also  a  "time-distance"  graph,  ujion 
which  each  shot  is  plotted,  using  the  time  as  the 
ordinate,  and  the  distance  as  the  abscissa,  which 
shows  the  results  graphically.  If  there  are  no  ir- 
regularities in  this  district,  no  salt  domes,  the  points 
will  invariably  fall  in  a  perfectly  straight  line.  TTow 
e\'er,  if  two  tir  Ihree  or  more  ])oinls  fall  below  the 
line,  there  is  a  dome  there  somewhere,  and  by  '•cross- 
shooting,"  or  crls.s-crossing  the  area  around  that 
si)ot  with  shots,  the  size,  sliajie,  and  de]ith  of  the 
dome  can  be  fairly  well  asceitained. 

Due  to  the  large  areas  covered,  the  land  is  seldom 
(Continued  on  Payc  16S) 


^^J^^A 


3W^ 


SINCE  Id 

STANDARD  BY  WHICH 

QUALITY  IS  JUDGED 

in  all  forms  of 

RUBBER  INSULATED  WIRE  and  CABLE 

VARNISHED  CAMBRIC  WIRE  andCABLE 

IMPREGNATED   PAPER  CABLE 

AND  TAPES 

'^anufactureti- ' 

THE  •!_ 

Iconite  Compa 
The  OkoniteCallender  CabI 

SOI    FIFTH    AVENUE,  NEW  YORK,-  N.Y. 


]l,n<'li.    /.'',?N 


Tlir:  TECHXOGRAPII 


FUSE- 
TAMPING-^ 


BLOCK  HOLE  CHARGE  PROPERLY  PLACED 


Boulder  and  Ledge  Blasting 

Lesson  No.  8  of  the 

BLASTERS'  HANDBOOK 

THE  way  of  the  road  builder  and  contractor  is  often 
rocky.    Submerged  boulders  and  outcropping  ledges 
of  rock  call  a  sudden  halt  in  the  job. 

What's  the  quickest  way  to  blast  these  obstructions  out 
of  the  way — blockholing?  snakeholing?  or  mudcapping? 
What's  the  best  way  to  determine  the  size  and  position 
of  a  boulder?  What's  the  correct  load  and  method  of 
loading  for  each  kind  of  rock? 

These  and  many  other  questions  not  included  in  any 
engineering  course  will  come  up  out  on  the  job.  They're 
only  details,  it's  true,  but  apt  to  be  mighty  annoying 
and  troublesome  details. 

You'll  find  the  answers  given  and  fully  illustrated  in  the 
Blasters'  Hcimlhook — a  practical  field  reference  book  as 
well  as  a  standard  text  in  many  engineering  classes. 


Q 


"\7"C"-'   can  have  a  copy  of 
-*-  this  valuable  text-book 
FREE  and  without  any  ob- 
ligation. Here's  a  coupon 
for  your  convenience. 
Mail  it  NOW. 


E.  I.  DU  PONT  DE  NEMOURS  &  CO.,  INC.,  jxejsi-a, 
Explosives  Department,  Wilmington,  Delaware.  lT-3 

Gentlemen : 

Please  send  me  a  eopy  of  your  "Blasters"  Handbook." 

Name 

Address     


Ili> 


I'lli:  'l'i:(ll\n(!|;Ai' 


\hirrli.    lU.l- 


THE    STORE    FOR    ILLINOIS    MEN 

DOW    X  T  (>  \V  X  —  (•  II  A  .M   I'  A   1(1  N 


Listening  for  Oil 

(Continued  frri)n   Pai/r  Ui'i) 

Iciiscd  licfoic  liiuid,  bill  usually  iiunicdiately  after 
a  (loiiic  has  hci'u  found.  As  competition  raises  the 
price  of  the  land  very  (luiekly,  there  is  a  great 
amount  of  secrecy  about  the  findings.  Only  one  or 
two  men  in  each  party  know  the  results,  and  they 
are  to  tell  only  their  boss,  often  making  special  trips 
in,  because  they  don't  trust  the  telephone  o{>erators. 
However,  once  in  a  while,  there  is  some  slip  made, 
often  over  their  own  little  private  radio,  and  within 
a  day.  all  the  big  companies  will  know  of  it,  in- 
formed by  one  of  their  own  parties  who  '"listened 
in." 

There  ain't  no  decency  in  the  business — it's  just 
grab  and  run. 


Lincoln  Bush 

(Vantinufil   frrini   Pikjc  LSH) 

were  as  noteworthy  as  his  record  in  civil  life.  He 
was  Associate  Officer  in  charge  of  the  Engineering 
Division,  Construction  Division  of  the  United  States 
Army.  He  was  one  of  three  Principal  Assistants  and 
was  in  charge  of  twenty-one  major  engineering  pro- 
jects involving  a  combined  expenditure  of  i}!234,000.- 
000.     These  projects  included  .seven  terminal  ports 


on  tlie  ^Vtlaiitic  and  (iiilf  Seaboaid.  and  f'uin-teeii  in- 
terior warehouses  erected  at  various  industrial 
centers  throughout  tiie  nation.  Tn  f!)L*<!  he  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  in  the  Q.  M.  C.  of  the  Tniled 
States  Army. 

A  picture  of  the  Tunkhannock  Creek  Aia<]n<I. 
which  was  constructed  by  Mr.  Bush,  has  licen  placed 
in  Engineering  Hall  on  the  second  floor  at  the  east 
end  of  the  building.  Tu  this  jiroject  Mr.  Rusli  was 
also  interested  in  the  contract  atid  so  was  vitally 
concerned  in  every  i)hase  of  the  work.  After  this 
he  became  a  consulting  engineer. 

Previous  to  his  election  as  president  of  the  Am- 
erican Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Jlr.  Busli  served 
as  treasurer,  member  of  the  board  of  directors,  and 
vice-president.  The  last  named  office  he  held  from 
li)l>4  to  192."'). 

In  looking  over  the  roster  of  the  past  and  pres- 
ent officers  of  the  Society,  it  may  be  noted  that  a 
goodly  number  of  officers  are  graduates  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  ilr.  Bush  is  the  third  graduate  of 
Illinois  to  be  president.  J.  A.  Ocherson  '73,  being 
]iresi(leiit  in  1912,  and  Professor  A.  N.  Talbot  being 
jiresident  in  1918.  Dean  51.  S.  Ketchnm  has  been 
both  director  and  vice-president. 

Credit  should  he  given  to  Prof.  Tnlbnt  n-ho  furnished 
)nueh  of  the  material  used  i7i  this  article. 


IMrr/i.  1H.2S 


THE  TKriixocKAi'ir 


1 0!) 


Diplomatic  Diction  in  Berlin 


HOTEL  ADLON,  BKRLIN,  GERMANY 


TWO  German  diplomats,  who  had 
been  at  theUniversityof  Bonn  to- 
gether, met  in  the  foyer  ot  the  Hotel 
Adlon  after  a  separation  of  some  years. 
One  of  them  had  been  at  a  South  Amer- 
ican capital, one  in  theOrient. 

Eagerly  they  discussed  old  times  and 
common  memories, and  they  were  still 
talking  excitedly  as  they  started  to- 
ward the  Otis  Elevator.  When  they 
reached  the  door,  they  paused, each 
wishing  to  give  the  other  precedence. 

"But  you  must  go  first,  my  good 
friend," one  of  them  was  heard  to  re- 
mark."I'm  sure  the  ride  will  be  a  nov- 
elty to  you  after  so  many  years  in  the 
East,  and  I  would  not  think  of  preced- 
ing you." 


"On  the  contrary,"  answered  the 
other,"  I  am  insisting  that  you  enter 
first.We  lacked  some  things  in  the  Ori- 
ent, but  the  Otis,  there  as  here,  is  in  all 
the  big  shops  and  hotels.  ""We'd  better 
squeeze  in  together,  then,  because  South 
America,  too,  is  well  equipped!  But 
wait  a  moment!  You  must  go  first,  tor 
I  used  the  Otis  on  board  the  steamer 
every  day!"" I,  too!  I  will  not  be  out- 
done!" 

Starting  forward  together,they  col- 
lided at  the  door. 

One  would  have  to  travel  farther 
than  civilization ,  East  or  West,  to  find 
any  novelty  in  that  taken-for-granted 
convenience,  the  Otis  Elevator. 


OTIS    E  LEVATOR    COMPANY 

Offices  in  All  Principal  Cities  of  the  JVurld 


170 


Till':  Ti:(ii\(i(;i;.\i'ii 


^r<ln■h.   /.O.JN 


The  Vreeland  Oscillator 

( Continued  from  Pcij/e  132) 

The  Klectrical  En<iim>ering  I)e])aitm(iit  of  ilu' 
CollcfH'  of  Eii<;iiu'oriii};  at  the  University  of  Illinois 
has  [JUichased  for  its  radio  divisions  one  of  tlie  A'rce 
land  ty])e  of  oscillator.  The  following;  discnssion 
will  briefly  ontline  the  theory  of  operation  of  this 
device  and  will  not  attempt  to  describe  in  detail  tlic 
])articular  mechanical  refinenients  foniul  in  lliis  tlii' 
latest  and  newest  design  in   \'i(. eland  oscillnlois. 

Refei'rinfi;  to  the  illnstratioii  the  fijiure  is  a  sche 
niatic  diagram  sliowinj;  the  essential  elenn-nts.  P  is 
a  mercnry  vai)or  tube  bavin};  two  anodes  A,  and  A. 
and  one  cathode  K.  Dii'ect  cnrrent  voltajje  is  snp- 
plied  to  the  tnbe  at  D.f.  and  cnri'cnt  is  sn])])lied  to 
it  thronjfh  the  symmetrical  i)aths  consist in^;-  of  the 
ecpial  ballast  resistances  R,  H.  and  e(inal  choke  coils 
Xi  Xo.  Each  branch  of  this  s])lil  circuit  is  connected 
to  one  of  the  anodes  A,  A..  From  the  fifjure  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  mercnry  arc  has  two  equal  paths 
from  the  cathode  to  the  anodes.  The  oscillatinji;  cir- 
cuit consisting  of  the  inductance  or  field  coils  L  L 
and  capacitance  C  is  shunted  across  the  anodes  A, 
A.,,  the  coils  L  L  being  so  arranged  as  to  encircle 
the  tube  in  such  a  way  that  their  magnetic  field  will 
traverse  the  tube  in  a  direction  perj^endicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  anodes  and  the  cathode.  The  field  sot 
up  by  any  current  flowing  in  the  oscillating  circuit 
will  deflect  the  arc  toward  one  or  the  other  of  the 
anodes  depending  upon  the  direction  of  the  mag- 
netic flux. 

The  following  will  indicate  how  this  device  oper- 
ates. The  arc  is  started  by  tipping  the  tube  until 
a  path  of  mercury  exists  from  K  to  JI.  Current 
will  now  flow  along  this  path,  the  heat  generated 
vaporizing  the  mercury  and  causing  the  vajior  arcs 
and  current  is  carried  between  the  two  anodes  and 
the  cathode  in  two  symmeti-ical  streams.  The  bal- 
last resistances  and  choke  coils  maintain  ciiiial  and 
constant  currents  in  the  two  snjjply  branches  and  as 
a  result  of  these  conditions  the  two  anodes  A,  aiid  A. 


will  be  cNaclly  at  llic  same  ]intenlial  .-ind  no  i-iirrcnt 
will  flow  through  the  oscillating  circuit  L  ('  L  which 
shunts  thciii.  We  will  supiiosc,  however,  that  by 
some  means  such  as  ;i  slight  nnlialance  ni-  a  residual 
charge  on  the  condensei-  ("  that  a  i-nrrent  is  caused 
to  flow  through  the  field  coils.  The  field  set  up  will 
tend  to  deflect  the  aic  toward  one  of  The  anodes 
say  A,.  This,  however,  cannot  result  in  any  material 
change  in  the  current  flowing  in  either  branch  of 
the  suipply  circuit  because  of  the  choke  coils  X,  and 
Xo.  On  the  other  hand  the  ]iath  from  A,  to  K  has 
been  shortened  while  that  from  A,  to  K  has  been 
made  longer.  A  current  will  therefore  be  caused 
to  flow  from  A.,  to  A,  through  the  oscillating  cir- 
cuit L  C  L.  The  coils  L  L  are  so  connected  that  the 
current  flowing  through  them  will  still  fui'ther  tend 
to  deflect  the  arc  toward  anode  A,.  Thus  a  condi- 
tion of  instability  is  established  which  continues 
until  the  condenser  C  is  fully  chaiged.  The  con- 
denser will  then  discharge  reversing  the  direction  of 
the  magnetic  field  due  to  coils  L  L  and  deflecting 
the  arc  from  Aj  toward  anode  A._..  This  process  con- 
tinues indefinitely,  the  number  of  successive  rever- 
sals being  dependent  upon  the  natural  frequency  of 
the  oscillating  circuit,  which  is  in  turn  determined 
by  the  values  of  its  inductance  and  capacitance. 

Since  the  frequency  of  the  oscillations  set  up  in 
the  oscillating  circuit  is  dejjendent  upon  the  con- 
stants of  that  circuit  it  is  only  necessary  to  change 
one  or  both  of  these  values.  The  inductance,  how- 
ever, remains  constaTit  and  since  the  frequency  gen- 
erated is  given  by 

1                                  1 
f  = or  K 


•2  -  V  L  r  V  c 

it  is  only  necessary  to  adjust  the  cajiacitance  C  to 
such  a  value  as  will  give  the  desired  frequency. 
Provision  is  made  for  connecting  the  coils  (induct- 
ance) L  L  from  series  to  parallel  thereby  reducing 
the  inductance  by  one-fourth  and  doubling  the  range 
of   the   oscillator.  (Continued  on  Page  77); 


Established  1867 


The  Vilter  Manufacturing  Co. 

1020  Clinton  St.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Ice  Making  and  Refrigerating  Machinery 
Corliss  and  Poppet  Valve  Engines 

Branch  offices  in  all  principal  cities 
If  interested  write  for  bulletins 


.Uarrh.   1928 


THE  TKCHXOCKAIMI 


171 


X  HE  trade  marks  shown  above  identify  products  that  have 
won  universal  recognition  as  the  standard  for  uniformity  of 
quality  and  protection.  Years  of  experience  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  building  glass  and  constant  laboratory  tests  are  the 
reason  for  Mississippi  supremacy. 

In  1899  the  underwriters  based  their  standard  for  wire 
glass  on  the  product  of  the  Mississippi  Glass  Company.  Since 
then  Mississippi  has  perfected  many  processes  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  polished  and  figured  wire-glass  and  figured  sheet  glass. 

By  a  new  process  of  manufacture,  Mississippi  products 
have  a  plate-glass  finish  and  a  uniformity  of  quality  not 
found  in  any  sub-standard  product  on  the  market. 

For  strength  and  beauty  —  for  quality  and  efficiency  — 
specify  "MISSISSIPPI". 


Gjfie 


iS 


MISSISSIPPI  GLASS  COMPANY 

MISSISSIPPI  WIRE  GLASS  COMPANY 

220  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 

Chicago  St.  Louis 


ISSISSIPPI 


AAAAAAAAAAAA^AxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 


Tin:  'n:(iiX(»(!UAi'ii 


\hnrh.    /;)2N 


Fraternity  Activities 

(Continued  from   Paye   t't.i) 
convention. 

During  the  past  semester,  some  of 
our  faculty  members.  Professors  Vawt- 
er,  Leutwiler,  King,  and  Marshall, 
gave  short  talks  at  the  various  meet- 
ings. At  the  last  regular  meeting.  Pro- 
fessor Putnam,  as  a  guest  of  Theta 
Tau.  gave  an  interesting  talk  on  Test- 
ing Materials. 

Plans  are  now  being  made  to  hold 
a  smoker  in  the  near  future  for  sopho- 
more and  junior  engineers  of  higli 
standing.  R.xi.i'ii   Lammin. 


iiuinlli.  .Men  elected  to  Chi  Kpsilon 
must  fulfill  strict  scholastic  require- 
ments, and  the  younger  students  in 
civil  engineering  might  well  benefit 
by  trying  to  excell  in  their  class  work 
and  thus  tiualify  for  membership. 

("hi  Epsilon  at  present  has  seven 
chapters.  Petitions  have  been  received 
from  Purdue  and  Louisiana  State  Uni- 
versities and  it  is  quite  probable  that 
chapters  will  be  installed  at  these  uni- 
versities this  spring. — E.  W.  SuppUjfi . 


Chi  Epsilon 

The  Illinois  Chapter  of  Chi  Kpsilon 
is  well  on  its  way  toward  another  se- 
mester of  work  and  play  with  an  act- 
ive membership  of  twenty-one  men.  Of- 
ficers for  this  semester  were  elected 
at  a  recent  meeting.  They  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

E.  W.  Suppiger  '2S.  president;  F. 
Beinhauer  '28.  vice-president;  T.  J. 
Dolan  '29.  secretary  and  treasurer;  M. 
F.  Lindeman  '28,  corresponding  secre- 
tary. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  a 
smoker    to    be    held    within    the    next 


Pi  Tau  Sigma 

.\ftei-  a  lull  in  activities  (luring  ex- 
aminations and  between  semesters.  Pi 
Tau  Sigma  is  under  way  for  a  bigger 
and  l)elter  semester.  The  new  officers 
are: 

K.  F.  Schroeder.  president;  T.  V. 
Shechan.  vice-president;  B.  F.  Parr, 
recording  secretary;  H.  V.  Beck,  cor- 
responding secretary;  and  P.  R.  Nich- 
ols, treasurer. 

The  men  who  were  initiated  late 
last  semester  were  as  follows:  R.  0. 
Ball,  H.  V.  Beck,  B.  F.  Parr.  T.  V. 
Sheehan.  and  P.  R.  Nichols.  Every 
other  meeting  this  semester  is  to  be 
devoted  to  talks  on  different  phases 
of  research  and  engineering  projects 
of  special  interest  to  mechanical  engi- 
neers.   IRVIXG. 


Phi  Alpha  Lambda 

I'hi  Alpha  Lambda  held  its  last 
meeting  at  the  Alpha  Sigma  Phi 
House,  at  which  time  the  election  of 
officers  was  held.  The  following  are 
the  new  officers  for  the  semester: 

President.  E.  F.  Wood;  vice-presi- 
dent, C.  M.  Burnam;  secretary  and 
treasurer.  R.  C  Youtsey;  correspond- 
ing secretary.  E.  L.  Smith. 

It  is  the  aim  of  Phi  Alpha  Lambda 
to  encourage  scholarship  among  the 
Ceneral  Engineering  students.  In 
order  to  further  this  aim  a  committee 
of  three  men.  C.  M.  Burnam.  H.  E. 
Ryerson.  and  I.  R.  Linnard  was  ap- 
pointed to  take  steps  in  the  matter  of 
presenting  some  award  to  the  sopho- 
more General  Engineer  with  the  high- 
est scholastic  record  at  the  end  of  his 
first  three  semesters.  Among  the  sug- 
gestions for  an  award  was  a  slide  rule 
or   an  engineering  handbook. 

It  has  been  hoped  for  some  time  that 
Phi  Alpha  Lambda  could  be  expanded 
into  a  national  organization,  but  such 
efforts  have  not  met  with  a  great  deal 
of  success  in  previous  years.  However, 
at  the  meeting.  President  Wood  was 
asked  to  do  whatever  possible  to  try 
and  accomplish  this  expansion,  and  the 
establishment  of  new  chapters  is  look- 
ed forward  to  by  all  — F.  M.  Morgan. 


WIRE 


automobile  and  airplane  wires, 
electrical  wires,  submarine  cables, 
bridge-building  cables,  wire  rope, 
telegraph  and  telephone  wire, 
radio  wire,  round  wire,  welding 
wire,  flat  wire,  star-shaped  and  all  different  kinds  of  shapes  of  wire, 
sheet  wire,  piano  wire,  pipe  organ  wire,  wire  hoops,  barbed  wire, 
woven  wire  fences,  wire  gates,  wire  fence  posts,  trolley  wire  and  rail 
bonds,  poultry  netting,  wire  springs,  concrete  reinforcing  wire  mesh, 
nails,  staples,  tacks,  spikes,  bale  ties,  steel  wire  strips,  wire-rope  aerial 
tramways.  Illustrated  story  of  how  steel  and  wire  is  made,  also  illus- 
trated books  describing  uses  of  all  the  above  wires  sent  free. 

AMERICAN  STEEL  &  WIRE 


Sales  OiJices 


COMPANY 


ChicaKO        New  York        Boston        Cleveland        Worcester        Philadelphia        Pittsburgh        BufTalo       De 
Wilkes-Barre      St.  Louis      Kansas  City      St.  Paul      Oklahoma  Citv       Birmingham      Memphis      Dallas     A 
Export  Representative:  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Co.,  New  York 
Paci6c  Coast  Representative:  V.  S.  Steel  Products  Company,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  Seattle 


Cincinnati       Baltimore 
Denver     Salt  Lake  City 


^[an■h.   W2S 


THE  TECUM  )(_:i{Al'U 


17: 


TOLL 


The  toll  bridge 

r  I  J  HU.HW  A  V   A.NU    RAILROAD   BRIDG  E  AT   BATH,  MAIN- E 

or  early  days 

•'  •'  PIERS   AND  APPROACHES   CONSTRUCTED   BV  THE    FOUNDATION   COMPANY 

bears  but  little 

resemblance  to  the  one  built  today,  but  the  reasons  for  its  existence  remain  the  same.  A  stream 
must  be  crossed  by  the  public,  and  the  passing  public  pays  for  the  convenience  provided  by  the 
bridge,  either  in  taxes  or  tolls. 

Toll  was  taken  in  the  past  as  it  is  at  present  to  pay  not  only  for  the  upkeep  of  the  bridge,  but 
to  repay  to  the  owners  the  funds  expended  in  its  construction^ — whether  the  owners  be  private 
or  public. 

Modern  highway  traffic  is  rapid  and  seeks  to  travel  in  a  direct  line,  requiring  new  roads  and 
bridges.  Present  custom  in  many  cases  finds  private  toll  bridges,  with  possible  future  reversion 
to  the  public,  a  solution  of  the  problem. 

The  Foundation  Company  in  the  construction  of  some  of  these  bridges,  or  the  piers  that  sup- 
port them,  is  in  this  way  serving  the  public. 

THE  FOUNDATION  COMPANY 

CITY   OF   NEW   YORK 

Office  Buildings  Industrial  Plants  Warehouses  Ra/lroads  and  Terminals  Foundations 

Underpinning  Filtration  and  Sewage  Plants  Hydro-Electric  Developments  Power  Houses 

Highways  River  and  Harbor  Developments  Bridges  and  Bridge  Piers  Mine  Shafts  and  Tunnels 


ATLANTA 
CHJCAGO 
PITTSBURGH 
SAN    FRANCISCO 


MONTREAL 
LIMA,  PERU 

CARTAGENA.  COLOMBIA 
MEXICO  CITY 


LONDON. ENGLAND 
PARIS.  FRANCE 
BRUSSELS.  BELGIUM 
TOKYO.  JAPAN 


BUILDERS      OF      SUPERSTRUCTURES      AS      WELL      AS      SUBSTRUCTURES 


'I'lii:  ri;(ii\(>(;KAi'ii 


l/r 


•/(.   IILiS 


Steel  Sheets  that  Resist  Rust! 

The  destructive  enemy  of  sheet  metal  is  rust 
It  is  successfully  combated  by  the  use  of  pro- 
tective coatings,  or  by  scientific  alloying  to  re- 
sist corrosion.  Well  made  steel  alloyed  with 
Coppergivesmaximum  endurance.  Insist  upon 

KEYSTONE 

Rust-Resisting 
Copper  Steel 

Sheets 

Black  and  Galvanized 


'  ^      Service^      = 

Keystone  Copper  Steel  gives  superior  service  for  roof- 
ing, siding,  gutters,  spouting,  culverts,  flumes,  tanks,  and 
all  uses  to  which  sheet  metal  is  adapted — above  or  below 
the  ground.  Our  booklet  Fac/^  tells  you  why.  Wemanu 
facture  American  Bessemer,  American  Open  Hearth, 
and  Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets  and  Tin  Plates. 

Black  Sheets  for  all  purposes 
Keystone  Copper  Steel  Sheets 
Apollo  Best  Bloom  Galvanized  Sheets 
Apollo-Keystone  Galvanized  Sheets 
Culvert,  Flume,  and  Tank  Stock 
Formed  Roofing  and  Siding  Products 
Automobile  Sheets,  Electrical  Sheets 
Deep  Drawing  and  Stamping  Stock 
Tin  and  Terne  Plates,  Black  Plate,  Etc. 


Our  Sheet  and  Tin  Mill  Proc 
are  particularly  suited  to  the 
contlruction  fields.  Sold  by  le 


jcts  represent  the  highest  standards  of  qti 
-equirements  of  the  mining,  cnfiineerinfi,  ar 
idinj  metal  merchants.  Write  nearest  Distr 


American  Slieet  anH  Tin  Plate  Company 


al  Offices:  Frick  Building,  Piltshurgh,  Pa. 


District  Sales  OFFtCE 
licaio  Cincinnati  Denver  Detn 

Philadelphia        Pittsburgh 
cificCoatt  Representatives:  UNtTED  St 
Los  Angeles        P 


Export  Representative 


New  Orleans 
St.  Louis 
ES  Steel  Products  Co. ,Sa 
tiand         Seattle 
United  States  Steel  Products  Co..  New 


The  Vrccland  Oscillator 

(CunliiilKd    IK, III    I'liiH     lllli 

Two  s('coiul;ir\-  cdils  ;iri'  iisimI  (o  t;iki'  off  tlio 
Wdi-kiiiu  fiii-i-ciils.  'I'licsc  fiiils  limy  lif  filliiT  coii- 
iirctcil  ill  iiiiilli|ilc  (II'  ill  serifs  ilf|i(MHiiiii;  il]i(>ii 
wiicllici-  :i  low  (ir  liiuli  V(i1I;il;i'  (iiiI|iiiI  is  ilcsircd. 
'rilc foils  ;irc  :ilso  loosfl.V  colllilctl  lo  llic  |i|-illlMry 
(L  lil  ill  order  liiiit  the  effect  of  iiiiilii;il  iiidiictjiiice 
shall  not  liiateriall.v  iiifliieiice  the  generated  frc- 
(|iieiU'V. 

The  oscill.itor  as  nu'iitiimed  a)i()\('  is  a  new  ae- 
i|iiisilioii  in  liic  Electrical  Depai-tnienl  and  as  yet 
extensive  tests  to  (leteriiiiiie  ])nrity  of  \\a\-e  form 
and  constancy  of  the  jieiieraled  fre(|iieiuy  ha\c  not 
lieeii  made.  Ilowevei',  such  tests  as  have  been  made 
do  show  that  the  output  of  this  device  contains  some 
harmonics.  These  tests  have  further  shown  that 
tlie  oscillator  is  free  from  objectionable  noises  which 
niii;li1   interfere  witli  tel('|ilione  measurements. 


Latest  Development  in  Steam 
Heating  Systems 

(Continued  from  Paye  UK) 
the  set  differential  is  reached  when   the  coiifroller 
stops  the  iinm]!,  and  then  starts  it  at;ain  when  the 
pressure  difference  becomes  lower  than  the  set  dif- 


DUDLO 

World's  Largest 

M.anufacturers 

of  Fine 

MAGNET  WIRE 
and  WINDINGS 

For  Every 
Electrical  Purpose 


Ask  for  a  copy  of  the  DUDLO  folder 

"Wire  and  Winding  Data."    It 

ivill  help  yoii  in  your  work 

DUDLO  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY 

FORT  WAYNE,   INDIANA 
Division  of  The  General  Cable  Corp. 


\f>n;h.    I'.I.^S 


MK'II.XOCK'AI'II 


IVri'iilial.  'I'liis  jiivcs  a  eoiiipli'tt'  circuhilidii  tliMt  is 
rt'lialilf  .iiiil  antdiiiatic.  As  llic  iminp  (iiicratcs.  a 
\aciiiiiii  will  lie  liiiilt  up  iu  tlie  i-etnrn  pipt's,  iiml 
since  liu'  trai)s  ait-  opeu,  this  I'diiditioii  will  exist 
ill  the  steam  mains  and  Itoiler.  The  lowered  pres- 
sure (III  the  water  in  the  boiler  will  eanse  it  to  evap- 
orate sooner  than  it  would  if  under  atmospheric 
IH-essiire.  and  thus  the  radiator  will  be  quickly  filled 
with  low  temjierature  steam.  The  pump  exhausts 
the  air  and  returns  the  condensate  from  the  radia- 
lors  as  soon  as  it  is  formed  and  is  allowed  to  pass 
into  tlie  returns  by  the  trajis. 

In  <-old  weather,  when  more  heat  is  needed,  the 
piessiire  in  the  supply  mains  will  be  increased  so  as 
to  furnish  enouiih  heat  to  the  radiators.  The  sub- 
atmos]iheric  jiressure  reducing  valve  as  seen  in  Fig. 
:i  is  used  for  regulating  the  pressure  on  the  system, 
maUing  a  heat  storage  of  the  boiler  for  the  excess 
heat  from  which  it  can  be  drawn  as  required.  This 
valve  maintains  the  pressure  (vacuum)  that  it  is 
set  for. 

This  system  thoroughly  fulfills  its  re(|uirements 
of  giving  satisfactory  heat.  It  is  economical  be- 
cause there  is  no  overheating,  and  it  is  reliable  be- 
cause there  is  a  constant  source  of  circulation.  The 
differential  controlled  system  is  a  decisive  step  for- 
ward in  the  heating  field. 


W COLORED 


mqoE^l^% 


VENUS 

TPENCILS 

The  Largeit  Selling  analily  ^Pencils 
in  the  World 


The  head  is  absolutely  free 
from  grit  or  even  the  slight- 
est coarseness;  remarkably 
Etnooth  and  long-lasting. 
Each  of  the  17  degrees  are 
uniform  with  every  pencil 
of  that  degree — always. 
The  wood  is  specially  select- 
ed cedar,  of  the  best  quality 
obtainable. 

Their  perfection  makes  them 
economical  as  they  can  be 
used  down  to  the  last  inch. 
The  distinctive  ivatertnark 
finish  avoids  substitution — 
known  and  recognized 
throughout  the  world. 

17  Black  Degrees 
3  Copying 


COLORED  Pencils 


Make  fine  lines  for  figurinK,  check- 
ing, sketching,  blueprints,  etc 


Blue 
Ked 
Greca 
VChite 


Purple  Pink 

Brown  Lt  Blue 

Orange  Lt.  Greea 

Yellow  Maroon 


For  bold  Iicavj  lines 6BSR.4B-3B 

For  wrilins.  skelching 2B-BHB.FH 

For  dean  fine  lines  . .  2H-3H'4H-5H-6H 
For  deliule.  ihia  lines 7H'8H-9H 

Plain  Ends— per  doz.  $  1 .00 

Rubber"  —per  doz.  $1.20 

At  Stationers  and  Storel 

throughout  the  World 

American  Lead  Pencil  Co. 
218  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


How  thick  is  this  page? 


THE  thickness  of  a  page  of  this  magazine 
is  about  3^  thousandths — several  times 
as  great  as  the  variation  frequently  allowed  in 
machine  work. 

For  making  measurements  twice,  four,  and 
frequently  ten  times  as  fine  as  this,  mechanics 
the  world  over  rely  on  Brown  &  Sharpe  pre- 
cision tools. 

These  tools  are  used  in  both  commercial 
manufacturing  and  the  finest  of  tool  work. 
They  are  used  every  day  in  making  fine  mea- 
surements in  mechanical  industries  where  ac- 
curacy is  a  paramount  point. 

It  pays  to  look  for  the  Brown  &  Sharpe 
name  when  selecting  precision  tools.  For  it 
represents  performance  recognized  everywhere 
as  the  world's  standard  of  accuracy. 

We  shall  be  glad  to  send  a  copy  of  our 
catalog. 


The  new  No.  II,  a  Brown 
&S harpe Micrometer  with 
several  exclusive  features. 


BROWN  H  Sharpe 


BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  CO 


PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


171! 


Tin:  Ti;(ii.\»>(ii;.\i'ii 


Mil  nil.   tH.'S 


Sullivan  Center  Band  Coal  Cutter  for  RoomMining 


Sullivan  Portable  Hoist  Pulling  Coal  Car  Up  a  Slope 


Anywhere     a    Man 
Can    Crawl  — 

Yoit  Can  Cut  Coal  with  the  New 
Sullivan  12'inch  Ironclad 

For  more  than  50  years  the  name  Sullivan  has  meant 
leadership  in  the  development  of  coal  mining  machinery. 
But  the  new  12-inch  Ironclad  coal  cutter  stands  out,  as 
an  especial  masterpiece  of  the  engineers  who  designed  it. 

Think  of  it!  Only  a  foot  high  -one-half  the  height  of 
ordinary  machines  yet  it  is  faster,  more  economical  of 
power  and  repairs.  And  at  Clarinda,  Iowa,  it  is  working  a 
16-in.  seam,  successfully  undercutting  800  to  1000  feet  of 
coal  face  per  8-hour  day. 

An  Opportunity  for  You 

Engineering  graduates  of  colleges  like  your  own  manage 
and  staff  the  Sullivan  Machinery  Company.  They  have 
made  Sullivan  Coal  Cutters,  Diamond  Core  Drills,  Rock 
Drills,  Air  Compressors,  Hoists,  and  other  Sullivan 
Equipment  known  the  world  over. 

Engineering  and  selling  ability 
are  given  full  play  in  the  Sullivan 
Organization  and  are  well  re- 
warded. Why  not  send  for  the 
booklet  '  'Engineering  Sales  Op- 
portunities with  the  Sullivan 
Machinery  Company"? 

Sullivan  Catalogs  will  also  be 
mailed  gladly  on  request. 

Sullivan  Machinery  Company 

164  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  CHICAGO 

SULLIVAN 

Ofjiccs  and  Distributors  in  All  Principal  Cities 
of  the  World 


March.  192S 


TUK  ti:(I1\(>(;i;aim 


' 


All  other  fuels  must  be 

converted  into  gas  before         'i 

they  will  burn.   Gas,  alone,  is 

the  perfect  industrial  fuel  — the 

only  fuel  that  comes  to  you  fully  pre- 

j     pared,  that  offers  ready-to-use  energy. 

Gas  is  the  energy  content  of  coal,  con- 
centrated, and  placed  on  tap  at  your 
burner.  Gas  is  easily  controlled,  per- 
fectly flexible,  readily  adapted  to  widely 
different  heat  treating  operations.  Waste 
is  minimized.   Greater  ultimate  profit 

is   assured. 


Investigate  the  possible  uses  of  gas  and 
gas  burning  appliances  in  your  plant. 
Write  today  to  your  own  gas 
company,  or  to 

American  Gas  Association 

j  420  Lexington  Avenue 

*'V  New  York  City  a 


YOU  CAN  DO  IT 


BETTER  WITH  GAS 


iiwpr> 


ITS 


TIIK  TKcnXOdUAPTT 


Vinch.   J 028 


Jenkins  3  in.  Iron  Body 
Qlobe  Valve  installed  on 
hot  water  pumps.  This 
valve  has  been  in  serv' 
ice  since  1898. 


A  Jenkins  Valve 
"Class  of  '98" 


This  Jenkins  3"  Iron  Body  Globe 
Valve  was  made  in  1898  and  has 
seen  continuous  service  since 
that  time  in  the  New  York  City 
works  of  R.  Hoe  and  Co.,  Inc., 
world's  largest  manufacturer  of 
printing  presses.  The  photograph, 
which  is  unretouched,  shows  the 
valve  installed  on  hot  water 
pumps.  This  valve  is  one  of  a 
good -sized  number  of  Jenkins 
"Class  of  '98"  valves  in  use  at 
the  Hoe  plant. 

The  performance  of  these 
"ninety-eighters"  can  be  matched 
in  hundreds  of  industrial  installa- 
tions throughout  the  country 
where  veteran  Jenkins  Valves  are 
on  the  job.  Instances  are  not  un- 
common of  Jenkins  Valves  which 
are  still  in  service  after  thirty, 
thirty-five  and  even  forty  years. 
There's  a  Jenkins  Valve  for  prac- 
tically every  power  plant,  plumb- 
ing, heating  and  fire  protection 
requirement.  Jenkins  Valves  are 
furnished  in  bronze  and  iron,  in 
standard,  medium  pressure  and 
extra  heavy  types. 

JENKINS  BROS. 

80  While  Street Nea-  York.  N.  Y. 

524  Atlantic  Avenue  .  Boston,  Mass. 
133  No.  Seventh  Street  Philadelphia.  Pa. 
646  Washington  Boulevard C/iica^o,  111. 

JENKINS  BROS.,  LIMITED 
Montreal,  Canada  London,  England 


Fig.  325 

Screwed,  Jeixkins 

Standard  Iron  Body 

Qate  Valve 


Send  for  a  booklet 
descriptive  of  Jenkins 
Valves  for  any  type  of 
building  in  which  you 
may  be  interested. 


Always  marked  with  the'Diamond" 

enkinsAMves 

Y  SINCE  1864 


The  Wrijjht  "Whirlwind"  Aviation  Engine 

fCiiiilinucd  finv  I'lifir  l(!,i) 
liiiliilily  of  llic  jiir-coolcd  (Mifiiuc.  ;i  ])];uu'  t'(|uippO(1 
Avitli  tlicsc  in  iimnliors  to  ('(]iiiil  the  power  of  ;i  lii<;li- 
ei'-powcrcii  wiitiT-codlcd  iii.-icliinc  winild  he  Cmp  Iicltcr, 
Ixn-iUise  even  tlioiifili  cnic  (li<l  r;iil,  ilicic  wmild  lie 
sufficient  )i(>\\cr  (u  Uccp  llii'  .■lirphinc  in  lli^lit.  in 
luosl  cases.  Tlnil  is  n  rc,-itiirc  cciiiiin  In  lif  inclnilcfl 
ill   the  fi"iiis])((rl   jilancs  of  Ilic  liilnrc. 

It  is  interestiuji-  to  si-c  tlic  pi-uhaliii'  cost  of  flyinj; 
a  "Wliii'hviml"  cniiiiied  plane  as  calcnlated  from 
llie  I'econls  of  some  of  the  coinmeicial  comiiaiiies 
usiiifi  them.  The  folldwint;  fiuiu-es  are  the  averajie 
cost,  whicli  would  \ar.v  in  different  localities,  the 
crtiisinji;  s])ee(l  heiuj;  assumed  as  100  miles  jier  hour: 

Fuel,  012  gal.  i)er  hour  (tr  2ru-  per  j;al Si.02.5fl 

Luhricatinj;-  oil,  2  (|t.  jier  hr.  (11  70c  i)er  gal.--  .00:^.") 
Spare  parts  and  oveihaul  first  .■)0,()00  miles..   .0100 

ri'ohnhle  direct  cost  per  mile |.0S8.") 

l)e])reciatioii  has  not  been  inclnded  because  there 
aic  no  fijiui-es  available  which  will  sliow  the  abso- 
lute life  of  a  "Whii-lwind"  but  it  mii;ht  be  assumed 
that  the  life  would  be  about  1,.")00  hours  of  normal 
o])eratlon.  The  manufacturers  of  this  engine  jjuar- 
antce  the  fuel  consumption  to  be  not  fjreater  than 
.(>()  lbs.  per  HP/Hr.  at  the  rated  power,  and  the  oil 
consumption  to  be  not  greater  than  .02.5  lbs.  per 
HP/Hr.  These  ratings  have  been  easily  bettered  in 
service. 


arch.  1Q2S 


THE  TErilNOClJAl'TT 


Ifi 


Three  ^^ 
Bagger 


type. 


DRUM — 57  in.  X  42  in.  with  large  radius  corners. 
Feed  and  discharge  openings  22  in.  Am;>/e  room  to 
handle  a  three-bag  batch  of  l-2J^-4. 

COUNTERSHAFT— Hioh   carbon   steel    runnin;: 
in  Hyatt  roller  bearings  in  self-aligning  boxes. 
GEARS — Cut  and  running  in  a  bath  of  oil.    Alemite 
lubrication. 


TRUCKS  — .'^utomotiv 
front  axle. 

MAIN  ROLLERS-Genuine 
car  wheels  with  Timken  roller 
bearings  running  on  alloy  steel 
shafts. 

TRACTION  RINGS— One 

piece   forged,  high    carbon,  loco- 

motive  steel  tires. 
QUICK  FEED— Power  loader  takes  full  load  with- 
out  crowding  and  goes  up  in  seven  seconds.  Automatic 
knockout  on  power  loader.  Overhead  shaft  carried  in 
self-aligning  boxes.  Mixer  self-sustaining  with  power 
loader.    No  braces  required. 

CONTROL — All  control  levers  at  drum  end.  Oper- 
ator sees  both  power  loader  and  dl:charge. 


Ransome  Concrete  Machinery  Company 

1850  —  Service  for  78  Tears  —  19X8 

Dunellen  New  Jersey 


TTIK  Ti:fllX(M;i;AI'|l  March.   lU.l'^ 


Illinois'  Only  Co-opcratii'e  Bookstores 

WE  SERVE  THE 
ENGINEERS 


We  are  proud  of  our  service  to  the  Engineers  and  the 
Architects  of  IlHnois,  and  we  appreciate  the  support 
they  have  given  to  these  co-operative  stores.  Origin- 
ally started  in  1921  by  Engineers  and  now  serving  the 
entire  student  body  through  two  completely  equipped 
bookstores. 

You  will  find  what  you  want — when  you  want  it — at 
our  stores  owned  and  controlled  by  over  4,500  lUini — 
learn  the  value  of  our  co-operative  plan — it  helps  you 
save  on  all  books,  stationery,  sporting  goods,  drawing 
materials,  etc.    It  is  for  vou. 


ENGINEERS'  COOPERATrVE  SOCIETY  ■     ■  |*^ 


lllinoix'  Oiihi  Co-Opi-nitirc  H<i<tl;s1(ir(s 
On  tlic  Honoyard  i/o  Block  from  Onniims 


Mdrch.   I!).>S 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


le  fest  Line  ofi  AfiY  Car 


The  presence  of  Timken  Bearings 
is  an  accepted  sig,n  of  excellence 
in  motor  cars.  How  soundly  can 
tKe  public  jud^e  in  this  way? 
Some  recent  tests  by  car  manu- 
facturers, entirely  in  their  own 
interests,  are  very  illuminating.  It 
■was  found  that  one  factor— Timken 
Bearingis!— made  the  pinion  mount- 
ing, for  example,  twice  as  resistant 
as  otherwise  to  the  chief  causes  of 
wear  and  noise! 

Responsible  for  such  results  are 
the  extreme  rigidity,  the  hi^h 
load  area  and  full  thrust  capacity 
made  possible  only  by  Timken 
tapered  construction,  Timken 

THE  TIMKEN    ROLLER  BEARING  COMPANY,   CANTON,  OHIO 


POSITIVELY  ALIGNED  ROLLS. 
and  Timken-made  electric  furnace 
steel.  This  exclusive  combination 
g,ives  Timken  Bearing,s  the  thrust- 
radial  capacity  by  means  of  which 
they  establish  new  endurance 
and  economy  records  where  anti- 
friction bearin|,s  have  been 
thought  "impossible." 

Timkens  sweep  on  not  alone  in 
motor  cars,  but  in  railroad  trains, 
in  electric  motors  of  every  type, 
in  rolling  mills,  and  in  such 
precision  applications  as  machine 
tool  spindles.  Every  eng,ineer  is 
having  more  and  more  to  do  with 
Timken  Bearings. 


IX)  (Jo^  (j  cSj  ^Jtvi 


Tapered 
Roller 


ISO 


Tiri';  Ti:(ii\<»(ii;.\i'ii 


]rorrh.   192H 


vptciil  of  strurliirMi  stfv\  work.     The  operator 
re  than  700  Uft  jn  fh^  i,ir. 


Vneuvnatic  Tools 


Without  the  riveting  hammer,  or  "gun," 
as  it  is  sometimes  called,  there  would  be  no 
towering  skyscrapers — none  of  the  massive 
structures  that  characterize  our  modern  in- 
dustrial life. 

Few,  however,  understand  the  important 
work  that  falls  to  the  lot  of  other  pneumatic 
tools.  Grinders,  hoists,  chippers,  drills — they 
replace  hand  labor  in  every  trade  and  speed 
the  output  of  all  our  present-day  commodities. 
There  is  scarcely  an  object  of  every-day  use 
whose  production  at  some  point  is  not 
hastened  or  bettered  through  the  skillful  use 
of  compressed-air  equipment. 

Ingersoll-Rand  Company  manufactures  all 
sizes  and  types  of  air  compressors,  as  well  as  a 
complete  line  of  air-operated,  labor-saving 
tools.  Among  these  are  included  sand 
rammers,  clay  and  trench  diggers,  backfill 
tampers,  concrete  surfacers,  tie  tampers, 
scaling  hammers,  riveters,  and  "safety-first" 
pneumatic  saws.  All  of  these  tools  are  fast 
and  positive  in  action,  each  performing  the 
duties  that  formerly  required  from  3  to  10  men 
working  by  hand. 

INGERSOLL-RAND  COMPANY 


11  Broadway 


New  York  City 
the  world  over 


IngensoU  -  Rand 


KOEHRI 


^^^m  ONG  Island,  New  York,  will  have  a  concrete  highway,  forty  feet  wide, 
m  the  full  length  of  its  one  hundred  and  twenty  five  miles,  stretching  from 
^^^  Queensboro  to  its  eastern  tip,  off  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  This  modern 
thoroughfare  has  been  named  "Sunrise  Highway",  and  when  completed,  will 
exemplify  another  step  in  America's  progress  toward  adequate  traffic  facilities. 
Three  Koehring  Heavy  Duty  Pavers  were  used  in  paving  the  first  sixteen- 
mile  section,  which  leads  east  from  Queensboro.  Dividing  this  sixteen-mile 
unit  info  three  parts,  a  Koehring  Paver  was  placed  on  each,  with  proper 
material-handling  equipment  to  accompany  each  paver. 

To  further  eliminate  chances  of  costly  delays,  two  Koehring  Heavy  Duty 
Cranes  were  used  in  handling  the  sand  and  gravel  at  the  proportioning 
plants.  Thus,  through  careful  selection,  the  contractor  built  up  dependable 
paving  units  which  would  hasten  the  completion  of  this  important  section  of 
the  new  Sunrise  Highway. 

Such  organization  of  Koehring  Heavy  Duty  equipment  in  highway  construc- 
tion is  not  unusual — it  may  be  found  in  almost  every  state  in  the  Union  and 
in  many  foreign  countries.  The  contractor-engineer,  the  world  over,  recog- 
nizes the  value  of  dependability. 


KOEHRING  COMPANY 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN 

/jcmrers  0/ 
Shovels.  Cranes  and  Draglines 


The  revised,  edition  0/ 
"Concrete' — Its  Manufdc- 
ture  and  Use,"  a  coml^Jcte 
treatise  and  handbook  on 
present  methods  ofpref^ar- 
ing  and  Jiiindlnig  portland 
cement  concrete,  is  now 
ready  [or  distribution. 
To  engineering  students, 
faculty  members  and  others 
interested  we  shall  gladly 
send  a  copy  on    request. 


Responsibility 


A  year  ago,  these  young  men 
were  studying  engineering  in 
college  class  rooms.  Here  we 
see  them  putting  a  5000- 
horsepower  synchronous 
motor  through  its  paces.  As 
G-E  Test  Men,  they  have 
charge  of  this  work;  upon 
them  rests  a  definite  responsi- 
bility for  determining  whether 
this  machine  measures  up 
to  G-E  standards  of  perform- 


ance and  will  worthily  repre- 
sent General  Electric  in  the 
service  of  the  customer. 

Opportunities  such  as  these 
mean  much  to  the  industry 
as  well  as  to  the  man,  for  the 
future  leaders  of  the  great 
electrical  manufacturing  and 
electric  power  companies 
must  of  necessity  be  those 
who  have  learned  to  assume 
responsibilities. 


The  General  Electric  monogram  is  the  symbol 
of  an  organization  whose  engineers  have  met 
their  responsibilities  by  establishing  principles 
and  developing  apparatus  which  have  made 
General  Electric  a  leader  in  the  great  electrical 
industry. 


GENERAL  ELECTRIC 


G   E    N    E   U    A    L 


E   C  T   R    I   C 


COMPANY 


SCHENECTADY 


i